อังกฤษตะวันออกเฉียงใต้
อังกฤษตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ | |
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พิกัด: 51.3167°N 0.5000°W51°19′00″N 0°30′00″W / พิกัด : 51.3167°N 0.50000°W51°19′00″N 0°30′00″W / | |
รัฐอธิปไตย | ประเทศอังกฤษ |
ประเทศที่เป็นส่วนประกอบ | อังกฤษ |
องค์ประกอบ |
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เมืองใหญ่ | ไบรท์ตัน แอนด์ โฮฟ |
เขตเมืองที่ใหญ่ที่สุด | เซาท์แฮมป์เชียร์ |
รัฐบาล | |
• กระดานผู้นำ | สภาอังกฤษตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ |
พื้นที่ | |
• รวม | 7,373 ตร.ไมล์ (19,095 กม. 2 ) |
อันดับพื้นที่ | ครั้งที่ 3 |
ประชากร (2011) | |
• รวม | 8,635,000 [1] |
• อันดับ | ที่ 1 |
• ความหนาแน่น | 1,171/ตร.ไมล์ (452.2/km 2 ) |
GVA | |
• รวม | 227 พันล้านปอนด์ |
• ต่อหัว | 22,624 ปอนด์ ( 2nd ) |
รหัส NUTS | UKJ |
รหัส ONS | E12000008 |
ส.ส |
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ตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ของอังกฤษเป็นหนึ่งในเก้าภูมิภาคที่เป็นทางการของอังกฤษในระดับแรกของNUTSเพื่อวัตถุประสงค์ทางสถิติมันประกอบด้วยมณฑลของBuckinghamshire , East Sussex , นิวแฮมป์เชียร์ที่ไอล์ออฟไวท์ , Kent , ฟอร์ด , Berkshire , เซอร์เรย์และเวสต์ซัสเซ็กซ์เมืองใหญ่ในภูมิภาครวมถึงไบรตันและโฮฟ , Guildford , พอร์ตสมั ธ , มิลตันคีย์, การอ่าน , ฟอร์ด , ตมและเซาแธมป์ตัน
ตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ของอังกฤษเป็นภูมิภาคที่ใหญ่เป็นอันดับสามของอังกฤษ ด้วยพื้นที่ 19,096 กม. 2 (7,373 ตารางไมล์) และเป็นภูมิภาคที่มีประชากรมากที่สุดด้วยจำนวนประชากรทั้งหมดกว่าแปดล้านครึ่ง (2011) ภูมิภาคมีเจ็ดถูกต้องตามกฎหมายเมืองรัฐธรรมนูญ : ไบรตันและโฮฟ , แคนเทอร์ , ชิเชสเตอร์ , ฟอร์ด , พอร์ตสมั ธ , เซาแธมป์ตันและวินเชสเตอร์ภูมิภาคนี้อยู่ใกล้กับลอนดอนและเชื่อมต่อกับมอเตอร์เวย์หลายสาย ทำให้ South East England กลายเป็นศูนย์กลางทางเศรษฐกิจที่เจริญรุ่งเรืองโดยมีเศรษฐกิจที่ใหญ่ที่สุดในภูมิภาคใดๆ ในสหราชอาณาจักร รองจากลอนดอน. ภูมิภาคเป็นบ้านที่สนามบินแกตวิค , สองคึกคักที่สุดสนามบินของสหราชอาณาจักรและสนามบินฮีทโทรว์ (สนามบินที่พลุกพล่านที่สุดของสหราชอาณาจักร) ตั้งอยู่ติดกับพรมแดนของภูมิภาคกับมหานครลอนดอนชายฝั่งตามช่องแคบอังกฤษให้ข้ามเรือข้ามฟากจำนวนมากไปยังแผ่นดินใหญ่ยุโรป
ภูมิภาคเป็นที่รู้จักสำหรับชนบทซึ่งรวมถึงเหนือเนินและชิลเทิร์นฮิลส์เช่นเดียวกับสองสวนสาธารณะแห่งชาติที่: ป่าและSouth Downs แม่น้ำเทมส์ไหลผ่านภูมิภาคและอ่างเป็นที่รู้จักกันในหุบเขาแม่น้ำเทมส์นอกจากนี้ยังเป็นที่ตั้งของสถานที่น่าสนใจที่มีชื่อเสียงระดับนานาชาติหลายแห่ง เช่นHMS Victoryใน Portsmouth, Clivedenใน Buckinghamshire, Thorpe ParkและRHS Wisleyใน Surrey, พระราชวัง Blenheimใน Oxfordshire, ปราสาท Windsorใน Berkshire, ปราสาทลีดส์, White Cliffs of Doverและวิหาร Canterburyในเมือง Kent, ท่าเรือ Brighton PalaceและHammerwood Parkใน East Sussex และWakehurst Placeใน West Sussex ภูมิภาคนี้มีมหาวิทยาลัยหลายแห่งUniversity of Oxfordที่เก่าแก่ที่สุดในโลกที่พูดภาษาอังกฤษและอันดับที่ดีที่สุดในโลก
ตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ของอังกฤษเป็นเจ้าภาพการแข่งขันกีฬาต่าง ๆ รวมทั้งประจำปีHenley แข่งรอยัล , รอยัลแอสค็และดาร์บี้และสถานที่จัดงานกีฬา ได้แก่เวนท์กอล์ฟคลับและแบรนด์แฮทช์บางส่วนของเหตุการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นของการแข่งขันกีฬาโอลิมปิกฤดูร้อน 2012ถูกจัดขึ้นในทางตะวันออกเฉียงใต้รวมทั้งพายที่อีตัน Dorneyและเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการแข่งขันจักรยานถนนในเซอร์เรย์ฮิลส์
ในยุคกลาง , ตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ของอังกฤษเป็นปูชนียบุคคลที่รัฐสมัยใหม่ของประเทศอังกฤษพัฒนาจากอาณาจักรแห่งเวสเซ็กส์ วินเชสเตอร์เป็นเมืองหลวงของอังกฤษหลังจากการรวมรัฐต่างๆ เข้าด้วยกัน แม้ว่าวินเชสเตอร์จะหยุดการเป็นเมืองหลวงการบริหารของอังกฤษในช่วงศตวรรษที่ 13 เนื่องจากอิทธิพลของมันลดลงในขณะที่เมืองลอนดอนครองการพาณิชย์ กษัตริย์องค์สุดท้ายที่จะสวมมงกุฎที่วินเชสเตอร์คือริชาร์ดที่ 2ในปี 1377 แม้ว่าพระมหากษัตริย์องค์สุดท้ายที่บิชอปแห่งวินเชสเตอร์สวมมงกุฎคือสมเด็จพระราชินีแมรีที่ 1ในปี ค.ศ. 1553
ประวัติ
Meonhill ไร่องุ่นใกล้เก่าวินเชสเตอร์ฮิลล์ในภาคตะวันออกนิวแฮมป์เชียร์ไปทางทิศใต้ South Downs ของเวสต์เมโอนใน A32 ที่เป็นที่ตั้งของที่ที่โรมาโนอังกฤษเติบโตองุ่นโรมัน [2]
สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง
การต่อสู้ของบริเตนส่วนใหญ่เกิดขึ้นในภูมิภาคนี้ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในเคนต์กองทัพอากาศสั่งเครื่องบินทิ้งระเบิดตามที่สูงคัมบ์ เอเอฟ Medmenhamที่Danesfield บ้านทางทิศตะวันตกของมาร์โลว์ใน Buckinghamshire, เป็นสิ่งสำคัญสำหรับการลาดตระเวนทางอากาศ การดำเนินงาน Coronaตามที่กองทัพอากาศ Kingsdown (ที่เวสต์ Kingsdownติดกับ Brands Hatch ในเคนท์ระหว่าง A20 และ M20) ถูกนำมาใช้เพื่อสร้างความสับสนเยอรมันคืนสู้กับเยอรมันเจ้าของภาษาและการประสานงานโดยกองทัพอากาศY บริการ
Bletchley Parkทางตอนเหนือของ Buckinghamshire เป็นศูนย์กลางหลักของฝ่ายพันธมิตรในการถอดรหัส คอมพิวเตอร์ยักษ์ใหญ่เนื้อหาของโลกเป็นครั้งแรกที่เริ่มทำงานกับรหัสอเรนซ์ที่ 5 กุมภาพันธ์ 1944 กับยักษ์ใหญ่ 2 ทำงานตั้งแต่เดือนมิถุนายน 1944 เว็บไซต์ที่ถูกเลือกด้วยเหตุผลอื่น ๆ เพราะมันเป็นชุมทางของลูบเส้น (ระหว่างฟอร์ดและ เคมบริดจ์) และชายฝั่งตะวันตกสายหลัก คอมพิวเตอร์ Harwell (Dekatron) ตอนนี้ที่พิพิธภัณฑสถานแห่งชาติของคอมพิวเตอร์ที่ Bletchley ถูกสร้างขึ้นในปี 1949 และเชื่อว่าจะเป็นคอมพิวเตอร์เครื่องดิจิตอลทำงานที่เก่าแก่ที่สุดในโลก [3]
มรดกทางวิทยาศาสตร์
John Wallisแห่ง Kent ได้แนะนำสัญลักษณ์สำหรับ Infinityและสัญกรณ์มาตรฐานสำหรับเลขยกกำลังในปี 1656 Thomas Bayesเป็นนักสถิติที่สำคัญจาก Tunbridge Wells; เขาทฤษฎีบท (จากทฤษฎีความน่าจะ ) ใช้สำหรับกรองสแปมและการค้นหาของ Google
Sir David N. Payneจากศูนย์วิจัยออปโตอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ของมหาวิทยาลัย Southampton ได้คิดค้นเครื่องขยายสัญญาณไฟเบอร์แบบเติมเออร์เบียมซึ่งเป็นเครื่องขยายสัญญาณออปติคอลชนิดหนึ่งในช่วงกลางทศวรรษ 1980 ซึ่งกลายเป็นสิ่งจำเป็นสำหรับอินเทอร์เน็ตเฮนรี่มอสลีย์ที่ Oxford ในปี 1913 การค้นพบของเขากฎหมายมอสลีย์ของของสเปกตรัม X-ray ขององค์ประกอบทางเคมีที่ทำให้เขาจะเป็นคนแรกที่จะกำหนดเลขอะตอมที่ถูกต้องเพื่อองค์ประกอบในตารางธาตุ ; เขาไม่ได้รับรางวัลโนเบลใด ๆเนื่องจากไม่ได้รับรางวัลมรณกรรม และเขาถูกสังหารในปี 2458 ที่กัลลิโปลีพร้อมกับวิศวกรหลวงคาร์บอนไฟเบอร์ถูกประดิษฐ์ขึ้นในปี 2506 ที่ RAE ใน Farnborough โดยทีมที่นำโดย William Watt ระบบทำความเย็นชุดอวกาศ Apollo LCG ส่วนใหญ่มาจากงานที่ทำที่ RAE Farnborough ในช่วงต้นทศวรรษ 1960

โดนัลด์วัตต์เดวีส์ใครจะไปโรงเรียนมัธยมในพอร์ตสมั ธ รับช่วงต่อจากอลันทัวริงในการพัฒนาคอมพิวเตอร์ในช่วงต้นของสหราชอาณาจักรและคิดค้นเปลี่ยนแพ็คเก็ตในช่วงปลายปี 1960 ที่ห้องปฏิบัติการทางกายภาพแห่งชาติในTeddingtonแพ็คเก็ตสลับถูกนำขึ้นโดยชาวอเมริกันในรูปแบบARPANET ; เครือข่ายคอมพิวเตอร์เครื่องแรกสร้างโดยLawrence Robertsและอีกสามคนที่MIT Lincoln Laboratory (IBM และ AT&T ไม่สนใจโครงการนี้) สร้างโดยBBNร่วมกับBob TaylorและPaul Baran (ผู้เลือกการออกแบบแพ็กเก็ตและโหนด) ด้วยตัวประมวลผลข้อความส่วนต่อประสาน ; TCPถูกประดิษฐ์ขึ้นในปี 1973 และนำมาใช้เป็นมาตรฐานในปี 1981
ไอบีเอ็ม 360/195ที่ RHEL เป็นนอกเครื่องแรกของสหรัฐที่จะเชื่อมต่อกับอาร์พาเนตในปี 1973; การเชื่อมต่อผ่านUCLจากนั้นนอร์เวย์ ( NORSARและ SATNET) ไปยังสหรัฐอเมริกา SRCNet ก่อตั้งขึ้นในปี 1975 ซึ่งเชื่อมโยง Oxfordshire กับ Cheshire; สิ่งนี้กลายเป็นJANETในปี 1984 ซึ่งทำงานบนโปรโตคอลX.25ในปี 1992 สหราชอาณาจักรมีเว็บเซิร์ฟเวอร์แห่งแรกที่ RAL ในอ็อกซ์ฟอร์ดเชียร์ หนึ่งใน 50 แห่งในโลก; เว็บไซต์แรกของสหราชอาณาจักร ห้าปีต่อมาเว็บไซต์เป็นสำนักงานภูมิภาคของสหราชอาณาจักรของW3Cแอนิเมชั่นคอมพิวเตอร์ยุคแรกได้รับการพัฒนาที่ RAL ในอ็อกซ์ฟอร์ดเชียร์Alec Reevesของ Surrey ได้คิดค้นการปรับรหัสพัลส์ (PCM) ในปี 1937 (ที่ITTห้องปฏิบัติการวิจัยของปารีส) มาตรฐานการบันทึก เสียงดิจิตอล
เซอร์จอห์น เฮอร์เชลบุตรชายของนักดาราศาสตร์จากเมืองเคนต์ เป็นผู้คิดค้นคำว่าภาพถ่ายในปี 1839 ซึ่งหมายถึงการเขียนด้วยแสง และการค้นพบครั้งแรกที่ผู้ให้บริการถ่ายภาพ , โซเดียมไซโอเป็นที่รู้จักสำหรับผู้ที่ยังอยู่ใน 1839 Gleepเป็นเครื่องปฏิกรณ์นิวเคลียร์ของสหราชอาณาจักรคนแรกในสิงหาคม 1947 ที่พลังงานปรมาณูวิจัยสถาบัน (AERE) ที่ Harwell และจะอยู่จนกว่าการดำเนินงาน 1990; ตามด้วย British Experimental Pile 0 (BEPO) ในปี 1948

วิลเลียมฮาร์วีย์ของโฟล์กในเคนท์ค้นพบการไหลเวียนของเลือด Lilly Research Center ใน Windlesham, Berkshire ซึ่งเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของEli Lillyได้พัฒนาOlanzapineในปี 1996 (สำหรับโรคอารมณ์สองขั้วโดยขายได้ประมาณ 5 พันล้านดอลลาร์ทั่วโลกต่อปี) Beecham Research Laboratories ที่Brockham Park ในปี 1959 ได้ค้นพบเมทิซิลลิน (หรือ methicillin) ซึ่งเป็นเพนิซิลลินกึ่งสังเคราะห์ตัวแรก ( beta-lactamaseเสถียร) ซึ่งได้มาจากการค้นพบในปี 1958 ของ6-APAซึ่งเป็นองค์ประกอบหลัก ทีมที่นำโดย Prof George Rolinson ได้รับรางวัลMullard Awardในปีพ. ศ. 2514 Bipyridineสารประกอบ (Paraquat-Gramoxone และ Diquat) ถูกค้นพบสำหรับการใช้สารกำจัดวัชพืชในปี 1954 โดยWilliam Boonที่แผนก Plant Protection ของ ICI ที่ Jealott's Hill ออกสู่ตลาดในปี 1958 AZT/Retrovir ( zidovudine ) ถูกผลิตขึ้นครั้งแรกโดย Wellcome ในปี 1987 ในเมือง Kent ; พวกเขายังแนะนำ Zovirax ( aciclovir ) และเกิดขึ้นตามธรรมชาติดิจอกซินเป็นglycoside การเต้นของหัวใจหลังจากที่เครื่องบินตกใกล้บ้านของเขาในฟอร์ดในปี 1940 เซอร์ปีเตอร์ Medawarช่วยนักบินได้รับบาดเจ็บและในกระบวนการค้นพบการปฏิเสธ homograftนำไปสู่การปลูกถ่ายอวัยวะโดยใช้azathioprineไวอากร้า ( Sildenafil) ถูกสังเคราะห์ที่ Pfizer ใน Sandwich, Kent
มรดกทางอุตสาหกรรม
เซอร์ฟรานซิสเพอร์ตี้สมิ ธแห่งเคนท์คิดค้นกรูใบพัด Faversham Oyster Fishery เป็นบริษัทที่เก่าแก่ที่สุดในโลกสะพานรถไฟ Maidenhead ขึ้นชื่อเรื่องโค้งแบนซึ่งสร้างขึ้นในปี 1839 โดยมีความยาว 39 เมตรWealden อุตสาหกรรมเหล็กในบริเวณเป็นที่ตั้งของแรกเตาหลอมในสหราชอาณาจักรใน 1491 และผลิตมากของสหราชอาณาจักรเหล็กหล่อจนกระทั่งยุค 1770 Portsmouth Block Millsเป็นที่ตั้งของเครื่องจักรโลหะแห่งแรกของโลกสร้างขึ้นสำหรับการผลิตรอกไม้คิดค้นโดยHenry Maudslayและที่ตั้งของสายการประกอบอุตสาหกรรมแห่งแรกของโลกในปี 1803 ประภาคาร South Forelandเมื่อวันที่ 8 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2401 เป็นประภาคารแห่งแรกของโลกที่มีไฟส่องสว่างด้วยเครื่องกำเนิดไฟฟ้าอุตสาหกรรมประเภทแรกที่ผลิตโดยFrederick Hale Holmesจากการทำงานที่เขาทำ กับFloris Nolletแห่งเบลเยียม และแม่เหล็กถาวร 36 ชิ้น ในปี พ.ศ. 2423 จากประภาคาร 10 แห่งที่มีไฟส่องสว่าง มีห้าแห่งอยู่ในสหราชอาณาจักร จากประภาคารในปี พ.ศ. 2442 มีการออกอากาศทางวิทยุระหว่างประเทศครั้งแรกไปยังฝรั่งเศสZénobe Grammeแห่งเบลเยียมได้รับการออกแบบที่ดีขึ้นมากในปี 1870 ด้วยการกระตุ้นด้วยแม่เหล็กและไดนาโมสมัยใหม่เครื่องแรก. ประภาคาร North Foreland Lighthouse เป็นประภาคารแห่งสุดท้ายของสหราชอาณาจักรจนถึงปี 1998
ปูนซีเมนต์ปอร์ตแลนด์ได้รับการพัฒนาใน Northfleet เคนท์โดยวิลเลียม Aspdin บุตรชายของโจเซฟ Aspdin การพัฒนาคือการให้ความร้อนส่วนผสมประมาณ 1450C, การผลิตปูนเม็ด ก่อนหน้านี้อุณหภูมิถูกนำไปไว้ที่ 800C ซึ่งไม่เพียงพอ เตาเผาซีเมนต์แห่งแรกยังคงอยู่ใน Northfleet ในโรงงานกระดาษแข็งในปัจจุบัน ในช่วงปลายทศวรรษ 1800 เตาเผาแบบหมุนทำให้กระบวนการนี้มีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้น คอนกรีต หินที่มนุษย์สร้างขึ้นอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ เป็นวัสดุที่มนุษย์สร้างขึ้นที่แพร่หลายที่สุด 5% ของการปล่อยคาร์บอนทั้งหมดทั่วโลกมาจากการผลิตคอนกรีต
เมื่อวันที่ 16 ตุลาคม พ.ศ. 2451 เครื่องบินกองทัพอังกฤษหมายเลข 1ซึ่งบินโดยอเมริกันซามูเอล แฟรงคลิน โคดีเป็นเครื่องบินลำแรกที่บินในสหราชอาณาจักรที่ฟาร์นโบโรห์ เมื่อวันที่ 14 พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2452 เขาบินไปมากกว่าหนึ่งไมล์ เมื่อวันที่ 13 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2452 ภรรยาของเขาจะเป็นผู้หญิงคนแรกในสหราชอาณาจักรที่เดินทางด้วยเครื่องบินเช่นเดียวกับที่ฟาร์นโบโรห์ เครื่องบิน Harrier XV738ลำแรกบินเมื่อวันที่ 28 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2510 นี่เป็นเครื่องบินลำแรกของกองทัพอากาศที่มีระบบแสดงผลแบบ head-up displayเป็นครั้งแรกที่ทั้งสองนั่งกระต่ายXW174บินที่ 24 เมษายน 1969 ต่อมากระแทกที่Larkhillในเดือนมิถุนายน 1969 อังกฤษอวกาศทะเลกระต่าย XZ450บินครั้งแรกเมื่อวันที่ 20 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2521; เมื่อวันที่ 4 พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2525 เครื่องบินลำนี้จะถูกยิงด้วยการยิงต่อต้านอากาศยานที่Goose Greenทำให้นักบินเสียชีวิตด้วยฝูงบินนาวี 800 ลำจากHMS Hermes ; เครื่องบินไม่มีเรดาร์เตือนผู้รับ (RWR) เนื่องจากการทดสอบอินทรีทะเลจึงไม่สามารถตรวจสอบเรดาร์ Skyguard ได้ล็อคให้มันถูกทำลายด้วยOerlikon GDF (35 มม) ของGADA 601 ; มันเป็น Sea Harrier ตัวแรกที่แพ้ในการรณรงค์ Falklands
การ ยิง ที่นั่ง ดีด ออก แบบ บรรจุ อากาศ แบบ บรรจุ คน แรก ขึ้น บน ที่ 24 กรกฏาคม 2489 บนสนามบิน ชาลโกรฟ อ็อกซ์ฟอร์ดเชียร์ ในดาว ตกขับ โดยเบอร์นาร์ด ลินช์ ; หุ่นจำลองครั้งแรกคือ 10 พ. ค. 2488 เหนือRAF Oakleyทางตะวันตกของ Buckinghamshire (วันนี้ใกล้กับ M40); เมื่อวันที่ 13 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2505 การบินด้วยจรวดบนเครื่องบินครั้งแรกเกิดขึ้นโดยปีเตอร์ ฮาวเวิร์ดแพทย์ของกองทัพอากาศที่ประจำอยู่ที่สถาบันเวชศาสตร์การบินแห่งฟาร์นโบโรห์ในอุกกาบาตWA364ที่ความสูง 250 ฟุตเหนือ Chalgrove โดยจรวดให้กำลังสูงสุด 16G The Miles M.52ได้รับการออกแบบที่Woodley Aerodromeใน Berkshire โดยMiles Aircraftเป็นการออกแบบที่ทันสมัยของเครื่องบินที่มีนวัตกรรมของหางบินหรือทุกการเคลื่อนไหวหางยังเป็นที่รู้จักstabilator ; นี้จะแก้ปัญหาของความมั่นคงและการควบคุมอากาศยานที่ความเร็วเหนือเสียงและการออกแบบของมันถูกนำตัวส่งเข้าอเมริกันกระดิ่ง X-1เป็นครั้งแรกที่เครื่องบินความเร็วเหนือเสียง
เมื่อวันที่ 3 พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2373 บริการรถไฟโดยสารแห่งแรกของโลก ได้แก่Canterbury and Whitstable Railway (6 ไมล์) ที่สร้างโดยจอร์จ สตีเฟนสันเริ่มต้น ลากโดยหัวรถจักรInvictaและเปิดตัวตั๋วฤดูกาลรถไฟเที่ยวแรกของโลกในปี พ.ศ. 2377 สะพานรถไฟ Maidenheadซึ่งขึ้นชื่อในเรื่อง โค้งแบน สร้างขึ้นในปี พ.ศ. 2382 ด้วยระยะกว้าง 39 เมตรทหารยานพาหนะและวิศวกรรมสถานประกอบการในเชิร์ตซีย์พัฒนาChobham เกราะเมื่อวันที่ 12 เมษายน 1903, รถบัสบริการแรกของโลกโดยอีสต์บอร์รถบัสจากอีสต์บอร์สถานีรถไฟไปบรรจบ แรงขับSSCรถยนต์ที่เร็วที่สุดในโลกในปี 1997 ถูกสร้างขึ้นในAldingbourne , West Sussex โดย G-Force Engineering ซึ่งออกแบบโดยRon Ayersโดยมีงานเพิ่มเติมทำโดยDefense Evaluation and Research Agencyที่ Farnborough
สหราชอาณาจักร-เบลเยี่ยม 5วางจาก Kent ในปี 1986 เป็นสายเคเบิลใต้น้ำใยแก้วนำแสงสายแรกของโลกและมีความยาว 36 ไมล์สายโทรศัพท์ใต้น้ำสายแรกของโลกวางระหว่างอังกฤษและฝรั่งเศสในปี พ.ศ. 2434 โดย HMTS Monarch ทำให้สามารถโทรจากลอนดอน-ปารีสได้ตั้งแต่เดือนเมษายน พ.ศ. 2434 เมื่อวันที่ 3 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2535 Neil Papworth of Reading วิศวกรจากSema Group Telecomsที่ Vodafone ใน Newbury ได้ส่ง ข้อความแรกของโลกจากคอมพิวเตอร์ของเขาไปยังโทรศัพท์ Orbitel 901 ของ Richard Jarvis ผู้อำนวยการด้านเทคนิคของ Vodafone การแลกเปลี่ยนโทรศัพท์สาธารณะอัตโนมัติครั้งแรกในสหราชอาณาจักรมีการแลกเปลี่ยนทางโทรศัพท์ที่ Epsom ตั้งแต่วันที่ 18 พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2455 และได้รับการแนะนำเป็นมาตรฐานสำหรับการแลกเปลี่ยนทางโทรศัพท์ 6,700 ครั้งของสหราชอาณาจักรในปี พ.ศ. 2465 ซึ่งกินเวลาประมาณ 70 ปี สามารถรองรับสายได้ถึง 500 สาย และเป็นการออกแบบ Strowgerและผลิตโดยบริษัทผลิตโทรศัพท์อัตโนมัติของ Liverpool [4]การแลกเปลี่ยนโทรศัพท์อัตโนมัติครั้งแรกของโลกได้เปิดขึ้นที่La Porte รัฐอินเดียนาในเดือนพฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2435
BritNedสายเคเบิลใต้น้ำแหล่งจ่ายไฟ 1000MW จาก Isle of Grain ดัถูกสร้างขึ้นในปี 2009 HVDC ข้ามช่องทาง (2000MW) สายเคเบิลใต้น้ำที่ถูกสร้างขึ้นในปี 1986 นี้เป็นความจุสูงสุด HVDC สายเคเบิลใต้น้ำของโลก; มันมาจากฝรั่งเศสและดินแดนใกล้กับ Folkestone โดยมีสถานีหม้อแปลงขนาดใหญ่ (สร้างโดย GEC) ที่บีบระหว่าง CTRL และ M20 ในAldingtonและSmeethทำจากสายเคเบิล 270kV แปดเส้น
รอยสตันเครื่องดนตรีของ Byfleet พัฒนาเป็นครั้งแรกของโลกที่มีหลายช่องทางเครื่องบันทึกข้อมูลการบินในปี 1965 แม้ว่าดาวหางเป็นที่ยอมรับกันโดยทั่วไปว่าเป็นของโลกที่ผลิตวิ่งครั้งแรกเจ็ทสายการบินสายการบินเจ็ทครั้งแรกที่เคยสร้าง (บุคคล) เป็นเนขับเคลื่อนวิคเกอร์ VC 1 ไวกิ้งเมื่อวันที่ 6 เมษายน พ.ศ. 2491 จากท่าอากาศยานวิสลีย์ ; ครั้งแรกของโลกเทอร์โบสายการบินจะบินจากที่นั่น 16 กรกฎาคม 1948 โดยMutt ซัมเมอร์ในปีพ.ศ. 2482 ที่ Cowes ( นอร์ธวูด ) จอห์น โกเด็คได้คิดค้นวิธีการแสดงตำแหน่งแบบแผนของการแสดงเรดาร์ตามที่รู้จักกันมากที่สุดนับตั้งแต่นั้นเป็นต้นมา เว็บไซต์กลายเป็นPlessey Radarในปี 1965 และปัจจุบันดำเนินการโดย BAE Systems Sperry Gyroscopeใน Bracknell ผลิตระบบนำทางสำหรับจรวดอวกาศของสหราชอาณาจักรในปี 1960
อิสระโครงสร้างที่สูงที่สุดในภูมิภาคนี้คือปล่องไฟของเมล็ดสถานีไฟฟ้าที่ 801 ฟุต มันเป็นปล่องไฟสองที่สูงที่สุดในสหราชอาณาจักรหลังจากสถานีพลังงานแดร็กซ์
จอร์จอัลเบิร์สมิ ธได้รับการพัฒนาครั้งแรกฟิล์มสีกระบวนการเป็นที่รู้จักKinemacolor , ในปี 1906 ที่Southwick ซัสเซ็กซ์ตะวันตกGeorge E. Davisจาก Slough เป็นบิดาผู้ก่อตั้งวิศวกรรมเคมี Wiggins Teape ภายหลังARJO Wiggins Fine Papersมีศูนย์วิจัยกระดาษที่ใหญ่ที่สุดในยุโรปที่ Butlers Court ใน Beaconsfield; สร้างขึ้นในปี พ.ศ. 2434 และว่างเว้นในปี พ.ศ. 2552 Bentallsใน Bracknell (ปัจจุบันคือเมืองFenwickตั้งแต่ปี 2017) มีจุดจำหน่ายสินค้าแห่งแรกในยุโรป - NCR 280 ในปี 1973
การเก็บผลไม้แห่งชาติเป็นคอลเลกชันที่ใหญ่ที่สุดของผลไม้ในโลกที่Brogdaleและอยู่ติดกับ M2 ที่แยก A251 ในOspringe Scalextricถูกคิดค้นโดย Fred Francis ในปี 1956 ผู้ก่อตั้งMinimodelsใน Havant; รถยนต์รุ่นแรกที่ได้รับเครื่องจักร ; สร้างขึ้นเมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2510 ที่เมืองTriangใน Margate Mars Barแห่งแรกของโลกสร้างขึ้นในเมือง Slough ในปี 1932; มันถูกจำลองบนทางช้างเผือกซึ่งเป็นที่นิยมในเวลานั้นในสหรัฐอเมริกา Twix เปิดตัวที่ Slough ในปี 1967 โดยมีการย้ายการผลิตไปยังฝรั่งเศสตะวันออก (Mars Chocolat France ที่HaguenauในAlsace ) ในปี 2548 Ford GT40ได้รับการพัฒนาโดยFord Advanced Vehiclesที่ Slough ในช่วงกลางทศวรรษ 1960
ภูมิศาสตร์

เมืองที่ใหญ่ที่สุดในภูมิภาคคือไบรท์ อิทธิพลที่โดดเด่นเกี่ยวกับเศรษฐกิจของภูมิภาคนี้จะใกล้เคียงลอนดอน จุดที่สูงที่สุดคือWalbury HillในBerkshireที่ 297 เมตร (974 ฟุต)
ต้นไม้พื้นเมืองที่สูงที่สุดของสหราชอาณาจักรตามรายงานของThe Tree Registerในเดือนเมษายน 2015 เป็นต้นบีชสูง 144 ฟุตที่Devil's DykeในNewtimber Woods ใน West Sussex
ขอบเขตทางประวัติศาสตร์
จนกระทั่งปี 1999 มีทางตะวันออกเฉียงใต้มาตรฐานภาคสถิติซึ่งรวมถึงมณฑลของBedfordshire , Greater London , เอสเซ็กซ์และเฮิร์ต อดีตเขตป้องกันพลเรือนภาคตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ครอบคลุมพื้นที่เดียวกับเขตที่ทำการราชการในปัจจุบัน
คำจำกัดความทางเลือก
ในการใช้งานที่ไม่เป็นทางการ ตะวันออกเฉียงใต้สามารถอ้างถึงพื้นที่ที่แตกต่างกัน – บางครั้งเฉพาะลอนดอน, เคนต์, ซัสเซ็กซ์ตะวันออก, เวสต์ซัสเซกซ์ และเซอร์เรย์; แต่บางครั้งก็เป็นพื้นที่ที่สอดคล้องกับเขตสถิติมาตรฐานเดิม ตะวันออกเฉียงใต้นอกจากนี้ยังใช้เป็นครั้งคราวไวพจน์ที่มณฑลบ้าน
ข้อมูลประชากร
ประชากรของภูมิภาคในการสำรวจสำมะโนประชากรปี 2554 มีจำนวน 8,634,750 คน ทำให้เป็นภูมิภาคอังกฤษที่มีประชากรมากที่สุด[1]รายใหญ่conurbationsของภูมิภาค ได้แก่ภาคใต้นิวแฮมป์เชียร์ (855,000), ไบรตัน / ทิง / ลิต (474,000) และการอ่าน (318,000) [5]การตั้งถิ่นฐานที่ใกล้ชิดกับลอนดอนเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของขยายที่รู้จักกันเป็นมหานครลอนดอนเขตเมือง
ตะวันออกเฉียงใต้มีเปอร์เซ็นต์สูงสุดของคนที่เกิดนอกราชอาณาจักรอื่น ๆ นอกเหนือจากลอนดอน ประมาณการในปี 2007 รัฐ 87.2% ของคนที่เป็นสีขาวอังกฤษ 4.8% อื่น ๆ สีขาว (inc. 1.0% ไอริช ) 3.5% เอเชียใต้ 1.5% การแข่งขันผสม 1.6% สีดำอังกฤษ 0.7% จีน 0.7% อื่น ๆ [6]
สำมะโน | ประชากร | เปลี่ยน |
---|---|---|
1801 | 962,350 | |
1811 | 1,072,563 | ![]() |
1821 | 1,239,883 | ![]() |
พ.ศ. 2374 | 1,378,755 | ![]() |
1841 | 1,561,792 | ![]() |
1851 | 1,687,558 | ![]() |
พ.ศ. 2404 | 1,957,208 | ![]() |
พ.ศ. 2414 | 2,226,880 | ![]() |
พ.ศ. 2424 | 2,496,534 | ![]() |
พ.ศ. 2434 | 2,776,842 | ![]() |
1901 | 3,093,606 | ![]() |
พ.ศ. 2454 | 3,472,091 | ![]() |
พ.ศ. 2464 | 3,718,228 | ![]() |
พ.ศ. 2474 | 3,995,122 | ![]() |
ค.ศ. 1941 | 4,443,002 | ![]() |
พ.ศ. 2494 | 4,976,340 | ![]() |
ค.ศ. 1961 | 5,738,844 | ![]() |
พ.ศ. 2514 | 6,718,771 | ![]() |
1981 | 7,025,593 | ![]() |
1991 | 7,677,641 | ![]() |
2001 | 8,000,550 | ![]() |
2011 | 8,634,750 | ![]() |
เมืองและเมืองต่างๆ
เมือง/เมือง | เทศมณฑลพิธี | ประชากร (2019) | Conurbation (พ.ศ. 2554) |
---|---|---|---|
ไบรท์ตัน แอนด์ โฮฟ | ซัสเซ็กส์ตะวันออก | 290,885 | 474,485 |
มิลตัน คีนส์ | Buckinghamshire | 269,457 | 229,941 |
เซาแธมป์ตัน | นิวแฮมป์เชียร์ | 252,520 | 855,569 |
พอร์ตสมัธ | นิวแฮมป์เชียร์ | 214,905 | [n 1] |
ลื่น | เบิร์กเชียร์ | 164,455 | 163,777 |
การอ่าน | เบิร์กเชียร์ | 161,780 | 318,014 |
ออกซ์ฟอร์ด | อ็อกซ์ฟอร์ดเชียร์ | 152,457 | 171,380 |
ไฮ วีคอมบ์ | Buckinghamshire | 125,257 | 133,204 |
เบซิงสโต๊ค | นิวแฮมป์เชียร์ | 113,776 | 107,642 |
เมดสโตน | เคนท์ | 113,137 | 107,627 |
ครอว์ลีย์ | West Sussex | 112,409 | 180,508 |
คุ้มค่า | West Sussex | 110,570 | [n 2] |
จิลลิ่งแฮม | เคนท์ | 104,157 [9] | 243,931 |
อีสต์บอร์น | ซัสเซ็กส์ตะวันออก | 103,745 | 118,219 |
การปกครองและการเมือง
ตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ของอังกฤษเป็นภูมิภาคที่เป็นทางการสำหรับวัตถุประสงค์ในการวางแผนเชิงสถิติและเชิงกลยุทธ์ แต่ไม่ได้ให้บริการโดยรัฐบาลระดับภูมิภาคที่ได้รับการเลือกตั้งโดยตรง จาก 1998-2010 สภาท้องถิ่นส่งไปยังสมัครใจอังกฤษสมัชชาภูมิภาคตะวันออกเฉียงใต้อยู่ในกิลผู้แทนพบปะกันปีละ 6 ครั้ง และรับผิดชอบสำนักงานพัฒนา South East England Development Agencyซึ่งเป็นโครงการที่ดูแลโครงการลงทุนในภูมิภาค[10]มันถูกยกเลิกในวันที่ 31 มีนาคม 2009 และแทนที่ด้วยอังกฤษตะวันออกเฉียงใต้เทศบาลในKingston upon Thames ภูมิภาคนี้แบ่งออกเป็นสภาท้องถิ่นหลายแห่ง ส่วนใหญ่ประกอบด้วยสภาสองชั้น- ประกอบด้วยสภาเขตและเขต- และหน่วยงานรวมกัน :
ที่นั่งเวสต์มินสเตอร์
ตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ของอังกฤษเป็นเขตเลือกตั้งที่อนุรักษ์นิยมมากที่สุดของสหราชอาณาจักรทั้งในแง่ของที่นั่งและการลงคะแนน พื้นที่ที่ยังมีที่นั่งบางส่วนที่มีการสนับสนุนที่แข็งแกร่งสำหรับบุคคลอื่น ๆ เช่นฟอร์ด , ตมและเซาแธมป์ตันทดสอบสำหรับแรงงานและไบรตันพาวิลเลี่ยนซึ่งจะจัดขึ้นโดยพรรคกรีน จากที่นั่งในรัฐสภา 84 ที่นั่ง พรรคอนุรักษ์นิยมมี 72 ที่นั่ง ในการเลือกตั้งทั่วไปปี 2560 พรรคอนุรักษ์นิยมได้รับคะแนนเสียง 54.8% แรงงาน 28.6% พรรคเดโมแครตเสรีนิยม 10.6% กรีน 3.1% และ UKIP 2.2%
วันเลือกตั้ง | เขตเลือกตั้ง | คอน | แล็บ | Lib Dem | UKIP | เขียว | คนอื่น | ตะกั่ว |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12 ธันวาคม 2019 | 4,652,810 [11] | 54.0% | 22.1% | 18.2% | 0.2% | 3.9% | 1.5% | 31.9% |
8 มิถุนายน 2560 | 4,635,741 [12] | 54.8% | 28.7% | 10.6% | 2.3% | 3.1% | 0.5% | 26.1% |
7 พฤษภาคม 2558 | 4,394,400 [13] | 50.8% | 18.3% | 9.4% | 14.7% | 5.2% | 1.5% | 31.5% |
6 พฤษภาคม 2553 | 4,294,240 [14] | 49.9% | 16.2% | 26.2% | 4.1% | 1.4% | 2.2% | 23.7% |
5 พฤษภาคม 2548 | 3,901,598 [15] | 45.0% | 24.4% | 25.4% | 3.1% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 19.6% |
7 มิถุนายน 2544 | 5,187,711 [16] | 42.6% | 31.7% | 21.6% | 4.1% | 10.9% | ||
1 พฤษภาคม 1997 | 4,341,608 [17] | 41.9% | 29.1% | 23.3% | 5.7% | 7.2% | ||
9 เมษายน 1992 | 6,455,871 [18] | 54.5% | 20.8% | 23.3% | 1.4% | 31.2% | ||
11 กรกฎาคม 2530 | 6,087,487 [19] | 55.6% | 16.8% | 27.2% | 0.5% | 28.4% | ||
9 มิถุนายน 2526 | 9,101,444 [20] | 50.5% | 21.1% | 27.1% | 1.0% | 23.4% |
Eurostat NUTS
In the Eurostat Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS), South East England is a level-1 NUTS region, coded "UKJ", which is subdivided as follows:

Education
Schools
Buckinghamshire, Medway and Kent, and Slough have an almost completely selective education system - not just a few grammar schools as other English areas may have - with secondary modern schools as the alternative. Kent has 33 grammar schools, Buckinghamshire 13, Medway 6 and Slough 4. The other areas are comprehensive. In the top thirty schools at A level, it is almost exclusively selective schools; one or two are sixth form colleges. However, the results for each county as a whole are not always directly related to the number of grammar schools, as Kent and Medway perform under average at A-level. The King's School, Canterbury claims to be oldest in England - 597AD. Herschel Grammar School in Slough is the most oversubscribed school in England - 14 people per place, Langley Grammar School in Slough is next with 13 per place, then Burnham Grammar School.[21]
508,000 in the region are at state secondary schools - the highest in England, with 101,000 at Kent, the highest in England for a county and completely selective, then 70,000 in Hampshire, 60,000 in Surrey, 45,000 in West Sussex, 36,000 in Oxfordshire, 35,000 in Buckinghamsire. The lowest is 6,000 at Bracknell Forest, then Reading with about 6,000. Of all regions, the South-East has the greatest percentage that attend a grammar school - 12%; the next highest it the South-West - 6%.[22] The most-educated people (NQF level 4 or above) in the region live in Elmbridge (51%), then Waverley, and Epsom and Ewell; 33% of people are at this level for the South-East, only second to London at 40%.
The region has highest number of sixth formers, outside of London, in England;[23] the highest number is in Kent, the highest for England, then Buckinghamshire (also completely selective), then Surrey. For state school pupils, there is patchy STEM participation - Hampshire has the most passing STEM subjects in England and in the region, followed by Kent, Surrey and Buckinghamshire. For STEM subjects, Portsmouth is lowest by some distance (6 people passed A level Chemistry) - almost the worst in England, and also Southampton gets low STEM subject results. Bracknell Forest gets low STEM results, for its economic prosperity, but does not include private schools. For languages, the best is Kent - the county gets the most A level language passes in England, although Hampshire is a close second. Both counties get more German A level passes than the whole of North East England. Buckinghamshire and Surrey have high language A-level passes. Hampshire gets the most A-level passes in England (27,500), again more than North-East England (25,000). Although Hampshire is the best at languages, Portsmouth gets the fewest language passes in the region, and some of the lowest in England, with four French A levels, and has only 500 A level passes in total; next lowest is Slough, Bracknell Forest, and Southampton.
Reading School, a grammar, is the state school that gets the highest percentage (23%) into Oxbridge in 2010, behind 10 independents, and is also the oldest existing state grammar school in England;[24] above it in the region, of the independent schools are Magdalen College School, Oxford (32%), Guildford High School (26%) and Wycombe Abbey (25%). The Kendrick School, also in Reading, gets the 4th highest state school acceptance percentage to Oxbridge (18%) and the second highest in England outside of two grammar schools in London. Of the 25 state schools in the top 100 schools getting to Oxbridge, 7 are from the region. Many people from the north of East Sussex go to Kent's grammars, and people on the London-edge of Surrey attend grammars in Kingston upon Thames, and Buckingham's two grammars attract people from nearby Milton Keynes;[25] Buckinghamshire's grammar schools get some of best admissions to Oxbridge in the UK. Surrey has twice as many acceptances into Oxbridge than the whole of Wales; acceptances to Oxbridge are concentrated in 10 counties in the South-East.
1% of those at school in the South-East gained no GCSE passes in 2010; Portsmouth was most with 2.5%, and Windsor and Maidenhead had the lowest with 0.2%. For school free school meals, the region has the lowest percentage in England with 7.2%; the highest percentage is Southampton with 17%, and the lowest is Wokingham with 3.5% (the second lowest in England after Rutland); Buckinghamshire is 4.3%, then Bracknell Forest and Surrey are 4.9%. For truancy, the highest is South Bucks at 7.0, then Canterbury 7.0, Portsmouth 6.9, Thanet 6.9, Southampton 6.4, and Rushmoor 6.1. The lowest truancy percentages are for Tandridge 2.5, Windsor & Maidenhead 2.5, and Slough 2.5.
At GCSE, the area in the South East (and England) with the highest results is consistently Buckinghamshire. Berkshire is split into unitary authorities, and Wokingham, Windsor and Slough have the next best GCSE results. All of Berkshire's unitary authorities have results above the England average, with West Berkshire considerably above average. Schools in Surrey and Hampshire also have consistently good GCSE results, and they are above average in Oxfordshire, West Sussex, Kent, Medway, and East Sussex. There are a small number of districts where results are significantly below average including the unitary authorities of Portsmouth (one of the lowest LEAs in the country), the Isle of Wight, Southampton, Brighton, and the districts of Oxford in Oxfordshire, Adur in West Sussex and Hastings in East Sussex.
There are forty-nine FE colleges in the region. The two main FE colleges are Northbrook College in Sussex and Basingstoke College of Technology in Hampshire. Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshore share an LSC (which fund FE colleges), and Sussex has a combined LSC. The region's LSC office was in Reading, looking after five areas.
Universities

The best known university in the region is the University of Oxford, famous for its ornate colleges and its rowing teams on the Thames. It was ranked the fourth best university in the world by the Times Higher Educational Supplement in 2013.[26]
Other well-known universities include:
- University of Brighton, Brighton and Eastbourne
- University of Buckingham, Buckingham
- Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe, Aylesbury, Uxbridge and Great Missenden
- Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Medway towns and Tunbridge Wells
- University of Chichester, Chichester and Bognor Regis
- University of Kent, Canterbury
- The University of Law, Guildford (as well as 8 other UK campuses outside South East England)
- University of Reading, Reading, Henley-on-Thames
- The Open University, Milton Keynes
- Oxford Brookes University, Oxford
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham
- Solent University, Southampton
- University of Southampton, Southampton
- University of Surrey, Guildford
- University of Sussex, Brighton
- University of Winchester, Winchester
By total HEFCE funding, the biggest university is the Open University, followed by Oxford University.[27] The Open and Oxford each receive around three times as much funding as any other university in the region, and Oxford receives the largest research grant in England (as of 2009). The University of Southampton gets the third largest amount of funding, with the next largest research grant, one of the largest in England. Other universities with a large research grant are Reading, Sussex and Surrey. Oxford gets twice as much total income (around £700 million) as the next largest, Southampton. Surrey and Reading get the next largest total income.
Oxford and Southampton have the most numbers of students, followed by Brighton. For total students in the region, around 45% are from the region and 35% from other regions. For full-time first degree students in the region, over 35% are from the region, 15% are from London, and 10% each are from the East of England and the South-West; in total, around 70% are from the south of England. Very few are from the North-East or Scotland. Around 35% of the region's native students stay in the region, with 15% going to London and over 10% going to the South-West. In general, for other regions of the UK, the South-East's students are more prepared to study in other regions than those regions' students are prepared to study in the South-East. Once graduated, over 50% stay in the South-East, with 25% going to London, around 5% going to the East of England, and around 10% going to the South-West; around 90% stay in the south of England.
Economy
The South East of England is a very prosperous area with the second largest regional economy in the UK (after London), valued at £177 billion in 2006.[28] GDP per capita in 2007 was estimated at £22,624, compared with a UK average of £19,95air p6, making South East England the second richest region per capita, behind London.[29] The South East England Development Agency is in Guildford, with another site in Chatham. The region's Manufacturing Advisory Service is on the A30 in Hook, north Hampshire[30] The UKTI service for the region[31] is on Victory Park in Whiteley, off junction 9 of the M27, opposite the Solent Hotel.[32]
There are two strategic health authorities for the region - NHS South East Coast in Horley, Surrey, north-east of Gatwick Airport, and NHS South Central (for the west of the region), on the Newbury Business Park in the east of Newbury, off the A4. Similarly there is the South East Coast Ambulance Service on the B2163 at Coxheath (for Kent), on the A217 at Banstead (for Surrey), and on the A277 in Lewes (for Sussex). The South Central Ambulance Service is headquartered on the B4100 next to Bicester Town railway station, with offices at Otterbourne, Hampshire and Wokingham. The charity-funded air ambulances are Kent Air Ambulance at Marden, Kent; Hampshire & Isle of Wight Air Ambulance at Thruxton, Hampshire; Surrey and Sussex Air Ambulance at Dunsfold Aerodrome, Surrey; and the Thames Valley Air Ambulance at RAF Benson.
Many high technology companies are located near the M3 in Surrey and the M4 in Berkshire. Sun Microsystems had their UK base in Blackwater near Camberley until 2009. Microsoft and Oracle have their UK headquarters next door to each other in Reading (Wokingham borough), as do the Yell Group and Logica (near junction 11 of the M4). The Gatwick Diamond is also a hub for hi-tech industry, centred at Gatwick Airport with Epsom to the north and Burgess Hill to the south. The largest company, by turnover, in the South East is Vodafone, followed by Ineos.
South-East Region | GDP € | GDP per capita € (2013)[33] |
---|---|---|
Berkshire | €45.2 bn | €51,500 (includes Borough of Reading) |
Buckinghamshire | €18.6 bn | €36,100 (excludes Borough of Milton Keynes) |
Oxfordshire | €25.3 bn | €38,000 |
Milton Keynes | €12.8 bn | €50,300 |
Brighton & Hove | €8.4 bn | €30,400 |
East Sussex CC | €11.1 bn | €20,800 |
Surrey | €46.6 bn | €40,500 |
West Sussex | €24.6 bn | €32,000 |
Portsmouth | €6.8 bn | €33,000 |
Southampton | €7.4 bn | €30,700 |
Hampshire CC | €44.6 bn | €33,400 (excludes Portsmouth and Southampton) |
Isle of Wight | €2.8 bn | €20,300 |
Medway | €5.6 bn | €20,900 |
Kent CC | €38.6 bn | €25,900 |
TOTAL | €300.5 bn | €34.200 |
Transport


The main road transport routes are along the M1 through Buckinghamshire; the M40 through Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire; the M4 through Berkshire and Buckinghamshire; the M2 motorway/A2 and M20 through Kent; the M23 through Surrey and West Sussex; the M3 through Surrey and Hampshire. All these routes connect to the M25, which runs near to and occasionally through the region's border with Greater London.
The A34 provides a north–south road link through Oxfordshire, Berkshire and Hampshire. The east–west corridor through the south of the region is provided by the A27 and the M27.
The main intercontinental airport is Gatwick Airport, with regional airports at Kent International Airport (Ramsgate), Shoreham Airport and Southampton Airport. Heathrow Airport is in Greater London but also serves (and is serviced by) the South East region.
The Great Western Main Line passes through Berkshire, Oxfordshire and southern Buckinghamshire. The South Eastern Main Line and High Speed 1 pass through Kent; the latter connects to the Channel Tunnel. The Brighton Main Line passes through Surrey and West Sussex. The North Downs Line runs from Berkshire then through Surrey to connect with Sussex and Kent. The West Coast Main Line passes through northern Buckinghamshire. The Chiltern Main Line is a major commuter line between Birmingham and London passing through central Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. The Port of Dover and the port at Folkestone have many ferry services to France and though none currently run to Belgium.
As part of the transport planning system the Regional Assembly is under statutory requirement to produce a Regional Transport Strategy (RTS) to provide long term planning for transport in the region. This involves region wide transport schemes such as those carried out by the Highways Agency and Network Rail.[34] Within the region the local transport authorities carry out transport planning through the use of a Local Transport Plan (LTP) which outlines their strategies, policies and implementation programme.[35] The most recent LTP is that for the period 2006–11. In the South East region the following transport authorities have published their LTP online: Bracknell Forest U.A.,[36] Brighton & Hove U.A.,[37] Buckinghamshire,[38] East Sussex,[39] Hampshire,[40] Isle of Wight,[41] Kent,[42] Medway U.A.,[43] Milton Keynes U.A.,[44] Oxfordshire,[45] Portsmouth U.A.,[46] Reading U.A.,[47] Slough U.A.,[48] Southampton U.A.,[49] Surrey,[50] Windsor and Maidenhead U.A.,[51] Wokingham U.A.[52] and West Sussex.[53]
Berkshire

Companies in Berkshire essentially follow the M4 corridor. In Theale are Nvidia UK (components for smartphones) and Wolseley, the builders' and plumbers' merchants who own Bathstore and Plumb Center. SPP Pumps (owned by Kirloskar Group) is at the Arlington Business Park; on the same estate PepsiCo is next to the GWML railway. Porsche Cars Great Britain is in Calcot, Tilehurst, west of Reading near Theale Interchange. Harley-Davidson UK is in Pangbourne. Vodafone, and High and Mighty are based in Newbury; Bayer UK (Aspirin, Rennie and Alka-Seltzer) is to the west; National Instruments UK is to the east off the A4 on the Newbury Business Park, and Quantel was off the A4 and is now Snell (former Snell & Wilcox, previously in Lower Earley), an important video technology company, near Aricent UK.
The Atomic Weapons Establishment is in Aldermaston on the Hampshire boundary. The Motor Insurance Repair Research Centre and Xtrac Limited are at Thatcham. The Royal School of Military Survey is in Hermitage. East of the A34, north of the M4, at Compton since 1992 is the UK HQ of Baxter Healthcare, part of a global company which is working on a vaccine for H1N1, and next door is the Institute for Animal Health, which also researches H1N1.
Retriever Sports, on the Mill Street Ind Est near Slough railway station, is the world's largest manufacturer of darts equipment. Mars Limited has a large chocolate factory, run under the name of Effem Holdings Ltd, also in Slough on the enormous Slough Trading Estate which makes 3m Mars bars a day; nearby is Johnson Controls UK (car seats), and ICI Paints, Polyfilla, and Dulux. Horlicks is made by GSK there. Oki UK (desktop printers) are based next to Mars. Honda UK, Citroën UK, Fiat UK, Douwe Egberts UK (and its owner Sara Lee UK), BlackBerry UK, Black & Decker Europe, Amazon UK, Ingres UK, Telefónica O2 Europe UK and Reckitt Benckiser are also in Slough.
Toyota Material Handling UK (fork lifts) is next door to Slough Heat and Power station. Lonza UK makes biopharmaceuticals (monoclonal antibodies) on the A4. Honda Motor Europe is at the Langley Roundabout (A4/B470) of the M4 at Brands Hill, part of Colnbrook with Poyle, and near the Queen Mother Reservoir; on the opposite side of the M4 in Langley (Slough borough) is Royal Mail's Heathrow Worldwide Distribution Centre, and next door is Pentax Ricoh Imaging UK, next to Langley's leisure centre.
Hovis, Ben & Jerry's (Unilever), FM Global UK (insurance), and Morgan Crucible, are in Windsor; Nintendo UK is next to the Royal Mews Riding School. Centrica is in Dedworth, next to Windsor Racecourse. Groupe SEB UK (owner of Krups, Moulinex, Rowenta, and Tefal) is next to Windsor & Eton Riverside railway station and near the castle (previously next to Langley railway station until 2012). CA Technologies UK is at Ditton Park in Datchet, home of the former Radio Research Station until 1979, which discovered the ionosphere in the 1920s. Ledco, near B3020/A329 junction in Sunninghill and Ascot, is the UK distributor of LED Lenser torches, made by Zweibrüder Optoelectronics. Hitachi Europe, Corel UK, NSK Europe (off the A308 to the north), Weight Watchers UK (next to Desborough School), and The Rank Group (leisure) are in Maidenhead.
Further east on the A404(M) is McGraw-Hill UK in Cox Green; other the side of the A404(M) at the Cox Green Interchange (9A), GSK makes Sensodyne, Corsodyl, Aquafresh, and Macleans; Volvo Cars UK are at Scandinavia House (in Marlow from 1986 to 2012) next to GSK; Nortel UK left in 2009. Sanofi Pasteur MSD UK (vaccines) is based next to the Maidenhead council offices. Initial Washrooms Solutions is next to the railway station and on the other side of A308 is Hutchison 3G UK; on the other side of the railway is The Rank Group at the A308 roundabout, in Braywick. Adobe Systems have their European HQ on the A4, south of the B4447 roundabout, next to a Sainsbury's. Hanson UK is based at the A4/A308 roundabout; Hitachi Europe (with Maxell Europe) is off the A4094 on the northern outskirts towards Cookham at Whitebrook Park, with DS Smith, at the former Formica Research Centre. Avery Dennison UK are based to the north off the A308 at Furze Platt.
Abbott Laboratories UK (pharmaceuticals) are based on the Vanwall Business Park; nearby is Costain, Pfizer Consumer Healthcare UK (Centrum multivitamins); Toys "R" Us UK and Mattel UK are opposite each other, with Compuware UK. McNeil Products (Benylin, Benadryl, Daktarin, Sudafed and Calpol) is at Foundation Park, next to the Great Western Main Line, in Cox Green, south of Maidenhead, with other Johnson & Johnson (beauty) brands, and Lexmark UK. Bisham Abbey, on the Thames, is a site of one of the National Sports Centres, at the A404/A308 Bisham Roundabout, to the west of Maidenhead. GEO Group UK (prisoner custody) is off the A4130 in Hurley, on the western edge of the district, with Hospira UK, owned by Pfizer.
BG Group, Prudential plc (the country's biggest life insurer with 7m customers), the Rural Payments Agency, and Guide Dogs for the Blind are in Reading. Primark UK, near Reading Civic Centre, was started by Arthur Ryan in Ireland; it arrived in the UK in 1973 and has bought many former sites of C&A and Littlewoods. North of the railway line is TP-Link UK (routers). Off the A33 towards the Three Mile Cross Interchange (M4) in south Reading is the Green Park Business Park, home of Symantec UK (previously in Whitley), many Cisco offices and Thames Water and to the south is the former Berkshire Brewery (closed in April 2010 by Heineken UK) and Verizon UK.
Borland UK, Interserve and Mabey Group, the bridge manufacturer, are in Twyford. Bang & Olufsen UK is in Winnersh. Rockwell Collins UK (avionics, flight control systems), is next to Jacobs Engineering UK, at the end of the A3290 near the A4 Sutton Seeds Roundabout, at Suttons Business Park in Earley; on the opposite side of the railway is Thames Valley Park, with Oracle next to ING Direct UK in Earley and Microsoft UK in Woodley; The University of Reading's Reading Scientific Services (RSSL) in Earley is Cadbury's main research centre.
Foster Wheeler UK is in Shinfield in the old headquarters of Berkshire County Council, next to the M4; next door is the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts on the site of the former Met Office College. Auto Trader Group is in nearby Earley. The Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) are based at Arborfield Garrison, partly in Barkham, also home of the School of Electronic and Aeronautical Engineering. Pelco UK is at the Mulberry Business Park in south-west Wokingham. Christie Digital Systems (EMEA office) is in the centre. Off the B3430 in Wokingham Without, McNeil have a laboratory, south of district.
Syngenta UK and Wincor Nixdorf UK (ATMs) are in Bracknell. Boehringer Ingelheim UK is off the A3095 in west Bracknell in Easthampstead; nearby to the north is Waitrose; to the east along the A3095 is Panasonic UK; next door to the south is IHS UK (owner of Jane's Information Group) and HHI Europe (construction equipment); further along the A3095 is BMW (GB); BMW sold their first model in the UK in 1966, the 2002, and sold 230,000 cars in the UK, a record amount; the UK buys £40bn of German cars.[when?] To the south on the Southern Ind Est is Daler-Rowney (known for its acrylic paint; Rowney was the first supplier in Europe in 1963.
On the other side of the A329, towards the B3408, is Cable & Wireless (the former overseas equivalent of BT); to the west on the Amen Corner Business Park in Farley Wood next to the A329 and the railway, is Dell UK; next door is HP UK (in Winnersh from the 1970s to 1990s) to the west; 3M UK is to the north-east, next to Bracknell Bees ice-hockey stadium. Novell UK is on the A329, north of the A322 roundabout at Arlington Square (former Sperry Gyroscope), and next door is Honeywell UK on the A329 at the Skimped Hill Roundabout near the Odeon cinema. Avis Europe (with Budget UK) is further north at the A322/A3095 Met Office Roundabout near Bracknell and Wokingham College; Imation UK is next door on the roundabout; south of the roundabout is Netgear UK next to the A3095. To the north, Syngenta have their main worldwide (pesticide) research centre at Jealott's Hill, formerly owned by ICI. The Transport Research Laboratory and Broadmoor Hospital are in Crowthorne near the Wokingham boundary.
Surrey
Allianz Insurance have their UK headquarters in Guildford as do Ericsson, Colgate-Palmolive UK, Constellation Brands Europe, Electronic Arts (formerly in Chertsey before 2008), Sanofi-Aventis, the CTC, Surrey Satellite Technology, Avaya UK, and Philips UK. Alexander Dennis (ADL) is off the A320 at Worplesdon on the north of Guildford on the Slyfield Ind Est, towards Jacobs Well. Lionhead Studios and BAE Systems Detica are near the Royal Surrey County Hospital. BOC Gases UK are also in Guildford. UCL's Mullard Space Science Laboratory is high in the Surrey Hills.
Mövenpick Ice Cream UK is off the A248 at St Martha, to the east of Guildford; Vivid Imaginations, in Artington to the south, own the UK rights to Crayola. The former company, now owned by The Linde Group, was based in Windlesham. British Car Auctions is on the A325 in Farnham. Motor company McLaren and McLaren Automotive are based at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking as are the UK base of Yum Restaurants (owner of KFC), SABMiller, BIW Technologies (project software), SPSS (statistical software), and Capgemini; ISS UK & Ireland (Danish services company, similar to Serco or G4S) is next to the railway on the Sheerwater Ind Est. In the south of Woodham, next to the Basingstoke Canal, is Playtex UK, and to the east is Fernox (water treatment, owned by Alent). Towards Woking along the railway is Pirbright (home of the Pirbright Institute), where Merial Animal Health also make vaccines. Tupperware UK is in Knaphill.
Friends Life have an office in the north of Dorking in the former HQ of Friends Provident and Kuoni Travel are on the former Deepdene estate. Kimberley Clark Europe is in the north of Reigate; Esure and Sheilas' Wheels is on the A25 south of Reigate College; Canon UK is to the south in Woodhatch. SGN is in Horley. Bristow Aviation is at Redhill and the food research centre Campden-BRI is at Nutfield. Cubic Transportation Systems make ticket barriers on the Perrywood Business Park south of Redhill, and were responsible for the Oyster card next door is Rapiscan Systems Europe (luggage X-ray and metal detectors).
In the area straddling the M25, the huge Compass Group is based in Chertsey as is Samsung UK, Siemon UK, Crest Nicholson (housebuilding), Kone UK (escalators), the business facilities company Regus, and Britax; Papa John's Pizza UK is off the A320 near the M25; Ubisoft UK is on the B375. Juniper Networks UK (routers, off the B3121), Pandrol UK (design rail fastenings), and Royal Caribbean Cruises UK (with Azamara Club Cruises UK) are in Addlestone; at Hamm Moor (in the east of Addlestone) on the A317 and Weybridge Business Park is Thales Group UK and the UK corporate headquarters of Toshiba, who have another base in Camberley; further west along the A317 is Aviator Park, on the B3121, a former main research site of Plessey Radar, later GEC Marconi.
Near Weybridge are the UK headquarters of Sony with SSP Group (situated in Byfleet) and Procter & Gamble (next door to each other on The Heights Business Park near the former Brooklands racing circuit) with Kia Motors UK and Petroleum Geo-Services UK, and Gallaher Group (cigarettes) is to the north, next to the Brooklands Museum; to the east is Verint Systems UK on the B374. In Weybridge are the local newspaper group Newsquest, Yamaha Motors UK; BAE Systems Regional Aircraft is on the Brooklands Ind Park off the A318 (since 2001 it has no longer manufactured). On Sprint Ind Est in Byfleet, west of Weybridge, off the A318, AIM Altitude (former Henshalls) make cabin galleys for airliners. The Central Veterinary Laboratory, which is run by the Veterinary Laboratories Agency, with the Animal and Plant Health Agency, is in New Haw to the west on the other side of the M25. Mouchel is in West Byfleet.
Air Products UK is in Walton-on-Thames. Atkins, the civil engineering company, and are in Epsom; Sartorius UK (laboratory equipment) is to the north off the B284 next to the railway; Toyota UK (towards Banstead) is on the A240 at the B284 junction at Great Burgh, Tattenham Corner, at the site of the former R&D HQ of SmithKline Beecham (Beecham Pharmaceuticals) from 1979 until the mid-1990s before their research centre moved to Harlow; Toyota arrived in the UK in 1965 with their Corona, and have made 3m cars in the UK. Legal & General have their largest office near Kingswood railway station. Dairy Crest is in Esher. Ian Allan Publishing is at Hersham. SHL Group (former Saville & Holdsworth) is just to the north-east at Thames Ditton. Samaritans is in Ewell. Ann Summers is in Whyteleafe near Caterham. Caterham Cars sales and marketing offices are in Caterham. Swiftcover (owned by AXA) is on the A307 in the west of Cobham; further to west on the A245 is Berkeley Group Holdings, and Europa Technologies (digital mapping data) is on the A245 opposite Waitrose; Cargill Europe is on the eastern edge. Pfizer UK is at Walton Oaks (the former R&D HQ of Beecham Pharmaceuticals until 1979) next to the B2032 bridge over the M25 at Walton-on-the-Hill.
Edmund Nuttall (opposite Camberley Theatre) and Krispy Kreme UK (south of the M3 near junction 4 on Albany Park) are in Camberley; Alfa Laval UK (heat exchangers) is on the Yorktown Ind Est, in York Town off the A331 near Stihl UK with a technical centre of Toshiba on the other side of the A331; to the south on Watchmoor Park off the A331 are Adaptec UK and Fluor UK (construction and civil engineering), with Bisque Radiators UK (owned by Zehnder), Trescal UK (calibration), and Zodiac Seats UK (former Contour Aerospace, who make aircraft seats, previously Britax, now owned since 2012 by Zodiac Aerospace). Further south in Frimley Green, home to the Lakeside Leisure Complex, between the B3411 and the railway is S.C. Johnson UK and their Glade air freshener factory. Opposite Albany Park over the A331 is Frimley Business Park, with AMD UK, off M3 junction 4 next to the A331; nearby is Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK (Sandoz) and Alcon UK. Further along the A325 towards Frimley at the B311 roundabout is Siemens UK (the former site of Marconi Command & Control Systems, then BAE Systems Insyte). Frimley has Amer Sports UK (the world's largest sporting equipment manufacturer) on the B3411 Lyon Way Ind Estate, with VMware UK. Zoggs (swimwear and goggles) is in Lightwater, near the M3 Bagshot Interchange.

ExxonMobil UK (Esso), part of the largest oil company in the world, is in the east of Leatherhead, next to the M25 towards Ashtead at ExxonMobil House, off the A24 (founded as Anglo-American Oil Company in 1888, the brand Esso was introduced in 1935, and the company became Esso Petroleum in 1951); ExxonMobil, in 2010 by revenue, was the world's second largest company, second to Royal Dutch Shell (BP was fourth). In the town is the research centre Leatherhead Food International with the Wates Group nearby, opposite Leatherhead railway station,[citation needed] Unilever Bestfoods (in Crawley before 2008), and to the south is Robert Dyas; Puma UK is east of Unilever near the M25 and A243. Harsco UK (former SGB Scaffolding, and Multiserv) is off the B2430. On the B2122 in Fetcham, to the west of Leatherhead, is the UK division of Carrier, the world leaders (and originators) of air conditioning. Rowlett Rutland in Bookham is Britain's only manufacturer of (commercial-size) toasters, next to Bookham railway station and Photo-Me International.
Although BP has its international headquarters in central London, most of its UK division (chemicals and energy) with Air BP UK (aviation fuel) is headquartered at Sunbury-on-Thames, and the UK's third largest company by stock market value; nearby is Kingston Technology Europe (the world's second largest producer of flash memory), just inside the Surrey boundary; ADT UK (fire alarms) is at the end of the M3 in Sunbury, and Chubb UK (owned by UTC) is on the other side of the roundabout, and M3. Enterprise Rent-a-Car UK is near Thorpe, near to Cemex UK and Thorpe Park (situated on a series of former gravel pits). Shepperton Studios is next to Littleton.
Del Monte Foods UK is in Staines-upon-Thames on the side of the A30 and Dalkia UK is on the A308; British Gas is on the A308 in Pooley Green nearby to the west, with Salesforce.com UK at Lotus Park, next to Dow Chemical UK. Kerry Foods UK are based on the B388, east of the M25, in the south end of Pooley Green at Thorpe Lea. Cisco Videoscape (previously NDS Group before 2012), on the A308 in Birch Green, makes software for digital set-top boxes worldwide for the pay TV industry.
Buckinghamshire
High Wycombe is known historically for its furniture industry, and has the Association of Master Upholsterers & Soft Furnishers. Hyundai UK and Tetra Pak UK are at Wycombe Marsh on the A40, and Dreams, the UK base of Ariston (now owned by Indesit), Wilkinson Sword, Merisant UK, and Staples are based in High Wycombe; Cofely (energy services) and Rank Hovis are off the M40 Handy Cross Interchange, with The Perfume Shop, the food technology centre of Premier Foods, and Instron Europe (tension testing machines), off the A4010. To the north of the town centre is Sennheiser UK (audio equipment). RAF High Wycombe (Air Command) is at Bradenham on Grim's Ditch (Chilterns) off the A4010. To the west of the town, United Biscuits have their group technical centre on Sands Ind Estate, off the A4010, near the rugby ground of London Wasps. Swedish Match UK (all their matches are made in Sweden) are in Totteridge. Johnson & Johnson UK have their base at Booker next to the M40 near Handy Cross, with Janssen-Cilag UK (Imodium); Taylor Wimpey is off the A4010, with Focusrite, a big industry player in consoles for sound recording, with Novation Digital Music Systems MIDI controllers and keyboards.
Pilot Pen UK is on the Wessex Road Industrial Estate in Wooburn and Bourne End; Psion Teklogix UK is in the middle of Bourne End, east of Marlow, on the A4155 (Symbian, found on most smartphones until 2010, was developed from Psion's EPOC); nearby are Kawasaki UK and Nuance Communications UK. In Wooburn Green, to the east off the A4094 is Menarini UK Takeda UK (both pharmaceuticals). Wyeth UK (pharmaceuticals) is in Burnham, next to the M4 Huntercombe Spur junction. Saclà Italia UK (pesto) is in Beaconsfield; Grünenthal UK (pharmaceuticals) is off the Stokenchurch Interchange of the M40.

The UK base of Robert Bosch is in Denham. Martin-Baker is in Higher Denham, and InterContinental Hotels Group is in Denham Green (formerly in Windsor) at Broadwater Park on the A412. On the edge of Uxbridge, but on the Buckinghamshire side of Shire Ditch in (New) Denham is Amgen UK (biotechnology), Bristol-Myers Squibb UK (pharmaceuticals), and Mondelēz International UK (former Kraft); on the other side of the A4020 in the south of Denham next to River Colne, on the Great London boundary, is Medirest, Eurest, at the HQ of Compass Group UK. Pioneer UK is in Stoke Poges on the former site of the Fulmer Research Institute; Hitachi Data Systems EMEA is at Sefton Park (a former Glaxo research centre) on the B416, now home of Urenco Group (international uranium enrichment).
DX Group (couriers), are next to Muller Martini UK (binding), and Cummins have a design plant at Rideway Trading Est next to the M25 at Iver; Pinewood Studios is in Iver Heath; it takes its name as it is next to the adjacent pine trees in the 530 acres of Black Park. Avid Technology UK (industry-standard Pro Tools audio and Sibelius notation software) is also based at Pinewood. Timberland Europe is at Wexham Springs, in Wexham west of Pinewood Studios in the same place is Servier Laboratories UK and Sun Chemical Europe (the world's largest producer of printing inks). STMicroelectronics UK (French-Italian, based in Geneva), is based next to Trend Micro UK (Japanese) on Globeside Park at Marlow, next to the A404 and nearby are Expansys and Whistl (former TNT Post UK, part of PostNL), both north of Marlow railway station; Techtronic Industries UK (Ryobi power tools) is on the same estate. Dun & Bradstreet UK (credit references) is on the A404 bypass at the A4155 Westhorpe Interchange. GE Healthcare has its world HQ in Little Chalfont. Uniq plc (bought by Greencore in November 2011) was in Chalfont St Peter, next to the A413 and River Misbourne, off the B416 Kingsway Roundabout, next to Citrix UK; Doro UK (Swedish mobile phones) are off the A413. Bahlsen UK is in Gerrards Cross off the B416.
NT CADCAM in Haddenham is the UK distributor of the industry-standard SolidWorks CAD software package; Schwartz UK (spices) and McCormick UK, the parent company of Camp Coffee, is near Haddenham and Thame Parkway railway station off the A418 between Thame and Aylesbury. Acco UK (stationery), who own Rexel (stationery) and GBC (pouch laminators), are on the A418 in Aylesbury, opposite Aylesbury College; Askeys have made ice cream cones since 1965 next to the A4157 and Grand Union Canal. Demag Hamilton (owned by Sumitomo) who make plastic injection-moulding machines, is based on the Triangle Business Park on the A413 next to the railway in Stoke Mandeville. At Long Crendon is Terex Demag UK (cranes), and Unic UK (mini cranes). Arla opened its huge Aylesbury dairy in Aylesbury in 2014, on the A41 Aston Clinton bypass. Arla Aylesbury is a fresh milk processing facility with 34 acres; its plastic bottles are made on-site by Alpla.[citation needed]

Milton Keynes is home to many national companies such as Santander UK operations. The Home Retail Group (Argos and Homebase), Filtrona and BP Oil UK (retail) are in Central Milton Keynes. Network Rail is headquartered at Quadrant:MK. Rightmove is in Winterhill, Campbell Park. Nearby, on the other side of A5, Loughton is the home of the National House Building Council (NHBC), the National Energy Foundation, and the former Atmosphere Bars and Clubs west of the A5, near Central MK; Leica Geosystems (owned by Hexagon AB, surveying equipment), on the same estate, is opposite the NHBC, and the Parcelforce HQ is nearby; to the south of Loughton is Korg UK (keyboards) and Vox (originally from Kent, makers of amplifiers), just north of the National Bowl, off Watling Street; to the west of Loughton at the Crownhill Ind Est in Shenley Church End, SMC Pneumatics have their European Technical Centre.
Further north, Luminar Leisure is in Rooksley, Bradwell at the A5/A509 junction near the National Badminton Centre. To the west, the European HQ of WD-40 and Rockwell Automation UK (former Allen-Bradley) are in Kiln Farm, Bradwell Abbey; Ingram Micro UK is in Abbey Hill (Wymbush) west of the A5 (south of Kiln Farm), near Sysmex UK (healthcare electronics) and Volkswagen Group's National Learning Centre. To the north, NEFF UK, Gaggenau UK, and BSH Home Appliances are in Wolverton and Greenleys; opposite is Mars Horsecare UK; Electrolux have their distribution centre next to the WCML and Wolverton station.
To the east, near the M1 and the A422 in Great Linford, Chrysler UK (Jeep and Dodge), Scania UK (part of VW), Rohan (clothing), Makita UK (power tools) and Mercedes-Benz UK (including Smart Cars) are in Tongwell; VAG UK (VW and Audi) is opposite in Blakelands on the north side of the A422 opposite Tongwell Lake. DRS mark exam papers by electronic data capture at Linford Wood, south of the A422 and Stantonbury, near Leica Microsystems; Mitsubishi Pencil Company UK (uni-ball) is off the A422 at the B4034 Redbridge Roundabout; H. Bronnley & Co. (soap) is on the site of a factory used to build the GEC-Marconi AI.24 Foxhunter radar in the 1980s.
In the south-east of Milton Keynes, The Open University is in Walton Hall, in Walton; BT Development & Training (management) is based at Kents Hill, next to the OU, after it moved from Bletchley Park in 1993; south of the OU is Walton Manor, home of MSD Animal Health (former Intervet, and previously a Hoechst laboratory). Red Bull Racing is off the A4146 in Tilbrook, south of the OU; nearby is Jungheinrich UK (forklifts) in Walton near Bow Brickhill railway station, and Yamaha Music Europe; north of Tilbrook on the A4146 is Walker Greenbank (upmarket furnishings). Fisher & Paykel UK (fridges) are in Kingston, Milton Keynes Village. Nearby is Duravit UK (bathroom plumbing); in Kingston off the A421 are Alpla UK (plastics), and Koyo UK (JTEKT). Just east of the A421, near Wavendon and M1 Junction 13, John Lewis, River Island and Amazon have large logistics warehouses in the Magna Park distribution centre.
In the south-west of Milton-Keynes, Chemetall, a chemical company, is in Denbigh West, Bletchley, near Marshall Amplification, near Denbigh Roundabout (B4034); Yokohama UK (tyres) is at Mount Farm (Bletchley and Fenny Stratford) north of Denbigh West, next to the A5 (Fenny Stratford bypass); to the east of Mount Farm, Kemble and Co. were Britain's last piano manufacturers, until the factory closed in 2009. Holophane Europe make floodlighting on the Mount Farm Ind Est, east of A4146/A5 Caldecotte Interchange; on the west of Mount Farm, on the B4034, Basell Polyolefins UK (part of the Dutch LyondellBasell) make polypropylene compounds. Domino's Pizza Group (arrived in the UK in 1985) is in West Ashland near the A5/A421 junction. Suzuki GB is on the A421 near B4034 roundabout at Tattenhoe in Shenley Brook End on the south-western edge.
Elsewhere in the borough, Welcome Break is at the M1 service station in Newport Pagnell, where Aston Martin had a factory until 2007. The town is also home to a customer centre of car retailer Cazoo, located just off the A509/A422 junction at Tickford Roundabout. FCO Services and HMGCC is based at Hanslope Park, in a rural area north of Milton Keynes, a mile west of the M1.
Hampshire
The Army have a large garrison in Aldershot, with Sandhurst being nearby. Elica also make extractor hoods in Aldershot, and the European HQ of the Computer Sciences Corporation consulting firm is based at the A323/A325 roundabout; Securikey on Springlakes Ind Est make digital door locks near the railway bridge over the Basingstoke Canal. Rentokil Initial have their head office and pest control division next to Blackwater railway station, north of the A30, towards Camberley. Farnborough has many international aerospace companies as well as Sofa Workshop. Nokia UK, which had also been a R&D base for Nokia Siemens Networks on the A327, left in 2012; further along the A327 is Autodesk UK.
DKB Household UK (Zyliss) is off the A327 in North Farnborough; at the A325/A327 roundabout is Parametric Technology Corporation UK (known for its industry-standard PTC Creo Elements/Pro (Pro/ENGINEER) CAD/CAM software) with Red Hat UK. Thomson Local directory is on the A325 next to Farnborough railway station, next to the Catholic National Library; opposite is the design centre for Qualcomm UK (W-CDMA UMTS mobile technology) with Hogg Robinson Group UK (its worldwide headquarters are in Basingstoke). BAE Systems with CORDA is south of the airfield at the Farnborough Aerospace Centre, off the A325/A3011 Queen's Roundabout. Sun Microsystems had their UK headquarters at Guillemont Park (former Guillemont Barracks until 1997) north of the M3 Minley Interchange at Blackwater and Hawley, until 2009.
The Ford Southampton plant of Ford, near Southampton Airport and Stoneham Interchange (A335) of the M27, closed in July with production of the Transit moving to the Ford Otosan plant in Gölcük, Kocaeli (Turkey). Skandia Insurance have their UK base there. Carnival Corporation & plc, the world's largest cruise ship operator, has one of its two headquarters at Carnival House. The Maritime and Coastguard Agency is in the town centre near the A3057. Swatch UK (and Omega UK) are based near Millbrook Flyover (A33).
B&Q and Draper Tools are based in Chandler's Ford, also Pips Technology (owned by Federal Signal Corporation) who make ANPR cameras. Prysmian Cables & Systems, who make high-tension electric cables (for offshore windfarms), communication cables and fire-resistant cable, are off the B3037 in Eastleigh, next to a rail servicing plant and the River Itchen. Bacardi-Martini and London Camera Exchange are in Winchester and four miles (6 km) north-west, Arqiva (broadcasting infrastructure, at the former technical division of the IBA) are based in Crawley, Hampshire. IAC UK, an acoustics company, is off the Winnall Interchange (M3) north of Winchester. The Adjutant General's Corps HQ (former Royal Army Pay Corps) is at Worthy Down Camp off the A34 north of Winchester at Kings Worthy, since 2012 the home of the Defence School of Personnel Administration. To the north-west, the Leckford Estate, with Longstock Park, next door provides much of the milk, mushrooms, fruit, honey and free-range chicken for Waitrose; John Spedan Lewis, founder of John Lewis, lived there until his death in 1963.
Garmin Europe is in Hounsdown just west of Southampton. Esso has its main UK refinery at Fawley (the largest refinery, by production, in the UK); north of Fawley is Polimeri Europa UK (former International Synthetic Rubber, now owned by Eni) off the A326, which makes elastomers. Ineos, the third largest chemicals company in the world, is in Lyndhurst in the New Forest (A35). Roke Manor Research (founded by Plessey in 1956, and owned since 2010 by Chemring) at Roke Manor at Romsey Extra developed the Hawk-Eye system in 2001. Cannon Technologies next to the railway in the west of New Milton make computer ancillary equipment and data centres. The Ordnance Survey have a new headquarters (previously further east in Southampton before 2011) at Nursling and Rownhams, off the M271 Nursling Interchange. On the A337 in Mudeford in the east of Christchurch is a large BAE Systems radar site (the former Signals Research and Development Establishment).
Best Buy Europe is in Hedge End; SPI Lasers make fibre lasers for optical fibres; Glen Dimplex have an HQ north of the A334. Chemring Group, Boskalis Westminster (dredging) and the National Air Traffic Services (NATS) are in Fareham (Swanwick) near Zurich Insurance UK. At Locks Heath off the A27 further south at Kite's Croft Business Park is Estée Lauder UK and the scrapped South East Regional Control Centre (FiReControl). On the opposite side of the A27 on Funtley Ind Est is Eaton Aerospace, who have their Fuel & Motion Control Systems Division (aerial refuelling, making fuel valves for aircraft), which is the former Abbey Works site of Plessey Dynamics (Mechanical Systems) and Plessey Aerospace. Nearby, Tallent Automotive (former TKA Body Stampings, now owned by Gestamp) have their Fareham Plant. Meggitt Avionics (former Negretti and Zambra) are south of the ONS, which makes flight deck displays, flight recorders, threat warning indicators and oxygen systems for aircraft.
Raymarine Marine Electronics (owned by FLIR Systems) off the A27 (near Estée Lauder) at Titchfield is the world's leading leisure marine electronics company. TÜV SÜD UK (product certification) are next to Gemalto UK, who make chip and PIN cards, at Segensworth between the railway and the M27; further along is CooperVision, who make contact lenses, and next door is Turbomeca UK (part of Safran). GE Aviation, on a site which was formerly Folland Aircraft then BAe Aerostructures, has a factory at Hamble-le-Rice which makes composites for airframes and racing cars, using products such as Bismaleimide resin. Crewsaver (owned by Survitec), Covidien UK (owned by VNUS), and Wickham Laboratories are off the A32 at Fleetlands, (north of Gosport), south of Fareham, and north of DM Gosport, which handles the Navy's armaments including Sea Skua, Sea Wolf, the Eurosam Aster, Sea Dart (surface-to-air), and GEC-Marconi Sting Ray (torpedo).
Kenwood, owned by De'Longhi since 2001, have a factory at West Leigh, Havant; next-door, Sumika Polymer Compounds (owned by Sumitomo Chemical), and Pfizer (former Wyeth Biotech before 2009) have plants on New Lane Ind Est next to the railway.[citation needed] Lockheed Martin U.K. is at the Langstone Technology Park[54] off the A3023, near the A27, at Brockhampton, near to Apollo Fire Detectors, Jobsite (owned by dmg::media), and Pains Wessex (a leading manufacturer of maritime distress flares); Lewmar makes anchors, winches, (Navtec) rigging and (Whitlock) boat steering systems; SSE plc have their main southern HQ on the Southmoor Lane Ind Est next door. European Exhaust & Catalyst (catalytic converters) is at Denmead. Paradigm Secure Communications (Airbus Defence and Space) control the UK's Ariane-launched Skynet military satellites from former the RAF Oakhanger off the A325 west of Bordon.
Southwick House, off the B2177 in Southwick and Widley, is the home of the Defence School of Policing and Guarding and the Regimental Headquarters of the Royal Military Police. VT Group is based in Hedge End, with VT Education & Skills and VT Flagship based in North Harbour, Portsmouth. Near the A2030/A27 Farlington Roundabout in east Portsmouth, Airbus Defence and Space (former Astrium before 2014, and earlier Marconi Space and Defence Systems) at Anchorage Park near Hilsea railway station, make payloads for the Galileo navigation system, at its Broad Oak Works, with SELEX Elsag and BAE Systems on the former Portsmouth Airport; GKN Aerospace (former FPT Industries) situated at the former make aviation self-sealing fuel tanks; Atmosphere Control International (former Wellman Defence before 2012, and part of TPG Engineering) in Portsmouth make the air purifiers for the British and French nuclear submarines. PALL Europe (fluid filtration) is based on the Harbourgate Business Park, on the opposite side of the M27 from Port Solent. Much of the Royal Navy is based at HMNB Portsmouth with BAE Systems Surface Ships; Navy Command Headquarters is at Whale Island, next to the M275. IBM is headquartered in Cosham, North Portsmouth, with large laboratories in Hursley House.
Lenovo UK and Serco are at Bartley Wood Business Park, off the B3349 (M3 Hook Interchange), with Virgin Media (13,600 staff in the UK, with 1,200 at the head office); next door is First Drinks, a whisky distributor owned by William Grant & Sons, Trimble Navigation UK (GPS systems) and HP Enterprise Services Defence & Security UK (former EDS Defence). The Police Staff College, Bramshill, the Police's main training centre, is nearby to the north; the European Police College (CEPOL, run by Europol) was at Bramshill until 2014 when it moved to Budapest. MJ Gleeson, the construction firm, is in Blackwater and Hawley near Fleet, next to the M3; Festo GB (industrial automation, based at Esslingen am Neckar) is next to M3 on Ancells Business Park, next to Rohde & Schwarz UK (electronic testing). Vertu, division of Nokia makes luxury phones at Church Crookham. CV-Library is in Fleet; Conair Group (BaByliss hair dryers) are at the nearby Waterfront Business Park.
The AA, Scott Wilson, Genus plc, and Winterthur Life are based in Basingstoke. The pharmaceuticals group Eli Lilly UK, with Elanco UK (animal health), is in Norfolk House in Houndmills east of the North Hampshire Hospital, the main home for Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; also in Houndmills are Fyffes UK (next to the railway), and GAME Group, with Gamestation (formerly in York), which it bought in 2007; Palgrave Macmillan, a leading worldwide trade publisher with the Pharmaceutical Press, is south of A339 and hospital. Thales Missile Electronics (former Thorn EMI) is in central Basingstoke near the A3010/A339 junction, which makes parts for the Brimstone missile. On the Hampshire International Business Park, next to Chineham in the north-west off the A33, are Shire Pharmaceuticals Group plc and Alberto-Culver UK; Shire is Britain's third-largest pharmaceutical firm, founded in 1986 outside of Basingstoke, and now has 5,000 employees.[citation needed]
On the Chineham Business Park is the Gas Safe Register (predecessor CORGI was also in Basingstoke), and Hama UK (photography equipment); Peek Traffic, south of Shire, is one of two companies in the UK that make traffic signals. Motorola UK, next-door to Meggitt Sensing Systems, and De La Rue are on the Viables industrial estate next to the M3 and Cranbourne; BD UK (former CareFusion UK before 2014) makes Alaris infusion pumps, medical ventilators and automated dispensing cabinets. De La Rue have a main banknote printing works at Overton Mill in Overton, to the west towards the A34, and a holographics factory on the Daneshill industrial estate, in the west of the town; De Dietrich UK (kitchen appliances) are near a plant of Thermo Fisher Scientific UK, and Boeing Defence UK. Mars Drinks (Flavia Beverage Systems and Klix) is north of the railway, south of Daneshill. Further west, Kyoeisha UK (mechanical garden equipment) is at Mapledurwell and Up Nately next to the M4 and south of Old Basing, off the A30. Masuri (cricket helmets) is based at Dummer near the Popham Interchange (M3 and A303).
Gale Cengage UK are in the east of Andover, off the A3093 on Walworth Industrial Estate; further south are Twinings (who also own Ovaltine) and to east of the estate is Stannah Lifts (owned by SSI Schaefer), next to Petty Wood, owner of the Epicure food brand, with Le Creuset UK (cookware); Euronics UK is further west. To the north-west, Ecophon UK (Saint Gobain) are at Ramsdell, Wootton St Lawrence. The Army Air Corps trains at AAC Middle Wallop, off the A343. Britten-Norman (B-N Group) make turboprop aeroplanes on the Isle of Wight. The Danish Vestas (former NEG Micon before 2004) closed the UK's only wind turbine factory on the Isle of Wight in 2010, and Vestas Technology have a research site in Northwood; Stainless Games developed Carmageddon. GKN Aerospace at East Cowes make engine nacelles, with its Composites Research Centre, in the former main plant of Saunders-Roe. Ratsey and Lapthorn make sails at Cowes.
Sussex

The RSPCA is on the A24 in Southwater, south of Horsham. Campina UK is in Horsham. Dunkin' Donuts UK on the B2237 in the south of Horsham centre at the Prewett's Mill Roundabout in the same building as Beam Global UK (Bourbon whisky), and its subsidiary Thomas Lowndes & Co (formerly owned by Allied Domecq, and the UK's leading supplier of culinary alcohol). RSA Insurance Group (former Royal and Sun Alliance, and the UK's largest commercial insurer) has its main office in Horsham, straddling the A281, including the More Th>n offices. Novartis manufacture and their large Horsham Research Centre (respiratory and gastro-intestinal, former Ciba-Geigy) is next to railway in North Horsham; Novatis Consumer Health own Lipsyl, Otrivin, and Savlon.
The Caravan Club is in East Grinstead, with Rentokil Specialist Hygiene, and Initial Medical Services. Roche Diagnostics UK headquarters and CAE Inc. UK are in the Victoria Business Park off the A273 in the west of Burgess Hill near Tesco; further to east is the HQ of Filofax, and Heidenhain GB, who make linear encoders for CNC machines.
Southern Water is on the A2032 in Durrington, Worthing; Durrington Bridge House on the Barrington Road Ind Estate, next to Durrington-on-Sea railway station, in Goring-by-Sea has HMRC's national office for its Voluntary Arrangement Service (former Enforcement & Insolvency Service, for IVAs) and members voluntary liquidation, company administrations, and voluntary arrangements. GSK in east Worthing is the former Beecham Pharmaceuticals, on the western edge of Sompting, which makes antibiotics such as Augmentin; to the south of GSK on the same estate is Electronic Temperature Instruments, a worldwide manufacturer of thermometers, and the UK's largest manufacturer of digital thermometers. B & W is an important loudspeaker company in the north of Worthing at the A2032/A24 junction in West Tarring. Eurotherm make temperature controllers.
Virgin Atlantic is off the A23, with Paslode UK (nail guns) next-door, on the Manor Royal Ind Estate in the north of Crawley, as is Edwards (former BOC Edwards), an international engineering company that makes vacuum pumps, with another plant on the A259 in Kingston by Sea, Shoreham. Also on Manor Royal are the headquarters of Spirent, G4S, Doosan Babcock Energy, Pilz UK and TUI Travel PLC with TUI Airline Management (the fifth largest European air carrier). Air Miles (now called Avios since November 2011) is on Fleming Way Roundabout of the A23 north of Crawley in the former headquarters of British Caledonian, at County Oak retail park, and to the west is the British Dualit brand of catering electrical equipment (iconic toasters).
Nestlé UK has been based since 2013 at City Place Gatwick, off the A23, next to the Civil Aviation Authority.[citation needed] To the south, on the east of Manor Royal, is Monier Redland (roof tiles) and ARINC UK (avionics), and a large site of Thales, with its civilian aircraft simulation TTS division (former Redifon) now owned since 2012 by L-3 Communications); much of Thales in Crawley is the former Mullard, who made radars, and Thomson Racal Defence Electronics (and Thorn EMI); Thales in Crawley make much of the Royal Navy's electronic (mission) systems. UK Power Networks (electrical operator for region) is south of Manor Royal in Three Bridges; SEEBOARD was based on the A23 in Broadfield. Invensys have many sites in Crawley. WesternGeco (geophysical services) is at the end of the Gatwick Interchange M23 spur.
Colas Ltd (road engineering) is in Worth, east of Crawley. The former ICI Agrochemicals research department was at the Fernhurst Research Station (later part of Zeneca) at Fernhurst. Wiley UK (reference books) is in Chichester (off the A286) next door to Shippam's Foods. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars make vehicles at Westhampnett off the A27. Vie at Home is at Tangmere; Philips Respironics UK is at Tangmere airfield. Hayes UK make plumbing supplies on the Huffwood Trading Est on the other side of the railway.
MTU UK (diesel engine generators, owned by Rolls-Royce Power Systems) are on the Birches Ind Est at the A22/A264 junction in Felbridge; nearby are Thermo Fisher Scientific UK and Jencons UK (owned by VWR International). Cats Protection is at the National Cat Centre on the A275 in Danehill in the Ashdown Forest. The Body Shop is at the A259/B2187 Body Shop Roundabout in Toddington, Littlehampton. Palmer and Harvey is in Hove and Hosiden Besson, near Aldrington railway station, makes telephone equipment; a Legal & General main office is on the A2023 next to Hove Park. C Dugard (CNC machines) is at the A2023/A270 junction. American Express UK is in Brighton. EDO MBM near Moulsecoomb railway station makes electrical equipment for the Brimstone missile. Elektromotive is at Falmer (electric vehicle charging).
Jones Bootmaker head office is based in Eastbourne; Alfa Laval UK have a manufacturing plant at Birch Road Ind Est, off the A2290 near the A259 roundabout. Smith & Ouzman, a security printing company off the A22/A2290 Lottbridge Roundabout prints exam papers, ballot papers and examination certificates; it printed the UK's driving licences until 2001. Ricardo plc, the engineering consultancy, is on the A27 next to Shoreham Airport and River Adur. Merrydown cider was formerly made in Horam until 2004, when it was bought by SHS Group of Belfast. Páramo Directional Clothing and Nikwax are on the B2099 in Durgates, in Wadhurst, East Sussex, towards the Kent boundary. Notifier UK (fire alarms, owned by Honeywell) is in South Malling in Lewes, also the HQ of Morley-IAS UK, who make fire alarm control panels.
Kent
BAE Systems Electronics, Intelligence & Support is next to Rochester Airport and the M2, where they make helmet mounted displays and head-up displays; it was GEC Avionics, previously Marconi Avionics and Elliott Flight Automation, and Kent's biggest employer in the 1980s; the display technology originated from acquiring Cintel in 1963; the site was a Shorts factory in the war, and built many Short Sunderlands. The Royal Engineers and the Royal School of Military Engineering are based in Chatham at Brompton Barracks. London Thamesport is on the Isle of Grain. Metsä Board UK (paper) is off the A289 near Medway Tunnel, and next to the Universities at Medway, Chatham. Sleepeezee (owned by the Simmons Bedding Company) is at Conquest Ind Est in Strood on the A228 next to the River Medway. Bose UK are on the Gillingham Business Park, off the A278 near the A2 Bowaters Roundabout; on other side of A278 is Delphi Diesel Systems.
Bovis Homes is near Gravesend, where Comma Oil & Chemicals (motoring products) is on the A226, and in Northfleet on the B2175, Kimberly-Clark (formerly Bowater-Scott until 1996) makes enough Andrex each week to stretch to the Moon; CPI Mortars (Euromix dry mortar) is off the A226. Caterham Cars manufacturers of British sports cars including the Caterham 7 have their manufacturing facilities in Dartford. Fairhurst Ward Abbotts in Dartford have the Royal warrant for decorating and building in Royal palaces, and other stately homes. Laing O'Rourke is off the A206 in Stone, east of the Dartford Tunnel on Crossways Business Park, where Mazda UK are; in the same building is Forest Laboratories UK (bought by Actavis in 2014), who make Veno's (cough mixture, the brand was bought from Beechams-GSK in 2011), Sudocrem, Otomize (Dexamethasone) and Bisodol (indigestion), made in Dartford; Crosswater (taps and showers) is in Stone, further along the A206 near the Thames Europort.
Bluewater in Greenhithe is the third-largest shopping centre in the UK; it was built on the former Blue Circle Swanscombe Cement Works, which closed in 1990. South East Water is in Snodland. H+H UK (aerated concrete) is based at the A25/A227 roundabout at Ightham, south of Wrotham; to the east is Geographers' A-Z Map Company off the A227 near the railway station, near the M26. Aylesford Newsprint (owned by Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget and Mondi Group), between the M20 and River Medway, makes newsprint and is Europe's largest recycler of paper.[citation needed]
Rolex since 2010 has had its European headquarters (it moved from Bexley) at Kings Hill near West Malling on the A228; Kimberly-Clark have their UK HQ there, on the former RAF West Malling wartime airfield, near FLIR Systems UK (thermal imaging); opposite is the Charities Aid Foundation and to the east is Voyages-sncf.com (former Rail Europe before 2013, who operate InterRail) near the Tonbridge and Malling council offices. Readers in Teston, to the south on the A26, are the UK's leading manufacturer of cricket balls. DS Smith Paper (former Bowater-Scott), Britain's largest paper manufacturer is at Kemsley, north of Sittingbourne, off the A249/B2005 Grovehurst Road Junction. Shepherd Neame Brewery in Faversham is Britain's oldest brewer. Brake Bros is on the Eureka Business Park, off the A251 north of M20 junction 9 in Boughton Aluph; nearby is Coty Rimmel UK (perfumes) and Houchin (owned by ITW), who make ground power units for airport aprons.
Further south along the M20, Givaudan UK (flavourings, former Quest International, and previously Proprietary Perfume and Flavours, or PPF International) has a 10-acre large plant in Kennington; next-door is Premier Foods (former RHM before 2007, and opened as Batchelors in 1957) on the A2070 next to the River Great Stour and the railway, east of the M20; the 16-acre site makes Paxo stuffing, Savoury Rice, Pasta n Sauce, Bisto, Cup-a-Soup (introduced in 1972), Vesta curries (launched by Batchelors in 1961), and claims to be the largest dry food manufacturing site in Europe; it now makes Bird's Custard and Angel Delight. Topper International (sailing boats) is on the Kingsnorth Ind Est, in the west of Ashford off the A2042; Letraset is on the same estate. Chartham Papers (owned by Arjo Wiggins) is the UK's only manufacturer of tracing paper at Chartham. Kent grows three-quarters of the UK's Bramley apples.[citation needed]
Cummins Power Generation is in Acol, near Manston Airport on the A299, and Pfizer, the largest pharmaceutical company in the world and manufacturer of Anadin, had its European R&D site in Sandwich until 2012, next to the River Stour and A256. Hornby, with Airfix and Humbrol, is on the A254 on Westwood Ind Est on the southern edge of Margate; the site started out as Tri-ang Railways in 1954, becoming Hornby in 1972 when the parent company collapsed, and the last model train sets were made there in 1999; these are now made by a company owned by Kader. Delfinware (owned by WPP plc) makes dish drainers off the A259 on the Pennypot Ind Estate in Hythe. Megger Group Limited make electrical test equipment in Dover on the A20; nearby P&O Ferries is on the A20 below the Dover Western Heights. Saga plc, founded in 1959, has a large headquarters in Sandgate, next to Folkestone School for Girls, at the A259/B2963 junction.
AXA PPP is in Tunbridge Wells, and Lamberts Healthcare (part of Merck), based at High Brooms, are a leading manufacturer of vitamin supplements. J.H. Dewhurst (founded in 1919) was last based in Tunbridge Wells, until it closed in 2006 (it had in the early 1990s over 1,100 stores nationwide and was Britain's largest butcher). Panini UK are on the A264 in the west of Tunbridge Wells. RotoSound on the A22 near Sevenoaks railway station makes guitar strings. Salter Housewares (weighing equipment) is in the east of Tonbridge at the A26/B2017 roundabout in Tudeley, Capel; Adrian Scripps produce apples off the B2017 near the A228 east of Tonbridge.

Oxfordshire
Oxford University Press, Blackwell UK, Electrocomponents and Amey plc are in Oxford as is the BMW plant that builds the Mini. BMW assemble the MINI at Cowley; in the south of Oxford is Unipart and TI Automotive UK. South of Oxford in Littlemore, off the A4074 at the Oxford Science Park is Nominet UK (UK domain names). SAE Institute has its world HQ on Littlemore Park off the A4074. Grafton Merchanting GB (Buildbase, and Hirebase) are on Oxford Business Park in Cowley, with Electrocomponents next to Publishing Technology, Blackwell UK and Harley Davidson UK; to the south on the side of the B480 is Oxfam GB at Oxfam House, BT iNet, and TI Automotive; further north along the B480 at the B4495 junction is Macmillan Education, a leading worldwide publisher of school textbooks, with Genzyme UK (owned since 2011 by Sanofi).
Ascari are in Banbury. Kenco coffee is made at Kraft Foods Banbury owned by Mondelēz International (former Kraft before October 2010) with Café HAG and Carte Noir off A422/A423 roundabout opposite a Tesco; the site was built to make Bird's Custard in 1964, by General Foods who were bought by Kraft in 1990, and claims to be the biggest coffee-production site in Europe; Nestle make much of their coffee in South Derbyshire. On other side of A422 to Kraft is a manufacturing site of Dematic UK, with Terex MHPS (former Demag Cranes), and Kannegiesser UK (industrial clothes washers). On north-east side of Banbury is the large site of Norbar Torque, who are a main international manufacturer of torque wrenchs. Next door is a large factory of Barry Callebaut UK, a Swiss manufacturer of cocoa (for Nestle and Cadbury), on the Wildmere Road Ind Est, north of the A422 near the M40 junction 11. Prodrive are on the north of the estate, and iSOFT are on the east near the M40. Further north was a main site of Alcan Extrusions (former British Aluminium, bought by Alcan in 1982), which closed in 2008. After the Buncefield fire damaged the Golden West bakery nearby in 2005, which made McDonald's burger buns, all the UK production had to be made at its Heywood (Lancashire) site; Golden West did not rebuild the Hertfordshire site, and opened a new site (Trousdale Bakeries, owned by C.H. Guenther) in Banbury on the south of the estate.[citation needed]
Yaskawa UK (Motoman robotic welding equipment) is on the Wildmere Ind Est, off the A422 near junction 11; Kärcher UK (pressure washers) are nearby off the A423. Marussia F1 are in the east of Banbury. Hook Norton Brewery is to the south-west. Travelodge UK is at the at A418/B4445 roundabout in Thame next to CPM Group (the UK's largest field marketing company), with Lucy Electric (switchgear) in the east of Thame off the B4012, with the UK site of UMC (branded televisions from Slovakia). Kubota UK, the tractor manufacturer, on the B4445, is the UK market leader of ride-on (diesel) lawn mowers; Kidde Products UK (fire protection) is off the B4012. Renault F1 is in Enstone; off B4030 at Enstone Airfield Complex, Airbus Helicopters UK (Eurocopter before 2014) is at London Oxford Airport. Agilent Technologies (former Magnex Scientific) make superconducting magnets for NMR applications on the A44 next to the railway at Yarnton. Solid State Logic (mixing consoles) is at Begbroke on the A44, which has the Begbroke Science Park.
The Leadbitter Group (construction) and the UK base of Miele and Sophos are on the Abingdon Science Park. The Joint European Torus is developing fusion power at Culham on a former airfield. Also on the Culham Science Centre at Clifton Hampden is the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, and the re-usable Skylon spacecraft is being developed by Reaction Engines Limited; ABSL Space Products Culham (owned by EnerSys) made batteries for Philae. The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and Diamond Light Source (built by the Wellcome Trust) are on the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus in Chilton and East Hendred. Harwell has an office of Telespazio VEGA UK (satellites) and the UK's base of the European Space Agency (ESA), with the European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications and the UK's Satellite Applications Catapult; Rutherford Appleton also has the Central Laser Facility, the UK's site of research into inertial confinement fusion power from the HiPER project. The science cluster is known as Science Vale UK.[55]
In Rotherfield Peppard, near Sonning Common, is the Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, which research fuel cells (with platinum supplied by Anglo American Platinum, the world's largest producer). Stuart Turner (pumps) is at Henley-on-Thames, with Ella's Kitchen. Countax UK, off the A329 at Great Haseley (nearer to Great Milton), manufactures Britain's best-selling garden tractors, and distributes ECHO (Japanese) power tools; to the south off the B480, Martin-Baker test ejector seats at Martin Baker Aerospace Chalgrove. Castrol Technology Centre is towards the Thames. South of RAF Benson off the A4074 at Howbery Park, Crowmarsh is HR Wallingford (former Hydraulics Research Station) and further south along the Thames is CAB International (agricultural research).
RM Education, Kaspersky Lab UK, Achilles (supply chain risk management, international HQ), Routledge (publisher), Chroma Therapeutics, and Smeg UK are at Milton Park. The former Esso Research Centre at Milton Hill is now the headquarters of Infineum, a division of Esso and Shell which researches oil additives. Rowse Honey is in Wallingford. All parachute training for the RAF and Army takes place at RAF Brize Norton; the RAF 's refuelling force (10 Sqn and 101 Sqn) operate the Voyager, the RAF's largest aircraft, a converted Airbus A330 which carries 111 tonnes of fuel; they also operate the twice-weekly air-bridge to RAF Mount Pleasant; Brize Norton has 24 C-130 Hercules, 8 C-17 Globemasters (99 Sqn), 8 Voyagers (the replacement for the VC-10), and one A400M Atlas (the future replacement for the Hercules). The Blue Cross animal charity are further north on the B4020.
Siemens Magnet Technology (former Oxford Magnet Technology), the main provider of superconducting magnets (30% of the world's market) for MRI scanners, is in Eynsham; in Witney is Wychwood Brewery (owned by Marstons) which makes Hobgoblin, and brews Brakspear Brewery (formerly of Henley until 2002). Oxford Products, off the B4047 west of Witney, make cycle and motorcycle safety products, with Abbott Diabetes Care and Corndell Furniture at Windrush Park. JSP are market leaders in industrial head protection, based next to the River Windrush at Worsham in Asthall west of Witney. Further south, Aurora Fashions has a main office off the B4449 on the Lakeside Ind Estate, Stanton Harcourt.[citation needed]
Williams Grand Prix Engineering is based at Grove on the A338 north of Wantage. Towards Wiltshire, the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom is in Shrivenham, with the Defence School of Languages (previously at Wilton Park north of the M40 Beaconsfield Interchange), and the Joint Services Command and Staff College is in Watchfield.
Culture
The culture of South East England has been influenced a number of factors: by its part of contributing to the "idealised English identity", due to the region's historic idyllic rural landscape;[56] its serving for Greater London as commuting hinterland,[57] and, in recent times, the concentration of the UK's creative industry across the South East as well as London.[56][58]
Literature, TV Puppetry & Animation, Cinema, Music and Cuisine
Ashdown Forest in East Sussex was the inspiration for the Hundred Acre Wood in the Winnie-the-Pooh stories by A.A. Milne who also lived in the nearby village of Hartfield and visited the forest with his son Christopher Robin.[59] Alice Liddell, also known as Alice Hargreaves, the inspiration for Alice in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, spent the majority of her childhood living in Oxford, and in her later years lived in and around Lyndhurst, Hampshire after her marriage to Reginald Hargreaves. She is buried in the graveyard of St Michael and All Angels Church in the town.[60] Roger Hargreaves lived in Lower Sunbury on the River Thames on the next to Richmond upon Thames borough boundary, and wrote his Mr. Men books. Mary Tourtel from Canterbury created Rupert Bear. Frank Hampson, of Dan Dare, drew all his pictures when he lived in the east of Epsom, off the A2022. Buckinghamshire's E. L. James author of the erotic romance Fifty Shades Trilogy has the UK record for the fastest-selling paperback of all time.
Trumpton (1967) was based on Plumpton, East Sussex, with other titles in the series based on nearby villages; Trumpton was actually shot by Gordon Murray's company in Crouch End, London. Gerry Anderson's AP Films filmed Thunderbirds on the Slough Trading Estate near to the site's cooling towers, being first broadcast in 1965. The Native American woman Pocahontas is buried at St George's Church, Gravesend in Kent and was the inspiration for the popular Disney animated film of the same name.[61]
The first multiplex cinema in the UK was in Milton Keynes, in the mid-1980s.[62]
Elgar wrote his Cello Concerto at Fittleworth, West Sussex, in 1919. Isaac Watts, a hymn writer from Southampton, wrote When I Survey the Wondrous Cross and O God, Our Help in Ages Past. John Goss, who wrote the hymn tune for Praise, My Soul, the King of Heaven, came from Fareham. At Chalfont St Giles, Milton finished Paradise Lost. Olney in Buckinghamshire is known for the Olney Hymns - Amazing Grace, and the composer of the tune of Once in Royal David's City.[citation needed] The Christian non-profit music festival Big Church Day Out takes place annually on the last Saturday and Sunday of May at Wiston House, Wiston in West Sussex.[63]
Pimm's was invented by James Pimm of Kent in the 1820s. Banoffee pie was invented in 1972 in Jevington in East Sussex. Maria Ann Smith from Sussex emigrated to Australia and created the Granny Smith apple. Horticulturist Richard Cox lived in Colnbrook, where he bred his Cox's Orange Pippin, a popular apple. Elizabeth David, a cookery writer who revolutionised the nation's home cooking in the 1950s, came from Sussex.[citation needed]
Media

The BBC operate South Today (BBC South) out of Havelock Road, Southampton and South East Today (BBC South East) in Tunbridge Wells, Kent. ITV News Meridian (ITV Meridian) which has sub-regions for the South and South East based in Whiteley, near Fareham.[64][65]
- N.B. Television coverage for Buckinghamshire is complex and is split three ways depending on location. The western part of the county is in the BBC South and ITV Meridian (South Coast sub-region)[citation needed] Milton Keynes UA is covered by BBC East based in Norwich, with the Look East programme; similarly the ITV region for most of Milton Keynes is ITV Anglia with the ITV News Anglia programme, also from Norwich. The ITV region for the south of the county is ITV London with signals from Crystal Palace - these are supplemented with a number of relay stations such as High Wycombe.
- That's Solent TV, a subsidiary TV station from That's TV based in Portsmouth, it covers Portsmouth Isle of Wight, Southampton and Winchester.[66]
TV signals come from Oxford at Beckley and Stowood in the north of the region, and Rowridge in the south of the region, the two most powerful transmitters in the region, which carry South Today, along with Hannington in north Hampshire, and Midhurst at Easebourne, near Bexleyhill in West Sussex. South East Today, in the east of the region, comes from the lower-powered Heathfield at Heathfield and Waldron, East Sussex off the A267, Dover in Kent, and the even lower-powered Blue Bell Hill at Aylesford on the North Downs. Digital switchover took place in mid 2012.[citation needed]
- Radio
- BBC Local Radio services in the region include Berkshire, Surrey, Sussex, Solent, Oxford, and Kent, with Buckinghamshire & Milton Keynes served by BBC Three Counties Radio (which also covers Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire, and falls under the BBC East region).
- Commercial radio stations include:
- Wave 105, a regional adult contemporary music service based in Fareham
- Heart South serves much of the region, created in 2019 by the combination of Heart Sussex and Surrey (formerly Heart Sussex of Brighton and Mercury FM in Crawley), Heart Thames Valley (Heart Berkshire and Heart Oxfordshire), Heart South Coast (Heart Dorset and New Forest and Heart Hampshire), and Heart Kent. Milton Keynes is served by - and is the studio base of - Heart East (via the former Heart 103.3/Horizon Radio)
- Capital South (previously known as Galaxy South Coast/Power FM based in Segensworth and Juice 107.2 in Brighton),
- Greatest Hits Radio South operates on the former frequencies of The Breeze (previously Andover Sound, Newbury Sound (former Kick FM), Reading 107 FM, and Kestrel FM (Basingstoke)), Spirit FM (Chichester), and 96.4 Eagle Radio (Guildford). In Buckinghamshire, Greatest Hits Radio East took the place of Mix 96 (Aylesbury) on FM and this was added to the Herts/Beds/Bucks DAB multiplex.
- Nation Broadcasting operates two services based in Southampton: Greatest Hits Radio South Coast (a regional station, previously broadcasting as Sam FM, JACK FM and Original 106), and Hits Radio (former 107.4 The Quay, Portsmouth; The Saint, Southampton; and Dream 107.2, Winchester).
- More Radio is broadcast on four frequencies in Sussex, previously Arrow FM (Hastings), Bright 106.4 FM (Burgess Hill), Sovereign FM (Hailsham), and Splash FM (Worthing). A countywide service broadcasts on DAB, alongside from 2021 a digital-first sibling station, More Radio Retro.
- Isle of Wight Radio
- KMFM, a network of seven stations in Kent, and a countywide DAB output, since 2012 sharing all programmes from the premises of KMFM Medway
- National radio on FM comes from Rowridge, the most powerful transmitter, then Wrotham (next to the M20), and Oxford.
- Newspapers
- Southern Daily Echo (Southampton), Portsmouth News, Hampshire Chronicle Oxford Times, Oxford Journal, Oxford Mail, Argus (Brighton), Reading Evening Post, the KM Group titles (Kent), Surrey Advertiser, Reading Chronicle, Medway News, KOS Media titles (Kent), Basingstoke Gazette (Basingstoke)[citation needed]
Sport
Badminton England is at Milton Keynes. The Royal Yachting Association (RYA) is headquartered at Hamble in Hampshire. The World Squash Federation is headquartered in Hastings. England Hockey is headquartered at Bisham Abbey on the south side of the Thames. The first World Transplant Games were held in Portsmouth in 1978.[67]
The All England Jumping Course at Hickstead (Royal International Horse Show) is held (usually) at the A2300 Hickstead Interchange on the side of the A23, west of Burgess Hill, next to the River Adur in Hurstpierpoint and Sayers Common. There are many horse-racing stables on the Lambourn Downs. The Epsom Derby is held in early June.[68] In the mid 18th century, the Hambledon Cricket Club, in south-east Hampshire, was the focal point of modern cricket. It was here where a number of innovations were made to the game until the formation of Marylebone Cricket Club and the opening of Lord's Cricket Ground in 1787.[69]
The BDO World Darts Championship are held in early January at Lakeside Leisure Complex.[70][71]
Wentworth Golf Club in Surrey is the home of the BMW PGA Championship.[72]
Charles William Miller, who went to school in Southampton, was responsible for taking football to Brazil. He had a Scottish father and a Brazilian mother; around the same time, Alexander Watson Hutton, a Scottish teacher, had taken football to Argentina; Dresden English Football Club, founded by British workers, would bring football to Germany.[73]
See also
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ Part of South Hampshire.
- ^ Part of Brighton and Hove built-up area.
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External links
- Government Office for the South East
- South East England Councils
- Government's list of councils in the South East
- Tourism Information - Visit South East England
- Information and History of Southern England
- South East England Intelligence Network - facts, figures and research on the South East
- South East England Business Community Directory