ワシントンDC
ワシントンDC | |
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コロンビア特別区 | |
ニックネーム: DC、地区 | |
モットー: Justitia Omnibus (英語: Justice for All) | |
国歌:「ワシントン」 「私たちの国の首都」(3月)[1] | |
![]() ワシントンDCのインタラクティブマップ | |
座標:38°54′17″ N 77°00′59″ W / 38.90472°N 77.01639°W座標:38°54′17″ N 77°00′59″ W / 38.90472°N 77.01639°W | |
国 | ![]() |
居住法 | 1790年 |
整頓された | 1801 |
連結 | 1871年 |
内政自治法 | 1973年 |
にちなんで名付けられました | ジョージワシントン、クリストファーコロンブス |
政府 | |
• 市長 | ミューリエル・バウザー (D) |
• DC評議会 | リスト
|
• USハウス | エレノア・ホームズ・ノートン (D)、 デリゲート(全体) |
領域 | |
• 連邦首都および連邦直轄地 | 68.34平方マイル(177.0 km 2) |
• 土地 | 61.05平方マイル(158.1 km 2) |
• 水 | 7.29平方マイル(18.9 km 2) |
最高標高 | 409フィート(125 m) |
最低標高 | 0フィート(0 m) |
人口 | |
• 連邦首都および連邦直轄地 | 689,545 |
•ランク | アメリカで20位 |
• 密度 | 11,294.76 /平方マイル(4,361.45 / km 2) |
• メトロ | 6,385,162(6日) |
住民の呼称 | ワシントニアン[4] [5] |
タイムゾーン | UTC-5(EST) |
•夏(DST) | UTC-4(EDT) |
郵便番号 | 20001〜20098、20201〜20599 |
市外局番 | 202、771(オーバーレイ)[6] [7] |
主要空港 | |
通勤電車 | ![]() ![]() |
高速輸送 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Webサイト | dc.gov |
ワシントンDC、州のシンボル | |
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生きている記章 | |
鳥 | モリツグミ |
魚 | アメリカシャッド |
花 | アメリカンビューティローズ |
哺乳類 | トビイロホオコウモリ |
木 | スカーレットオーク |
無生物の記章 | |
飲料 | リッキー[8] |
恐竜 | キャピタサウルス |
食べ物 | チェリー |
岩 | ポトマックブルーストーン |
スローガン | 連邦都市 |
州のルートマーカー | |
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州の四半期 | |
![]() 2009年にリリース | |
アメリカ合衆国の州のシンボルのリスト |
ワシントンDC、正式にはコロンビア特別区、別名ワシントンDC 、または単にDCは、アメリカ合衆国の首都であり、唯一の連邦地区です。[9]ポトマック川の東岸に位置し、米国バージニア州と南西および南の国境を形成し、残りの側は米国メリーランド州と国境を接している。この都市は、建国の父であり最初のジョージワシントンにちなんで名付けられました。アメリカ合衆国大統領[10]と連邦地区は、国の女性の擬人化であるコロンビアにちなんで名付けられました。米国連邦政府といくつかの国際機関の本拠地として、この都市は重要な世界の政治首都です。[11]これは、米国で最も訪問された都市の1つであり、2016年には2,000万人を超える訪問者があります。[12] [13]
米国憲法はのために提供し、連邦地区の下に専属管轄の議会。したがって、この地区は米国の州の一部ではありません(それ自体も州の一部ではありません)。1790年7月16日の首都法の署名により、国の東海岸近くのポトマック川沿いに首都地区を設立することが承認されました。ワシントン市は1791年に国の首都として設立され、議会は1800年に最初の会議を開催しました。1801年、以前はメリーランド州とバージニア州の一部であった領土(ジョージタウンとアレクサンドリアの集落を含む))、正式に連邦地区として認められるようになりました。 1846年、議会はアレクサンドリア市を含むバージニア州によって最初に譲渡された土地を返還しました。 1871年に、それは地区の残りの部分のために単一の地方自治体を作成しました。 1880年代以降、この都市を州にするための努力がなされており、この運動は近年勢いを増しており、州法案は2021年に衆議院を通過しました。 [14]
市は国会議事堂を中心に四分円に分割されており、131の近隣があります。よると2020年の国勢調査、それは689545の人口がある[2]それになり、米国で20日、最も人口の多い都市ワイオミング州とバーモント:そしてそれを2つの米国の州よりもより大きな集団を与えるを。[15]周囲のメリーランド州とバージニア州の郊外からの通勤者は、平日、市内の日中の人口を100万人以上に増やしています。[16]ワシントンの大都市圏、国で6番目に大きい(メリーランド州、バージニア州、および ウェストバージニア州)、2019年の推定人口は630万人でした。[17]
米国連邦政府の3つの支部は、議会(立法)、大統領(行政)、および最高裁判所(司法)の3つの地区に集中しています。ワシントンには多くの国立記念碑や美術館があり、主にナショナルモールまたはその周辺にあります。市には177の外国大使館のほか、世界銀行グループ、国際通貨基金、米州機構、AARPなど、多くの国際組織、労働組合、非営利団体、ロビー活動グループ、専門家協会の本部があります。ナショナルジオグラフィック協会、ヒューマンライツキャンペーン、国際金融公社、およびアメリカ赤十字社。
1973年以来、地方選挙で選ばれた市長と13名の評議会がこの地区を統治してきました。議会は市に対する最高の権限を維持しており、地方の法律を覆す可能性があります。ワシントンDCの住民は、下院に投票権のない、大規模な議会の代表を選出しますが、地区は上院に代表を持っていません。地区の有権者は、1961年に批准された米国憲法修正第23条に従って3人の大統領選挙人を選びます。
歴史
アルゴンキン語を話すピスカタウェイ族(コノイとしても知られる)のさまざまな部族が、17世紀初頭にヨーロッパ人が最初にこの地域を訪れたとき、ポトマック川周辺の土地に住んでいました。ナコッチタンク(カトリック宣教師によってナコスティーヌとも呼ばれる)として知られる1つのグループは、現在のコロンビア特別区内のアナコスティア川周辺に集落を維持していました。ヨーロッパの入植者や近隣の部族との紛争により、ピスカタウェイの人々の移住が余儀なくされ、その一部は1699年にメリーランド州ポイントオブロックスの近くに新しい入植地を設立しました。[18]
10月6日、 1783年のペンシルベニア反乱によってニュージャージー州プリンストンに強制された議会は、議会の恒久的居住地を尊重し、考慮に入れるために、全体の委員会に決議しました。[19]翌日、マサチューセッツ州のエルブリッジゲリーは、「議会で使用するための建物は、トレントン近くのデラウェア州、またはジョージタウン近くのポトマック川のほとりに建てられる。連邦の町のために、前述のように川」。[20]
1788年1月23日に発行された彼の連邦主義者第43号で、ジェームズ・マディソンは、新しい連邦政府が独自の維持と安全を提供するために国の首都に対する権限を必要とするだろうと主張しました。[21] 1783年のペンシルベニア反乱は、国家が自らの安全を国家に依存しないようにする必要性を強調した。[22]
憲法第1条第8条は、「特定の州の割譲および議会の受諾により、合衆国政府の所在地となる可能性のある地区(10マイル四方を超えない)」の設立を認めている。[23]しかしながら、憲法は首都の場所を指定していない。現在1790年妥協として知られているもので、マディソン、アレクサンダーハミルトン、トーマスジェファーソンは、連邦政府が米国南部に新しい国家首都を設立することと引き換えに、各州の残りの独立戦争債務を支払うことに同意しました。[24] [a]
財団
1790年7月9日、議会は、ポトマック川に国の首都を設立することを承認した首都法を可決しました。正確な場所は、7月16日に法案に署名したジョージワシントン大統領によって選択されました。メリーランド州とバージニア州から寄贈された土地から形成された連邦地区の初期の形状は、10マイル(16 km)の正方形でした。 )両側で、合計100平方マイル(259 km 2)。[25] [b]
二つの既存集落は領土に含まれていた:のポートジョージタウン、メリーランド州1751年に設立され、[26]との港湾都市アレクサンドリア、バージニア州1749.年に設立され、[27] 1791年から1792年の間に、下のチームアンドリューエリコットの兄弟であるジョセフとベンジャミン、アフリカ系アメリカ人の天文学者 ベンジャミンバネカーを含むエリコットは、連邦地区の境界を調査し、すべてのマイルポイントに境界石を配置しました。[28]石の多くはまだ立っています。[29]
その後、ジョージタウンの東にあるポトマックの北岸に新しい連邦都市が建設されました。 1791年9月9日、首都の建設を監督する3人の委員は、ワシントン大統領に敬意を表して市を指名しました。同じ日、連邦地区はコロンビア(「コロンバス」の女性形)と名付けられました。これは、当時一般的に使用されていた米国の詩的な名前でした。 [30] [31]議会は1800年11月17日にそこで最初の会合を開いた。[32] [33]
議会は、1801年のコロンビア特別区有機法を可決しました。この法律は、地区を公式に組織し、領土全体を連邦政府の独占的管理下に置きました。さらに、地区内のエリアは、ポトマックの東(または北)にあるワシントン郡と西(または南)にあるアレクサンドリア郡の2つの郡に編成されました。[34]この法律の成立後、地区に住む市民はもはやメリーランド州またはバージニア州の居住者とは見なされなくなったため、議会での代表は終了した。[35]
1812年の戦争中の燃焼
1814年8月24〜25日、ワシントン焼き討ちとして知られる襲撃で、米英戦争中にイギリス軍が首都に侵攻しました。キャピトル、財務省とホワイトハウスは、攻撃時に焼かれ、全焼ました。[36]ほとんどの政府の建物はすぐに修理されました。しかし、国会議事堂は当時大部分が建設中であり、1868年まで現在の形で完成していませんでした。[37]
後退と南北戦争
1830年代に、この地区の南部のアレクサンドリア領土は、議会による怠慢もあって経済的に衰退しました。[38]アレクサンドリア市はアメリカの奴隷貿易の主要な市場であり、奴隷制支持者の住民は議会の奴隷制度廃止論者が地区での奴隷制を終わらせ、経済をさらに押し下げることを恐れた。アレクサンドリアの市民はとして知られているプロセスを通じて、それは地区を形成するために寄付していた土地を取り戻すためにバージニア州に請願返還。[39]
バージニア総会は、アレクサンドリアのリターンを受け入れるために1846年2月に投票しました。1846年7月9日、議会はバージニアが譲歩したすべての領土を返還することに合意しました。したがって、地区の面積は、元々メリーランドから寄贈された部分のみで構成されています。[38]奴隷制を支持するアレクサンドリア人の恐れを確認し、1850年の妥協は、奴隷制そのものではないが、地区での奴隷貿易を非合法化した。[40]
1861年の南北戦争の勃発は、連邦政府の拡大と、解放された奴隷の大規模な流入を含む、地区の人口の顕著な増加につながりました。[41]エイブラハム・リンカーン大統領は1862年に補償解放法に署名し、奴隷解放宣言の9か月前に、コロンビア特別区での奴隷制を終了し、約3,100人の奴隷を解放した。[42] 1868年、議会は地区のアフリカ系アメリカ人男性居住者に地方選挙に投票する権利を与えた。[41]
成長と再開発
1870年までに、この地区の人口は前回の国勢調査から75%増加し、132,000人近くの住民になりました。[43]市の成長にもかかわらず、ワシントンにはまだ未舗装の道路があり、基本的な衛生状態が不足していた。議員の中には首都をさらに西に移動することを提案した人もいましたが、ユリシーズ・グラント大統領はそのような提案を検討することを拒否しました。[44]
議会は1871年の有機法を可決し、ワシントンとジョージタウンの都市の個々の憲章を廃止し、ワシントン郡を廃止し、コロンビア特別区全体に新しい領土政府を創設しました。[45]
再編後、グラント大統領は1873年にアレクサンダーロービーシェパードをコロンビア特別区の知事に任命しました。シェパードはワシントン市を大幅に近代化する大規模なプロジェクトを承認しましたが、最終的には地区政府を破産させました。 1874年、議会は領土政府を任命された3人の委員からなる委員会に置き換えました。[46]
市の最初の電動路面電車は1888年に運行を開始しました。これらの路面電車は、ワシントン市の当初の境界を越えた地区の地域で成長を遂げました。ワシントンの都市計画は、その後数十年で地区全体に拡大されました。[47]ジョージタウンの街路網とその他の行政上の詳細は、1895年に合法的なワシントン市のものと正式に統合された。[48]しかし、市は劣悪な住宅条件と緊張した公共事業を持っていた。この地区は、1900年代初頭に「都市美運動」の一環として都市再開発プロジェクトを実施した国内初の都市でした。[49]
1930年代の新協定の結果としての連邦支出の増加は、地区内に新しい政府の建物、記念碑、博物館の建設につながりました[50]が、地区予算に関する下院小委員会の委員長はミシシッピ州のロスA.コリンズを正当化しました。 「私の構成員はニガーにお金を使うことを支持しないだろう」と言って、地元住民の福祉と教育のための資金を削減します。[51]
第二次世界大戦は政府の活動をさらに増やし、首都の連邦職員の数を増やしました。[52] 1950年までに、地区の人口は802,178人の住民のピークに達した。[43]
公民権と自治時代
米国憲法修正第23条は、1961年に批准され、選挙人団で大統領と副大統領の選挙に3票を投じましたが、議会ではまだ投票権を持っていません。[53]
公民権指導者のマーティンルーサーキングジュニア博士が暗殺された後、1968年4月4日、この地区、主にUストリート、14ストリート、7ストリート、Hストリートの廊下、黒人住宅の中心部で暴動が発生しました。商業地域。暴動は3日間激怒し、13,600人以上の連邦軍とDC陸軍国家警備隊が暴力を止めました。多くの店や他の建物が焼けました。再建は1990年代後半まで完了しませんでした。[54]
1973年、議会はコロンビア特別区内政自治法を制定し、選挙で選ばれた市長とその地区の13人の評議会を規定しました。[55] 1975年に、ウォルター・ワシントンは地区の最初の選出された最初の黒人市長になりました。[56]
地理
ワシントンDCは、米国東海岸の中部大西洋岸地域にあります。コロンビア行政区の返還により、この都市の総面積は68.34平方マイル(177 km 2)で、そのうち61.05平方マイル(158.1 km 2)が土地で、7.29平方マイル(18.9 km 2)(10.67%)が土地です。水。[57]この地区は、北西をメリーランド州モンゴメリー郡に隣接している。東にメリーランド州プリンスジョージズ郡。西はバージニア州アーリントン郡。そして南にバージニア州のアレクサンドリア。ワシントンDCは、ボルチモアから38マイル(61 km)です。、フィラデルフィアから124マイル(200 km)、ニューヨーク市から227マイル(365 km)。
ポトマック川の南岸は、バージニア州との地区の国境を形成し、アナコスティア川とロッククリークの2つの主要な支流があります。[58] かつてナショナルモールを通過した自然の水路であるテベルクリークは、 1870年代に完全に地下に封じ込められていました。[59]小川はまた、現在満たされたワシントン市運河の一部を形成し、1815年から1850年代まで市を通過してアナコスティア川に到達することができた。[60]チェサピーク・オハイオ運河はジョージタウンで始まり、19世紀にリトルフォールズを迂回するために使用された大西洋沿岸滝線でワシントンの北西端に位置するポトマック川の。[61]
地区で最も高い自然の標高は、ワシントン北西部の上部にあるフォートリノパークの海抜409フィート(125 m)です。[62]最低点は、ポトマック川の海面です。[63]ワシントンの地理的中心は、ノースウェストの4番街とLストリートの交差点の近くにあります。[64] [65] [66]
この地区には7,464エーカー(30.21 km 2)の緑地があり、都市の総面積の約19%であり、米国の高密度都市の中で2番目に高い割合です。[67]この要因は、ワシントンDCに貢献し、非営利のTrust for Publicによると、米国で最も人口の多い100都市の公園システムの2018 ParkScoreランキングで、公園へのアクセスと品質で全国第3位にランクされました。土地。[68]
国立公園局は9122エーカー(36.92キロのほとんどの管理2米国政府が所有している都市の土地のを)。[69] ロッククリークパークは、ワシントン北西部にある1,754エーカー(7.10 km 2)の都市森林であり、都市を二分する小川の谷を通って9.3マイル(15.0 km)伸びています。1890年に設立されたこの国立公園は、国内で4番目に古い国立公園であり、アライグマ、鹿、フクロウ、コヨーテなど、さまざまな動植物が生息しています。[70]その他の国立公園局の施設には、C&O運河国立歴史公園、国立モールおよび記念公園、セオドアルーズベルト島、コロンビア島、フォートデュポンパーク、メリディアンヒルパーク、ケニルワースパークアンドアクアティックガーデン、アナコスティアパーク。[71]パークス・アンド・レクリエーションのDC部門は、市内の900エーカー(3.6キロ維持して2運動場や遊び場、40のスイミングプール、および68のレクリエーションセンターのを)。[72]米国農務省は、 446エーカー(1.80キロ動作2)国立樹木園ワシントン北東部では。[73]
気候
ワシントンは湿潤亜熱帯気候帯にあります(ケッペン:Cfa)。[74]トレワーサの分類は、海洋性気候(Do )として定義されています。[75]冬は通常小雪で涼しく、夏は高温多湿です。この地区は、ダウンタウン近くの耐植物性ゾーン8aと、市内の他の場所のゾーン7bにあり、湿潤亜熱帯気候を示しています。 [76]
春と秋は穏やかから暖かく、冬は涼しく、年間平均降雪量は15.5インチ(39 cm)です。12月中旬から2月中旬までの冬の平均気温は約38°F(3°C)です。[77]しかし、60°F(16°C)を超える冬の気温は珍しいことではありません。[78]
夏は蒸し暑く、7月の1日平均気温は26.6°C(79.8°F)、1日平均相対湿度は約66%で、中程度の個人的な不快感を引き起こす可能性があります。夏の真っ只中、暑さ指数は定期的に100°F(38°C)に近づきます。[79]夏の暑さと湿気の組み合わせは、非常に頻繁な雷雨をもたらし、そのいくつかは時々その地域で竜巻を発生させます。[80]
吹雪は、平均して4〜6年に1回ワシントンに影響を及ぼします。最も激しい嵐は「ノーイースター」と呼ばれ、東海岸の大部分に影響を与えることがよくあります。[81]から1月27日〜28、1922年、市は正式に、降雪の公式測定は1885年に始まって以来、最大の吹雪28インチ(71センチメートル)を受けた[82]の時間に保たノートによると、30との間に受け取った街を1772年1月の吹雪から36インチ(76および91cm)。[83]
ハリケーン(またはその残骸)は、夏の終わりから秋にかけて、この地域を時折追跡します。しかし、ワシントンに到着するまでには、都市の内陸部にあることもあり、弱いことがよくあります。[84]しかしながら、満潮、高潮、および流出の組み合わせによって引き起こされるポトマック川の洪水は、ジョージタウンの近くで広範囲の物的損害を引き起こすことが知られている。[85]
降水は一年中発生します。[86]
記録された最高気温は1918年8月6日と1930年7月20日で106°F(41°C)でした。[87]一方、記録された最低気温は1899年2月11日で-15°F(-26°C)でした。、1899年の大ブリザードの直前。[81]典型的な年の間に、都市は平均して90°F(32°C)以上で約37日、氷点下(32°Fまたは0°C)で64夜です。[77]平均して、氷点下以下の最低日は11月18日で、最終日は3月27日です。[88] [89]
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °F (°C) | 79 (26) |
84 (29) |
93 (34) |
95 (35) |
99 (37) |
104 (40) |
106 (41) |
106 (41) |
104 (40) |
98 (37) |
86 (30) |
79 (26) |
106 (41) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 66.7 (19.3) |
68.1 (20.1) |
77.3 (25.2) |
86.4 (30.2) |
91.0 (32.8) |
95.7 (35.4) |
98.1 (36.7) |
96.5 (35.8) |
91.9 (33.3) |
84.5 (29.2) |
74.8 (23.8) |
67.1 (19.5) |
99.1 (37.3) |
Average high °F (°C) | 44.8 (7.1) |
48.3 (9.1) |
56.5 (13.6) |
68.0 (20.0) |
76.5 (24.7) |
85.1 (29.5) |
89.6 (32.0) |
87.8 (31.0) |
80.7 (27.1) |
69.4 (20.8) |
58.2 (14.6) |
48.8 (9.3) |
67.8 (19.9) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 37.5 (3.1) |
40.0 (4.4) |
47.6 (8.7) |
58.2 (14.6) |
67.2 (19.6) |
76.3 (24.6) |
81.0 (27.2) |
79.4 (26.3) |
72.4 (22.4) |
60.8 (16.0) |
49.9 (9.9) |
41.7 (5.4) |
59.3 (15.2) |
Average low °F (°C) | 30.1 (−1.1) |
31.8 (−0.1) |
38.6 (3.7) |
48.4 (9.1) |
58.0 (14.4) |
67.5 (19.7) |
72.4 (22.4) |
71.0 (21.7) |
64.1 (17.8) |
52.2 (11.2) |
41.6 (5.3) |
34.5 (1.4) |
50.9 (10.5) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 14.3 (−9.8) |
16.9 (−8.4) |
23.4 (−4.8) |
34.9 (1.6) |
45.5 (7.5) |
55.7 (13.2) |
63.8 (17.7) |
62.1 (16.7) |
51.3 (10.7) |
38.7 (3.7) |
28.8 (−1.8) |
21.3 (−5.9) |
12.3 (−10.9) |
Record low °F (°C) | −14 (−26) |
−15 (−26) |
4 (−16) |
15 (−9) |
33 (1) |
43 (6) |
52 (11) |
49 (9) |
36 (2) |
26 (−3) |
11 (−12) |
−13 (−25) |
−15 (−26) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.86 (73) |
2.62 (67) |
3.50 (89) |
3.21 (82) |
3.94 (100) |
4.20 (107) |
4.33 (110) |
3.25 (83) |
3.93 (100) |
3.66 (93) |
2.91 (74) |
3.41 (87) |
41.82 (1,062) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 4.9 (12) |
5.0 (13) |
2.0 (5.1) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
1.7 (4.3) |
13.7 (35) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.7 | 9.3 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 11.6 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 10.1 | 117.7 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 2.8 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 8.0 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 62.1 | 60.5 | 58.6 | 58.0 | 64.5 | 65.8 | 66.9 | 69.3 | 69.7 | 67.4 | 64.7 | 64.1 | 64.3 |
Average dew point °F (°C) | 21.7 (−5.7) |
23.5 (−4.7) |
31.3 (−0.4) |
39.7 (4.3) |
52.3 (11.3) |
61.5 (16.4) |
66.0 (18.9) |
65.8 (18.8) |
59.5 (15.3) |
47.5 (8.6) |
37.0 (2.8) |
27.1 (−2.7) |
44.4 (6.9) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 144.6 | 151.8 | 204.0 | 228.2 | 260.5 | 283.2 | 280.5 | 263.1 | 225.0 | 203.6 | 150.2 | 133.0 | 2,527.7 |
Mean daily daylight hours | 9.8 | 10.8 | 12.0 | 13.3 | 14.3 | 14.9 | 14.6 | 13.6 | 12.4 | 11.2 | 10.1 | 9.5 | 12.2 |
Percent possible sunshine | 48 | 50 | 55 | 57 | 59 | 64 | 62 | 62 | 60 | 59 | 50 | 45 | 57 |
Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961−1990)[77][91][86][92] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV and daylight hours)[93] |
街並み
ワシントンDCは計画都市です。1791年、ワシントン大統領は、フランス生まれの建築家兼都市計画家であるピエール(ピーター)シャルルランファンに新しい首都の設計を依頼しました。彼はスコットランドの測量士アレクサンダーラルストンに都市計画の立案を手伝ってもらいました。[94]ザ・ランファン・プランは、オープンスペースや造園のための部屋を提供し、長方形から放射状に広がる幅広い通りや道を特色にしました。[95]彼は、トーマス・ジェファーソンが彼に送ったパリ、アムステルダム、カールスルーエ、ミラノなどの都市の計画に基づいて設計を行った。[96]ランファンの設計では、現在はナショナルモールとなっている地域に、長さ約1マイル(1.6 km)、幅400フィート(120 m)の庭が並ぶ「大通り」も想定されていました。[97]ワシントン大統領は、首都の建設を監督するために任命された3人の委員との対立のため、1792年3月にランファンを解任した。ランファンと一緒に街を調査していたアンドリュー・エリコットは、その後、設計を完了する任務を負いました。エリコットは、いくつかの街路パターンの変更を含め、当初の計画に修正を加えましたが、ランファンは依然として都市の全体的なデザインで有名です。[98]
20世紀初頭までに、ランファンのグランドナショナルキャピタルのビジョンは、スラム街や、ナショナルモールの鉄道駅など、ランダムに配置された建物によって損なわれていました。議会は、ワシントンの儀式の中核を美化することを任務とする特別委員会を結成しました。[49]マクミラン計画として知られるようになったものは、1901年に最終決定され、国会議事堂の敷地とナショナルモールの再造園、スラムの撤去、新しい都市全体の公園システムの確立が含まれていました。この計画は、ランファンの意図したデザインを大部分保存していると考えられています。[95]
法律により、ワシントンのスカイラインは低く、広大です。1910年の連邦建築物高さ法では、隣接する通りの幅に20フィート(6.1 m)を加えた高さ以下の建物が許可されています。[99]一般に信じられているにもかかわらず、建物をアメリカ合衆国議会議事堂の高さまたはワシントン記念塔の555フィート(169 m)に制限する法律はありません[66]。市の指導者たちは、地区が郊外のスプロール現象によって引き起こされる手頃な価格の住宅と交通問題を制限している主な理由として、高さ制限を批判しています。[99]
地区は、北西(NW)、北東(NE)、南東(SE)、および南西(SW)の不均等な領域の4つの象限に分割されます。象限の境界となる軸は、米国議会議事堂から放射状に広がっています。[100]すべての道路名には、その場所を示す象限の略語が含まれており、家番号は通常、国会議事堂から離れたブロックの数に対応しています。ほとんどの道路は、文字で名前が付けられた東西の道路(C Street SWなど)、数字の付いた南北の道路(4th Street NWなど)、および斜めの道でグリッドパターンに設定されており、その多くは州にちなんで名付けられています。。[100]
ワシントン市は、北はバウンダリーストリート( 1890年にフロリダアベニューに改名)、西はロッククリーク、東はアナコスティア川に隣接していました。[47] [95]ワシントンのストリートグリッドは、可能な場合、1888年から地区全体に拡張されました。[101] ジョージタウンのストリートは1895年に名前が変更されました。[48]ホワイトを結ぶペンシルベニアアベニューなど、特に注目すべきストリートもあります。キャピトルへの家、および多くのロビー活動グループのオフィスを収容するKストリート。 [102] コンスティテューションアベニューとインデペンデンスアベニューナショナルモールの北側と南側にそれぞれ位置する、スミソニアン協会の建物、国立公文書館など、ワシントンの象徴的な美術館の多くがあります。ワシントンには177の外国大使館があり、その多くは非公式にエンバシーロウとして知られるマサチューセッツアベニューの一部にあり、外国が所有する1,600を超える住宅物件を超えて約297の建物を構成しています。[103]
建築
ワシントンの建築は大きく異なります。アメリカ建築家協会の2007年の「アメリカのお気に入りの建築」ランキングのトップ10の建物のうち6つは、コロンビア特別区にあります。[104]ホワイトハウス、ワシントン国立大聖堂、トーマスジェファーソン記念館、アメリカ合衆国議会議事堂、リンカーン記念館、ベトナム戦争戦没者慰霊碑。新古典主義、ジョージアン様式、ゴシック様式、および近代建築様式はすべて、ワシントンのこれら6つの建造物や他の多くの著名な建物に反映されています。注目すべき例外には、フランス語で建設された建物が含まれますアイゼンハワー行政府ビルなどの第二帝政期のスタイル。[105]
ワシントンのダウンタウンの外では、建築様式はさらに多様です。歴史的建造物は、主にアン女王、シャトースク、リチャードソンロマネスク、グルジアの復活、ボザール様式、およびさまざまなビクトリア朝様式で設計されています。長屋は南北戦争後に開発された地域で特に目立ち、通常は連邦主義者と後期ビクトリア朝の設計に従います。[106]ジョージタウンのオールドストーンハウスは1765年に建てられ、市内で最も古い元の建物となっています。[107] 1789年に設立されたジョージタウン大学は、ロマネスク様式とゴシックリバイバル建築。[105]ロナルド・レーガンビルは、総面積が約310万平方フィート(288,000 m 2 )の地区で最大のビルです。[108]
人口統計
歴史的人口 | |||
---|---|---|---|
国勢調査 | ポップ。 | %± | |
1800 | 8,144 | — | |
1810年 | 15,471 | 90.0% | |
1820年 | 23,336 | 50.8% | |
1830年 | 30,261 | 29.7% | |
1840年 | 33,745 | 11.5% | |
1850年 | 51,687 | 53.2% | |
1860年 | 75,080 | 45.3% | |
1870年 | 131,700 | 75.4% | |
1880年 | 177,624 | 34.9% | |
1890年 | 230,392 | 29.7% | |
1900年 | 278,718 | 21.0% | |
1910年 | 331,069 | 18.8% | |
1920年 | 437,571 | 32.2% | |
1930年 | 486,869 | 11.3% | |
1940年 | 663,091 | 36.2% | |
1950年 | 802,178 | 21.0% | |
1960年 | 763,956 | −4.8% | |
1970年 | 756,510 | −1.0% | |
1980年 | 638,333 | -15.6% | |
1990年 | 606,900 | −4.9% | |
2000 | 572,059 | −5.7% | |
2010年 | 601,723 | 5.2% | |
2020 | 689,545 | 14.6% | |
出典:[109] [e] [43] [110]注:[f] 2010–2020 [2] |
人口統計プロファイル | 2020 [112] | 2010 [113] | 1990 [114] | 1970 [114] | 1940 [114] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
白い | 39.6% | 38.5% | 29.6% | 27.7% | 71.5% |
—非ヒスパニック系白人 | 38.0% | 34.8% | 27.4% | 26.5%[115] | 71.4% |
黒人またはアフリカ系アメリカ人 | 41.4% | 50.7% | 65.8% | 71.1% | 28.2% |
ヒスパニックまたはラテンアメリカ人(あらゆる人種の) | 11.3% | 9.1% | 5.4% | 2.1%[115] | 0.1% |
アジア人 | 4.8% | 3.5% | 1.8% | 0.6% | 0.2% |
米国国勢調査局は、2019年7月の時点で地区の人口は705,749人であり、 2010年の米国国勢調査と比較して10万人以上増加したと推定しています。 10年以上ベースで測定すると、これは、人口が半世紀減少した後、2000年以降も成長傾向を続けています。[116]しかし、前年比では、2019年7月の国勢調査の数は、過去12か月間に16,000人の人口減少を示しています。[117]ワシントンは、2010年の時点で米国で24番目に人口の多い場所[update]でした。[118] 2010年のデータによると、郊外からの通勤者は、地区の日中の人口を100万人以上に増やしています。[119]地区が州である場合、バーモント州とワイオミング州に先立って、人口で49位にランクされます。[120]
ワシントン首都圏地区とその周辺の郊外を含み、ある第六位の規模で推定600万人の住民と、米国の首都圏2014 [121]ワシントンエリアはに含まれている場合はボルチモアとその近郊、ボルチモア–ワシントンメトロポリタンエリアの人口は2020年に980万人を超え、国内で3番目に大きい広域都市圏です。[122]
2017年の国勢調査局のデータによると、ワシントンDCの人口は47.1%が黒人またはアフリカ系アメリカ人、45.1%が白人(36.8%が非ヒスパニック系白人)、4.3%がアジア人、0.6%がアメリカ先住民またはアラスカ先住民、0.1%が先住民でした。ハワイアンまたはその他の太平洋諸島民。2つ以上の人種の個人が人口の2.7%を占めました。あらゆる人種のヒスパニックが地区の人口の11.0%を占めました。[120]
ワシントンは、市の創設以来、かなりのアフリカ系アメリカ人の人口を抱えています。[123]アフリカ系アメリカ人の居住者は、1800年から1940年の間に地区の総人口の約30%を占めました。[43]黒人の人口は1970年までに70%のピークに達しましたが、その後、多くのアフリカ系アメリカ人が周辺の郊外に移動したため、着実に減少しています。 。部分的にジェントリフィケーションの結果として、2000年から2010年の間に非ヒスパニック系白人の人口が31.4%増加し、黒人の人口が11.5%減少しました。[124] National Community Reinvestment Coalitionの調査によると、DCは他のどのアメリカの都市よりも「激しい」ジェントリフィケーションを経験し、近隣の40%がジェントリフィケーションを行いました。[125]
2010年のDC居住者の約17%は18歳以下であり、米国の平均である24%よりも低かった。しかし、34歳のとき、この地区の年齢の中央値は50州と比較して最低でした。[126] 2010年の時点で、ワシントンDCに住む[update]推定81,734人の移民がいた[127]移民の主な発生源には、エルサルバドル、ベトナム、エチオピアがあり、マウントプレザント地区にサルバドル人が集中している。[128]
研究者は、2010年にコロンビア特別区に4,822人の同性カップルがおり、全世帯の約2%であることを発見しました。[129] 2009年に同性結婚を許可する法律が可決され、地区は2010年3月に同性カップルに結婚許可証の発行を開始した。[130]
2007年の報告によると、全国の5人に1人の割合と比較して、地区の住民の約3分の1は機能的に読み書きができません。これは、英語に堪能でない移民に部分的に起因しています。[131] 2011年の時点で、5[update]歳以上のDC居住者の85%が 母国語として自宅で英語を話していました。[132]居住者の半数は、2006年に少なくとも4年の大学の学位を取得していました。[127] 2017年、ワシントンDCの世帯収入の中央値は77,649ドルでした。[133]また、2017年には、ワシントンDCの住民の一人当たりの個人所得は50,832ドルでした(50州のいずれよりも高い)。[133] [134]しかし、2005年には住民の19%が貧困レベルを下回り、ミシシッピ州を除くどの州よりも高かった。2019年の貧困率は14.7%でした。[135] [g] [137]
地区の人口のうち、17%はバプテスト、13%はカトリック、6%は福音派のプロテスタント、4%はメソジスト、3%は監督制/英国国教会、3%はユダヤ人、2%は東方正教会、1%はペンテコステ派、1 %は仏教徒、1%はアドベンティスト、1%はルター派、1%はイスラム教徒、1%は長老派教会、1%はモルモン、1%はヒンズー教徒です。[138] [h]
2010年の時点で[update]、ワシントンDCの住民の90%以上が健康保険に加入しており、これは全国で2番目に高い割合です。これは、他の種類の補償の対象とならない低所得者に保険を提供するのに役立つ都市プログラムに一部起因しています。[139] 2009年の報告によると、地区住民の少なくとも3パーセントがHIVまたはAIDSに感染しており、米国疾病予防管理センター(CDC)はこれを「一般的かつ重度の」流行として特徴づけています。[140]
犯罪
ワシントンDCの犯罪は、貧困、薬物乱用、暴力団に関連する地域に集中しています。2010年の調査によると、街区の5%が地区の総犯罪の25%以上を占めていました。[141]
ワシントン北西部のより裕福な地域は、特にワシントンDCのダウンタウン、フォギーボトム、エンバシーロウ、ペンクォーターなど、政府の活動が集中している地域では通常安全ですが、貧しい地域での暴力犯罪の増加の報告は、一般的に市の東部。[141]約60,000人の居住者が元受刑者です。[142]
2012年、ワシントンの年間殺人件数は88件に減少し、1961年以来の最低数となった。[143]殺人率は、2000年代初頭の半分近くにとどまっているものの、その歴史的な低さから上昇している。ワシントンはかつて1990年代初頭に米国の「殺人の首都」と呼ばれていました。[144]殺人の数は、1991年に479でピークに達したが、その後、暴力のレベルは大幅に低下し始めた。[145]
2016年、この地区の警察署は135人の殺人を集計し、2012年から53%増加しましたが、2015年から17%減少しました。[146]コロンビアハイツやローガンサークルなどの多くの地域は、より安全で活気に満ちています。しかし、これらの地域では、ナイトライフ活動の増加と裕福な居住者の数の増加により、強盗や盗難の発生率が依然として高くなっています。[147]それでもなお、財産犯罪と暴力犯罪の両方に関する市全体の報告は、1990年代半ばの最近の最高値からほぼ半分に減少している。[148]
2008年6月26日には、米国の最高裁判所はで開催されたコロンビア対ヘラーの地区都市の1976という拳銃の禁止は違反しておくとクマの腕のために右の下で保護として憲法修正第2条。[149]しかしながら、この判決はすべての形態の銃規制を禁止しているわけではない。市の攻撃兵器禁止と同様に、銃器の登録を要求する法律は引き続き施行されています。[150]
地区独自の警視庁に加えて、多くの連邦法執行機関も市内に管轄権を持っています。最も目に見えるのは、1791年に設立された米国の公園警察です。[151]
経済
ワシントンは成長し、多様化した経済を持ち、専門家やビジネスサービスの仕事の割合が増えています。[152] 2018-Q2の地区の国内総生産は1,410億ドルでした。[153]ワシントンメトロポリタンエリアの2014年の総生産額は4,350億ドルで、米国で6番目に大きな大都市経済となっています。 [154] 2009年から2016年の間に、ワシントンの1人当たりGDPは、米国の州の中で一貫して最高位にランクされています。[155] 2016年の1人当たりGDPは160,472ドルで、マサチューセッツ州のほぼ3倍であり、マサチューセッツ州は全国で2番目にランクされています。[155] 2011年現在[update]、ワシントン大都市圏の失業率は6.2%でした。全国の49の大都市圏の中で2番目に低い率。[156]コロンビア特別区自体は、同じ期間に9.8%の失業率を示した。[157]
2017年12月、ワシントンDCの従業員の25%が連邦政府機関に雇用されました。[158] [159]連邦政府は不況の間も活動を続けているため、これはワシントンDCを国民経済の低迷から免れると考えられています。[160]法律事務所、防衛請負業者、民間請負業者、非営利団体、ロビー活動会社、業界団体、業界団体、専門家団体などの多くの組織は、連邦政府に近づくために、ワシントンDCまたはその近くに本社を置いています。政府。[102]ワシントンDCからポトマック川を渡ったところにあるバージニア州ロスリン市は、コロンビア特別区内の建物の高さ制限により、フォーチュン500企業数社の拠点として機能しています、バージニア州アーリントンのクリスタルシティ地区に「HQ2」を建設すると発表しました。 [161]
観光業はワシントンで2番目に大きな産業です。 2012年には約1890万人の訪問者が地域経済に推定48億ドルを寄付しました。[162]この地区には、世界銀行、国際通貨基金(IMF)、米州機構など、200近くの外国大使館や国際機関もあります。米州開発銀行、およびパンアメリカンヘルスオーガニゼーション。 2008年、ワシントンの外交団は約10,000人を雇用し、地域経済に年間推定4億ドルを寄付しました。[103]
この地区には、特に教育、金融、公共政策、科学研究の分野で、政府とは直接関係のない産業が成長しています。ジョージタウン大学、ジョージワシントン大学、ワシントンホスピタルセンター、チルドレンズナショナルメディカルセンター、ハワード大学は、2009年の時点で市内の非政府関連雇用者のトップ5[update]です。[163] 2011年にまとめられた統計によると、国内で最大の500社のうち4社がこの地区に本社を置いていた。[164] 2021年のグローバル金融センター指数、ワシントンは、世界で14番目に競争力のある金融センターであり、米国で4番目に競争力のある金融センターとしてランク付けされました(ニューヨーク市、サンフランシスコ、ロサンゼルスに次ぐ)。[165]
文化
ランドマーク
ナショナルモールは、ワシントンのダウンタウンにあるリンカーン記念館とアメリカ合衆国議会議事堂の間にある大きなオープンパークです。その卓越性を考えると、モールはしばしば政治的抗議、コンサート、フェスティバル、大統領就任式の場所です。ワシントン記念塔とジェファーソンピアは、ホワイトハウスの南にあるモールの中心近くにあります。また、モールには、リンカーン記念館リフレクティングプールの東端にある第二次世界大戦記念碑、朝鮮戦争戦没者慰霊碑、ベトナム戦争戦没者慰霊碑があります。。[166]
モールのすぐ南にあるタイダルベイスンには、日本の桜並木が並んでいます。[167]フランクリン・デラノ・ルーズベルト記念館、ジョージ・メイソン記念館、ジェファーソン記念館、マーティン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニア記念館、コロンビア特別区戦争記念館がタイダル・ベイスン周辺にあります。[166]
The National Archives houses thousands of documents important to American history, including the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights.[168] Located in three buildings on Capitol Hill, the Library of Congress is the largest library complex in the world with a collection of more than 147 million books, manuscripts, and other materials.[169] The United States Supreme Court Building was completed in 1935; before then, the court held sessions in the Old Senate Chamber of the Capitol.[170]
Museums

The Smithsonian Institution is an educational foundation chartered by Congress in 1846 that maintains most of the nation's official museums and galleries in Washington, D.C. The U.S. government partially funds the Smithsonian, and its collections are open to the public free of charge.[172] The Smithsonian's locations had a combined total of 30 million visits in 2013. The most visited museum is the National Museum of Natural History on the National Mall.[173] Other Smithsonian Institution museums and galleries on the mall are: the National Air and Space Museum; the National Museum of African Art; the National Museum of American History; the National Museum of the American Indian; the Sackler and Freer galleries, which both focus on Asian art and culture; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden; the Arts and Industries Building; the S. Dillon Ripley Center; and the Smithsonian Institution Building (also known as "The Castle"), which serves as the institution's headquarters.[174] The Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery are housed in the Old Patent Office Building, near Washington's Chinatown.[175] The Renwick Gallery is officially part of the Smithsonian American Art Museum but is in a separate building near the White House. Other Smithsonian museums and galleries include: the Anacostia Community Museum in Southeast Washington; the National Postal Museum near Union Station; and the National Zoo in Woodley Park.[174]
The National Gallery of Art is on the National Mall near the Capitol and features American and European artworks. The U.S. government owns the gallery and its collections. However, they are not a part of the Smithsonian Institution.[176] The National Building Museum, which occupies the former Pension Building near Judiciary Square, was chartered by Congress and hosts exhibits on architecture, urban planning, and design.[177]
There are many private art museums in the District of Columbia, which house major collections and exhibits open to the public, such as the National Museum of Women in the Arts and The Phillips Collection in Dupont Circle, the first museum of modern art in the United States.[178] Other private museums in Washington include the Newseum, the O Street Museum, the International Spy Museum, the National Geographic Society Museum, and the Museum of the Bible. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum near the National Mall maintains exhibits, documentation, and artifacts related to the Holocaust.[179]
Arts

Washington, D.C., is a national center for the arts. The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is home to the National Symphony Orchestra, the Washington National Opera, and the Washington Ballet. The Kennedy Center Honors are awarded each year to those in the performing arts who have contributed greatly to the cultural life of the United States.[180] The historic Ford's Theatre, site of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, continues to operate as a functioning performance space as well as a museum.[181]
The Marine Barracks near Capitol Hill houses the United States Marine Band; founded in 1798, it is the country's oldest professional musical organization.[182] American march composer and Washington-native John Philip Sousa led the Marine Band from 1880 until 1892.[183] Founded in 1925, the United States Navy Band has its headquarters at the Washington Navy Yard and performs at official events and public concerts around the city.[184] Washington has a strong local theater tradition. Founded in 1950, Arena Stage achieved national attention and spurred growth in the city's independent theater movement that now includes organizations such as the Shakespeare Theatre Company, Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company, and the Studio Theatre.[185] Arena Stage opened its newly renovated home in the city's emerging Southwest waterfront area in 2010.[186] The GALA Hispanic Theatre, now housed in the historic Tivoli Theatre in Columbia Heights, was founded in 1976 and is a National Center for the Latino Performing Arts.[187]
The U Street Corridor in Northwest D.C., known as "Washington's Black Broadway", is home to institutions like the Howard Theatre, Bohemian Caverns, and the Lincoln Theatre, which hosted music legends such as Washington-native Duke Ellington, John Coltrane, and Miles Davis.[188] Washington has its own native music genre called go-go; a post-funk, percussion-driven flavor of rhythm and blues that was popularized in the late 1970s by D.C. band leader Chuck Brown.[189]
The district is an important center for indie culture and music in the United States. The label Dischord Records, formed by Ian MacKaye, frontman of Fugazi, was one of the most crucial independent labels in the genesis of 1980s punk and eventually indie rock in the 1990s.[190] Modern alternative and indie music venues like The Black Cat and the 9:30 Club bring popular acts to the U Street area.[191]
Sports

Washington is one of 13 cities in the United States with teams from all four major professional men's sports and is home to one major professional women's team. The Washington Wizards (National Basketball Association) and the Washington Capitals (National Hockey League) play at the Capital One Arena in Chinatown. The Washington Mystics (Women's National Basketball Association) play in the St. Elizabeths East Entertainment and Sports Arena. Nationals Park, which opened in Southeast D.C. in 2008, is home to the Washington Nationals (Major League Baseball). D.C. United (Major League Soccer) plays at Audi Field. The Washington Football Team (National Football League) plays at FedExField in nearby Landover, Maryland.
D.C. teams have won a combined thirteen professional league championships: the Washington Football Team (then named the Washington Redskins) have won five (including three Super Bowls during the 1980s);[192] D.C. United has won four;[193] and the Washington Wizards (then the Washington Bullets), Washington Capitals, Washington Mystics and Washington Nationals have each won a single championship.[194][195]
Other professional and semi-professional teams in Washington include: DC Defenders (XFL), Old Glory DC (Major League Rugby), the Washington Kastles (World TeamTennis); the Washington D.C. Slayers (USA Rugby League); the Baltimore Washington Eagles (U.S. Australian Football League); the D.C. Divas (Independent Women's Football League); and the Potomac Athletic Club RFC (Rugby Super League). The William H.G. FitzGerald Tennis Center in Rock Creek Park hosts the Citi Open. Washington is also home to two major annual marathon races: the Marine Corps Marathon, which is held every autumn, and the Rock 'n' Roll USA Marathon held in the spring. The Marine Corps Marathon began in 1976 and is sometimes called "The People's Marathon" because it is the largest marathon that does not offer prize money to participants.[196]
The district's four NCAA Division I teams, American Eagles, George Washington Colonials, Georgetown Hoyas and Howard Bison and Lady Bison, have a broad following. The Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team is the most notable and also plays at the Capital One Arena. From 2008 to 2012, the district hosted an annual college football bowl game at RFK Stadium, called the Military Bowl.[197] The D.C. area is home to one regional sports television network, Comcast SportsNet (CSN), based in Bethesda, Maryland.
Media
Washington, D.C., is a prominent center for national and international media. The Washington Post, founded in 1877, is the oldest and most-read local daily newspaper in Washington.[198] "The Post", as it is popularly called, is well known as the newspaper that exposed the Watergate scandal.[199] It had the sixth-highest readership of all news dailies in the country in 2011.[200] From 2003 to 2019, The Washington Post Company published a daily free commuter newspaper called the Express, which summarized events, sports and entertainment;[201] it still publishes the Spanish-language paper El Tiempo Latino.
Another popular local daily is The Washington Times, the city's second general interest broadsheet and also an influential paper in conservative political circles.[202] The alternative weekly Washington City Paper also has a substantial readership in the Washington area.[203][204]

Some community and specialty papers focus on neighborhood and cultural issues, including the weekly Washington Blade and Metro Weekly, which focus on LGBT issues; the Washington Informer and The Washington Afro American, which highlight topics of interest to the black community; and neighborhood newspapers published by The Current Newspapers. Congressional Quarterly, The Hill, Politico and Roll Call newspapers focus exclusively on issues related to Congress and the federal government. Other publications based in Washington include the National Geographic magazine and political publications such as The Washington Examiner, The New Republic and Washington Monthly.[205]
The Washington Metropolitan Area is the ninth-largest television media market in the nation, with two million homes, approximately 2% of the country's population.[206] Several media companies and cable television channels have their headquarters in the area, including C-SPAN; Black Entertainment Television (BET); Radio One; the National Geographic Channel; Smithsonian Networks; National Public Radio (NPR); Travel Channel (in Chevy Chase, Maryland); Discovery Communications (in Silver Spring, Maryland); and the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) (in Arlington, Virginia). The headquarters of Voice of America, the U.S. government's international news service, is near the Capitol in Southwest Washington.[207]
Washington has two local NPR affiliates, WAMU and WETA.
Government and politics
Politics
Article One, Section Eight of the United States Constitution grants the United States Congress "exclusive jurisdiction" over the city. The district did not have an elected local government until the passage of the 1973 Home Rule Act. The Act devolved certain Congressional powers to an elected mayor and the thirteen-member Council of the District of Columbia. However, Congress retains the right to review and overturn laws created by the council and intervene in local affairs.[208] Washington, D.C., is overwhelmingly Democratic, having voted for the Democratic presidential candidate solidly since it was granted electoral votes in 1964.
Each of the city's eight wards elects a single member of the council and residents elect four at-large members to represent the district as a whole. The council chair is also elected at-large.[209] There are 37 Advisory Neighborhood Commissions (ANCs) elected by small neighborhood districts. ANCs can issue recommendations on all issues that affect residents; government agencies take their advice under careful consideration.[210] The attorney general of the District of Columbia is elected to a four-year term.[211]
Washington, D.C., observes all federal holidays and also celebrates Emancipation Day on April 16, which commemorates the end of slavery in the district.[42] The flag of Washington, D.C., was adopted in 1938 and is a variation on George Washington's family coat of arms.[212]
Same-sex marriage has been legal in the district since 2010, and conversion therapy has been prohibited since 2015. Assisted suicide is also permitted in the district, with a bill legalizing the practice being introduced in 2015, signed by mayor Muriel Bowser in 2016, and going into effect in 2017, making Washington, D.C., the seventh jurisdiction in the United States to have legalized assisted suicide, along with Washington, Oregon, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Montana and Vermont.[citation needed]
Washington, D.C., has been a member state of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) since 2015.[213]
The idiom Inside the Beltway is an occasional reference used by media to describe political issues inside of Washington, D.C., by way of geographical demarcation regarding the region inner to the Capital's Beltway, Interstate 495, the city's highway loop (beltway) constructed in 1964.[citation needed]
Budgetary issues

The mayor and council set local taxes and a budget, which Congress must approve. The Government Accountability Office and other analysts have estimated that the city's high percentage of tax-exempt property and the Congressional prohibition of commuter taxes create a structural deficit in the district's local budget of anywhere between $470 million and over $1 billion per year. Congress typically provides additional grants for federal programs such as Medicaid and the operation of the local justice system; however, analysts claim that the payments do not fully resolve the imbalance.[214][215]
The city's local government, particularly during the mayoralty of Marion Barry, was criticized for mismanagement and waste.[216] During his administration in 1989, The Washington Monthly magazine claimed that the district had "the worst city government in America".[217] In 1995, at the start of Barry's fourth term, Congress created the District of Columbia Financial Control Board to oversee all municipal spending.[218] Mayor Anthony Williams won election in 1998 and oversaw a period of urban renewal and budget surpluses.
The district regained control over its finances in 2001 and the oversight board's operations were suspended.[219]
The district has a federally funded "Emergency Planning and Security Fund" to cover security related to visits by foreign leaders and diplomats, presidential inaugurations, protests, and terrorism concerns. During the Trump administration, the fund has run with a deficit. Trump's January 2017 inauguration cost the city $27 million; of that, $7 million was never repaid to the fund. Trump's 2019 Independence Day event, "A Salute to America", cost six times more than Independence Day events in past years.[220]
Voting rights debate

The district is not a state and therefore has no voting representation in Congress. D.C. residents elect a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives (D.C. At-Large), who may sit on committees, participate in debate, and introduce legislation, but cannot vote on the House floor. The district has no official representation in the United States Senate. Neither chamber seats the district's elected "shadow" representative or senators. Unlike residents of U.S. territories such as Puerto Rico or Guam, which also have non-voting delegates, D.C. residents are subject to all federal taxes.[221] In the financial year 2012, D.C. residents and businesses paid $20.7 billion in federal taxes, more than the taxes collected from 19 states and the highest federal taxes per capita.[222]
A 2005 poll found that 78% of Americans did not know residents of the District of Columbia have less representation in Congress than residents of the fifty states.[223] Efforts to raise awareness about the issue have included campaigns by grassroots organizations and featuring the city's unofficial motto, "Taxation Without Representation", on D.C. vehicle license plates.[224] There is evidence of nationwide approval for D.C. voting rights; various polls indicate that 61 to 82% of Americans believe D.C. should have voting representation in Congress.[223][225]
Several approaches to resolving these concerns have been suggested over the years:
- District of Columbia Statehood: Almost all the District of Columbia would become the 51st State as Washington, Douglass Commonwealth. The much-reduced District of Columbia would run from Capitol Hill west to the Potomac, including the White House and many federal buildings; no one resides permanently in this federal enclave.[citation needed]
- District of Columbia Retrocession to Maryland: As Arlington County in 1846 was retroceded to Virginia, proponents believe the rest of the District of Columbia except for a small strip of land around the Capitol and the White House (the federal enclave) would be given back to Maryland, allowing for DC residents to become Maryland residents as they were before the Residence Act of 1790.[citation needed]
- District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment: this option would allow DC residents to vote in Maryland or Virginia for their congressional representatives, with the District of Columbia remaining an independent entity. This was in effect from 1790 to 1801, before the Organic Act of 1801.[citation needed]
Opponents of D.C. voting rights propose that the Founding Fathers never intended for district residents to have a vote in Congress since the Constitution makes clear that representation must come from the states. Those opposed to making D.C. a state claim such a move would destroy the notion of a separate national capital and that statehood would unfairly grant Senate representation to a single city.[226]
Sister cities
Washington, D.C., has fifteen official sister city agreements. Each of the listed cities is a national capital except for Sunderland, which includes the town of Washington, the ancestral home of George Washington's family.[227] Paris and Rome are each formally recognized as a partner city due to their special one sister city policy.[228] Listed in the order each agreement was first established, they are:
- Bangkok, Thailand (1962, renewed 2002 and 2012)
- Dakar, Senegal (1980, renewed 2006)
- Beijing, China (1984, renewed 2004 and 2012)
- Brussels, Belgium (1985, renewed 2002 and 2011)
- Athens, Greece (2000)
- Paris, France (2000 as a friendship and cooperation agreement, renewed 2005)[228][229]
- Pretoria, South Africa (2002, renewed 2008 and 2011)
- Seoul, South Korea (2006)
- Accra, Ghana (2006)
- Sunderland, United Kingdom (2006, renewed 2012)[227]
- Rome, Italy (2011, renewed 2013)[228]
- Ankara, Turkey (2011)
- Brasília, Brazil (2013)
- Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (2013)[230]
- San Salvador, El Salvador (2018)
Education

District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) operates the city's 123 public schools.[232] The number of students in DCPS steadily decreased for 39 years until 2009. In the 2010–11 school year, 46,191 students were enrolled in the public school system.[233] DCPS has one of the highest-cost, yet lowest-performing school systems in the country, in terms of both infrastructure and student achievement.[234] Mayor Adrian Fenty's administration made sweeping changes to the system by closing schools, replacing teachers, firing principals, and using private education firms to aid curriculum development.[235]
The District of Columbia Public Charter School Board monitors the 52 public charter schools in the city.[236] Due to the perceived problems with the traditional public school system, enrollment in public charter schools had by 2007 steadily increased.[237] As of 2010, D.C., charter schools had a total enrollment of about 32,000, a 9% increase from the prior year.[233] The district is also home to 92 private schools, which enrolled approximately 18,000 students in 2008.[238] The District of Columbia Public Library operates 25 neighborhood locations including the landmark Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library.[239]
Higher education
Private universities include American University (AU), the Catholic University of America (CUA), Gallaudet University, George Washington University (GW), Georgetown University (GU), Howard University (HU), the Johns Hopkins University Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), and Trinity Washington University. The Corcoran College of Art and Design, the oldest art school in the capital, was absorbed into the George Washington University in 2014, now serving as its college of arts.[240]
The University of the District of Columbia (UDC) is a public land-grant university providing undergraduate and graduate education. D.C. residents may also be eligible for a grant of up to $10,000 per year to offset the cost of tuition at any public university in the country.[241]
The district is known for its medical research institutions such as Washington Hospital Center and the Children's National Medical Center, as well as the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. In addition, the city is home to three medical schools and associated teaching hospitals at George Washington, Georgetown, and Howard universities.[242]
Infrastructure
Transportation
There are 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of streets, parkways, and avenues in the district.[243] Due to the freeway revolts of the 1960s, much of the proposed interstate highway system through the middle of Washington was never built. Interstate 95 (I-95), the nation's major east coast highway, therefore bends around the district to form the eastern portion of the Capital Beltway. A portion of the proposed highway funding was directed to the region's public transportation infrastructure instead.[244] The interstate highways that continue into Washington, including I-66 and I-395, both terminate shortly after entering the city.[245]
The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) operates the Washington Metro, the city's rapid transit system, as well as Metrobus. Both systems serve the district and its suburbs. Metro opened on March 27, 1976, and, as of 2014[update], consists of 91 stations and 117 miles (188 km) of track.[246] With an average of about one million trips each weekday, Metro is the second-busiest rapid transit system in the country. Metrobus serves more than 400,000 riders each weekday and is the nation's fifth-largest bus system.[247] The city also operates its own DC Circulator bus system, which connects commercial areas within central Washington.[248]
Union Station is the city's main train station and serves approximately 70,000 people each day. It is Amtrak's second-busiest station with 4.6 million passengers annually and is the southern terminus for the Northeast Corridor and Acela Express routes. Maryland's MARC and Virginia's VRE commuter trains and the Metrorail Red Line also provide service into Union Station.[249] Following renovations in 2011, Union Station became Washington's primary intercity bus transit center.[250]
Three major airports serve the district. The closest is Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, which is about 5 miles from the city and is primarily reserved for domestic flights, but is the least busy in the region. The busiest by international flights is Washington Dulles International Airport located about 24 miles away from the city center,[251] and the busiest by total passenger boardings is Baltimore/Washington International Airport, about 30 miles from the city.[252] Each of these three airports also serves as a hub for a major American airline: Reagan is a small hub for American Airlines,[253] Dulles is a major hub for United Airlines and Star Alliance partners,[254] and BWI is a major focus city for Southwest Airlines.[255]
According to a 2010 study, Washington-area commuters spent 70 hours a year in traffic delays, which tied with Chicago for having the nation's worst road congestion.[256] However, 37% of Washington-area commuters take public transportation to work, the second-highest rate in the country.[257] An additional 12% of D.C. commuters walked to work, 6% carpooled, and 3% traveled by bicycle in 2010.[258] A 2011 study by Walk Score found that Washington was the seventh-most walkable city in the country with 80% of residents living in neighborhoods that are not car dependent.[259] In 2013, the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria metropolitan statistical area (MSA) had the eighth lowest percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile (75.7 percent), with 8 percent of area workers traveling via rail transit.[260]
An expected 32% increase in transit usage within the district by 2030 has spurred the construction of a new DC Streetcar system to interconnect the city's neighborhoods.[261] An additional Metro line that will connect Washington to Dulles airport is expected to open by July 2021 at the earliest.[needs update][262][263] The district is part of the regional Capital Bikeshare program. Started in 2010, it is one of the largest bicycle sharing systems in the country with more than 4,351 bicycles and more than 395 stations,[264] all provided by PBSC Urban Solutions. By 2012, the city's network of marked bicycle lanes covered 56 miles (90 km) of streets.[265]
Utilities

The District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority (i.e., WASA or D.C. Water) is an independent authority of the D.C. government that provides drinking water and wastewater collection in Washington. WASA purchases water from the historic Washington Aqueduct, which is operated by the Army Corps of Engineers. The water, sourced from the Potomac River, is treated and stored in the city's Dalecarlia, Georgetown, and McMillan reservoirs. The aqueduct provides drinking water for a total of 1.1 million people in the district and Virginia, including Arlington, Falls Church, and a portion of Fairfax County.[266] The authority also provides sewage treatment services for an additional 1.6 million people in four surrounding Maryland and Virginia counties.[267]
Pepco is the city's electric utility and services 793,000 customers in the district and suburban Maryland.[268] An 1889 law prohibits overhead wires within much of the historic City of Washington. As a result, all power lines and telecommunication cables are located underground in downtown Washington, and traffic signals are placed at the edge of the street.[269] A plan announced in 2013 would bury an additional 60 miles (97 km) of primary power lines throughout the district.[270]
Washington Gas is the city's natural gas utility and serves more than a million customers in the district and its suburbs. Incorporated by Congress in 1848, the company installed the city's first gas lights in the Capitol, the White House, and along Pennsylvania Avenue.[271]
See also
- Index of Washington, D.C.–related articles
- Outline of Washington, D.C.
- List of people from Washington, D.C.
Notes
- ^ By 1790, the Southern states had largely repaid their overseas debts from the Revolutionary War. The Northern states had not, and wanted the federal government to take over their outstanding liabilities. Southern Congressmen agreed to the plan in return for establishing the new national capital at their preferred site on the Potomac River.[24]
- ^ The Residence Act allowed the President to select a location within Maryland as far east as the Anacostia River. However, Washington shifted the federal territory's borders to the southeast and rotated them to include the city of Alexandria at the District's southern tip. In 1791, Congress amended the Residence Act to approve the new site, including territory ceded by Virginia.[25]
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records for Washington, D.C. were kept at 24th and M Streets NW from January 1871 to June 1945, and at Reagan National Airport since July 1945.[90]
- ^ Apportionment totals are collected by combining Resident and Overseas population. (For D.C., this is 689545 residents and 1988 overseas population.)
- ^ Until 1890, the Census Bureau counted the City of Washington, Georgetown, and unincorporated portions of Washington County as three separate areas. The data provided in this article from before 1890 are calculated as if the District of Columbia were a single municipality as it is today. Population data for each city prior to 1890 are available.[111]
- ^ The territories of the United States have the highest poverty rates in the United States.[136]
- ^ These figures count adherents, meaning all full members, their children, and others who regularly attend services. In all of the District, 55% of the population is adherent to any particular religion.
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