イラクのイスラム国とレバント

ウィキペディアから、無料の百科事典
ナビゲーションにジャンプ 検索にジャンプ

イラクのイスラム国とレバント
الدولةالإسلاميةفيالعراقوالشام AD-Dawlah
アルIslāmiyahのFI「L-'IrāqWA-SH-SHAM
創設者アブムサブアルザルカウィ † [3]
リーダー
運用日
1999年〜現在
  • 1999: Established under the name of Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
  • October 2004: Joined al-Qaeda
  • 13 October 2006: Declaration of an Islamic state in Iraq
  • 8 April 2013: Claim of territory in the Levant
  • 3 February 2014:[17] Separated from al-Qaeda:[18]
  • 29 June 2014: Declaration of caliphate
  • 13 November 2014: Claim of territory in Libya, Egypt, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen
  • 29 January 2015: Claim of territory in South Asia[19]
  • 12 March 2015: Claim of territory in Nigeria[20]
  • 23 June 2015: Claim of territory in North Caucasus[21]
  • 20 July 2017: Recapture of Mosul by Iraqi forces
  • 17 October 2017: Capture of Raqqa by SDF forces
  • 23 March 2019: Loses all of its territory in Syria
  • 27 October 2019: Killing of Baghdadi
グループ
本部
アクティブな領域Territoires de l'Etat islamique juin 2015.png
ISILの領土は、その最大の領土範囲（2015年5月）の時点で灰色で表示されています。[30]
マップの凡例
  •   Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
  •   Iraqi government
  •   Syrian government
  •   Lebanese government
  •   Iraqi Kurdistan forces
  •   Syrian Kurdistan forces
  •   Syrian opposition forces
  •   Turkish Armed Forces
  •   Tahrir al-Sham (HTS)
  •   Hezbollah
  • Note: Iraq and Syria contain large desert areas with sparse populations. These areas are mapped as under the control of forces holding roads and towns within them.
詳細な現在の地図
イデオロギー
サイズ
戦闘員番号のリスト
  • Inside Syria and Iraq:
    • 200,000[44][45] (2015 claim by Iraqi Kurdistan Chief of Staff)
    • 100,000[46]​[45]​ (2015 Jihadist claim)
    • 28,600–31,600[47] (2016 US Defense Department estimate)
    • 35,000–100,000[48] (US State Department estimate)
  • Outside Syria and Iraq: 32,600–57,900 (See Military activity of ISIL for more detailed estimates.)
  • Estimated total: 61,200–257,900
民間人
  • In 2015 (near max extent): 8–12 million[49][50]
味方セクションを参照してください
対戦相手州の反対者
他の多く

非国家主体

 ヒズボラ

全リスト...

もっと...
戦いと戦争イラク戦争（2003-2011）、イラクの武装勢力、シリアの内戦、イラク内戦、第二リビアの内戦、ボコ・ハラムの暴動、北西パキスタン戦争、アフガニスタン紛争、イエメン市民戦争、およびその他の紛争
主なターゲット生来の決意作戦とのISILに対する軍事介入 シリア、イラク、リビア、およびナイジェリア
上のシリーズの一部
聖戦主義
イスラム原理主義
著名なジハード主義組織
アフリカのジハード主義
アジアのジハード主義
西洋のジハード主義
Allah-green.svg イスラムポータル

イラクのイスラム状態とバント（ISIL ; / aɪ S əl、aɪ S ɪ L / ）としても知られているイラクとシリアのイスラム状態（ISIS ; / aɪ S ɪ S /）、[90]正式にはイスラム国（IS）として知られており、アラビア語の頭字語Daesh（アラビア語：داعش、Dāʿish）でも知られています、IPA：  [ˈdaːʕɪʃ]）、[91]は過激派グループであり、サラフィージハード主義の教義に従ったかつての認識されていない 原始国家[92]です。[93]

ISILは、によって設立されました アブー・ムスアブ・アッ=ザルカーウィー 、それが運転したとき、2014年に世界的な注目を集めイラク治安部隊をその中に主要都市のうち、西部イラク攻撃、[94]その続くモスルのキャプチャ[95]とSinjar大虐殺。[96]

このグループは、国連によってテロ組織として指定されています。ISILは、ジャーナリストや援助労働者を含む兵士と民間人の斬首やその他の種類の死刑執行のビデオ[97]と、文化遺産の破壊で知られています。[98]国連は、人権侵害、大量虐殺、戦争犯罪、および人道に対する罪を犯す責任をISILに負わせている。[99]イスラム国は、イラク北部で歴史的な規模で大量虐殺と民族浄化を行った。[100] [101]

ISILは1999年に発足し、アルカイダへの忠誠を誓い、2003年の西側軍によるイラク侵攻後のイラクの反乱に参加しました。 2014年6月では、グループは、自分自身を宣言し、世界中のカリフ[102] [103]及び（イスラム状態としてそれ自体を参照始めالدولةالإسلامية AD-DawlahアルIslāmiyah ; IS）。[104]カリフ制として、それは世界中のすべてのイスラム教徒に対する宗教的、政治的、および軍事的権威を主張した。[105]イスラム国という名前の採用 そして、カリフ制の考えは批判されており、国連、さまざまな政府、そして主流のイスラム教徒グループがその国家としての地位を拒否している。[106]

シリアでは、グループは、両方の接地攻撃行なっ政府軍と反対の派閥を、そして2015年12月で、それは推定800万12人を含む、東部のシリアへの西部のイラクから延びるエリアを開催し、[49] [50] [107]シリア法の解釈を強制したところ。 ISILは、アフガニスタンとパキスタンを含む18か国で運用されていると考えられています。[108] 2015年、ISILは、年間以上の予算持つと推定された1 US $ 億ドルと30,000人以上の戦闘機を。[109]

2014年半ば、米国主導の国際連合がシリアとイラクでISILに対抗し、イラク治安部隊とシリア民主軍でISILの敵にアドバイザー、武器、訓練、物資を提供することに加えて、空爆キャンペーンを行いました。このキャンペーンは、後者の2つの軍隊を再活性化し、ISILに損害を与え、数万人の軍隊を殺害し[110]、財政的および軍事的インフラストラクチャーを削減しました。[111]これに続いて小規模なロシアの介入が行われたISILが空爆、巡航ミサイル攻撃、およびその他のロシアの軍事活動によりさらに数千人の戦闘機を失い、その財政基盤がさらに悪化したシリアでのみ。[112] 2017年7月、グループは最大の都市であるモスルの支配権をイラク軍に失い、続いて事実上の政治首都であるラッカをシリア民主軍に失った。[113] 2017年12月までに、イスラム国はその最大領土のわずか2％を支配した（2015年5月）。[114] 2017年12月、グループがイラクの領土の約3分の1を占領してから3年後、イラク軍はイスラム国の最後の残党を地下に追いやった。[115]2019年3月までに、ISILはDeir ez-Zorキャンペーンで中東の最後の重要な領土の1つを失い、Baghuz Fawqaniの戦いの後、Al-BaghuzFawqaniの「テントシティー」とポケットをシリア民主軍に引き渡しました。[29]

2019年10月には、ISILメディアがあることを発表しましたアブ・イブラヒム・アル・HashimiアルQurashiは、イスラム国家の新しい指導者であった[116]の後にアブー・バクル・アル=バグダーディーが 自殺した米国の間にベスト自殺を爆発させることにより、Barishaの襲撃でシリアの反政府勢力– 4日前にシリアのIdlib州を開催しました。[117] [118] [119]

2021年8月には、イスラム国家のアフガンアフィリエイト、ISIL-KPは殺さ13人の軍人と少なくとも169人のアフガン民間人を[120] [121]の間にカブールの米避難。米国の死亡者数は、2011年以来アフガニスタンで最も多い米軍の死亡者数でした。[121] [122] [123] [120]

名前

2013年4月に、シリアに拡大した、グループを採用名AD-DawlahアルIslāmiyah「は、L-'IrāqWA-SH-SHAMをFI（الدولةالإسلاميةفيالعراقوالشام）。アル・シャムはしばしばに比べ領域でバント又は大シリア、グループの名前は様々 「イラクのイスラム国家として翻訳されたアル・シャム」、[124]「イラクとシリアのイスラム状態」[125] （両方ともISISと略される）、または「イラクのイスラム国とレバント」（ISILと略される）。[90]

しながら、一方または他方のいずれかを使用する頭字語は、議論の対象となっている[90] [126] 2との関連性がないので、大きな考えられていたの区別。[90]より関連性の高い名前はDaeshです。これは、ISILのアラビア語の名前al-Dawlahal-Islamīyahfīl-ʻIrāqwa-sh-Shāmの 頭字語です。Dāʿish（داعش）、またはDaesh。この名前は、広く、ISILのアラビア語圏の中傷によって使用されてきた[124] [127]たとえば、グループ間で話しているときにグループを参照する場合、⁠⁠—および⁠⁠のためにある程度は—アラビア語のDaes（「足元で何かを押しつぶす、または踏みにじる人」）に似ているため、蔑称と見なされます。 ）とDāhis（大まかに翻訳：「不和をまく者」）。[91] [128]その制御下の領域内では、ISILはむち打ちによって名称Daeshの処罰の使用を考慮し[129] 、または舌を切り出します。[130]

2014年6月下旬に、グループは自分自身をad-Dawlahal-Islāmiyah（点灯。 「イスラム国」またはIS）に改名し、世界的なカリフ制を宣言しました。[103]「イスラム国」という名前とカリフ制であるというグループの主張は広く拒否されており、国連、さまざまな政府、および主流のイスラム教徒グループは新しい名前の使用を拒否しています。[131] 2014年6月の新しいカリフ制のグループの宣言と「イスラム国家」という名前の採用は、それが支配する領域の内外の両方でイスラム教徒の学者とライバルのイスラム教徒によって批判され、嘲笑された。[131] [132]

2014年9月における演説で、米国大統領のバラク・オバマは、何の政府はその中で（ISILは（何の宗教が罪の殺害を黙認しないということに基づいて）「イスラム」もなかったでもそれは「状態」であると述べた認識していないAとしてグループを州）、[133]一方で、多くの人が「イスラム国」という名前を使用することに反対しているが、その名前が意味する権威に対する広範囲にわたる宗教的および政治的主張のためである。国連安全保障理事会、[134]米国、[133]カナダ、[135]トルコ、[136]オーストラリア、[137]ロシア、[要出典]イギリス[138]および他の国は一般にグループを「ISIL」と呼びますが、アラブ世界の多くはアラビア語の頭字語「Dāʻish」（または「Daesh」）を使用しています。フランスのローラン・ファビウス外相は、「これはテロリスト集団であり、国家ではない。イスラム、イスラム教徒、イスラム教徒の間の境界線を曖昧にするため、イスラム国家という用語を使用することはお勧めしない。アラブ人はそれを「Daesh」と呼び、私はそれらを「Daeshcutthroats」と呼んでいます。」 [139]連合を調整するために任命された米国の使節である、引退した将軍ジョン・アレン。米陸軍中将ジェームズ・テリー、グループに対する作戦責任者。そして国務長官 ジョン・ケリー2014年12月までにDaeshという用語の使用に移行しましたが[140]、それでも2021年には蔑称のままでした。[141]

2014年、ダルアルイフタアルミスリヤはISISを「イラクとシリアのアルカイダ分離主義者」のQSISと呼んでおり、ISILはイスラム教徒の大多数を代表していないと主張しました。[142]

目的と戦略

イデオロギー

ISILは神権政治、原始国家[143]、そしてサラフィー・ジハードグループです。[35] [144] ISILの思想は、ハイブリッドであるとして説明したSalafism、[32]サラフィーのjihadism [32] [33] [34] [35] 、ワッハーブ派とスンニイスラム原理。[34] [35] [145] ISILの特許請求の範囲は、に付着するがサラフィー神学のイブン・タイミーヤ、それは伝統的なサラフィーの解釈と4つのスンニ派の法学部に反抗し、サラフィーの大部分を異端者として麻酔します。 ISILのイデオログは、参照用にイスラムの奨学金や法律のマニュアルを順守することはめったになく、主にコーランとイスラム教の伝統の自己解釈に基づいて判決を導き出すことを好みます。[146]ロバート・マンネによれば、イスラム国のイデオロギーは「主に過激なエジプトのムスリム同胞団の理論家サイイド・クトゥブの著作に基づいている」という「一般的なコンセンサス」があります。[147]ムスリム同胞団は、20世紀に政治的イスラム主義の傾向を開始し、別のカリフ制の漸進主義的確立を求めた。これは、シャリーアによる包括的なイスラムシステムの支配となるでしょう。サイイド・クトゥブの教義を通してジャーヒリーヤ（事前イスラム無知）、hakimiyya（神の主権）とTakfir社会全体の、ムスリム同胞団の政治的イスラムプロジェクトのラジカルビジョンはのコア形成することになるQutbism（骨格サラフィー-Jihadismを）。クトゥブは、アブドゥッラー・アッザムからザワヒリ、そしてデーシュに至るまで、すべてのジハード主義思想の先駆者でした。[148]シリアの学者ムハンマド・アル・ヤコウビによれば、ISILのイデオロギーの主要な要素とその過激派の慣行はジハード主義者に由来しているエジプトの学者サイイドクトゥブの作品とムスリム同胞団運動の強硬派の翼のマニュアル。[149] Sayyid Qutbと並んで、Ibn Taymiyya、Abdullah Azzam、およびAbu Bakr Najiは、ISISの最も呼び出されたイデオロギーの人物の1人です。[150]

アブ・バクル・アル・バグダディ自身は、若い頃に元ムスリム同胞団のメンバーとして過激化した。[151] Motaz Al-Khateebは、ムスリム同胞団とDaeshは「同じイスラム法学を利用している」が、戦略と行動は「正反対」であるため、宗教文書とイスラム法学はDaeshの「出現を説明できない」と述べている。[152]は、もともとその最初の指導者によって解放信念の公式声明を通じて、アブー・ウマル・アル=バグダーディー2014年6月以来、2007年には、その後、更新、ISILは独自の定義された信条を「過激派との間に中間の方法としてKharijitesと緩いMurji'ites」 。[33]：38ISILのイデオロギーは、スンニ派イスラム教の厳格で純粋な形態である過激なジハード-サラフィーイスラム教を表しています。[153]アメリカのイスラムネットワークグループ（ING）のようなイスラム教組織は、このイスラムの解釈に反対している。[154] ISILは促進宗教的暴力を、そしてそのような解釈に同意しないイスラム教徒に関しては不信心者や背教者を。[155] Hayder al Khoeiによると、ISILの哲学は、それが採用したムハンマドの伝説的な戦闘旗の黒旗の変種の象徴によって表されています。旗は白い円の中にムハンマドの印章があり、その上に「アッラー以外に神はいない」というフレーズがあります。[156]そのような象徴性は、それが初期のイスラムのカリフ制の回復を表し、これが意味するすべての政治的、宗教的および終末論的影響を伴うというISILの信念を示していると言われています。[157]

ISILはグローバルなジハード主義の原則を遵守し、アルカイダや他の多くの現代のジハード主義グループの強硬なイデオロギーに従います。[17] [155]

彼らの指導原則のために、イスラム国の指導者は...スンニ派イスラム教のワッハーブ派運動への彼らのほぼ排他的なコミットメントについてオープンで明確です。このグループは、管理する学校でサウジアラビアのワッハーブ派の宗教教科書の画像を配布しています。グループの領土からのビデオは、公式の宣教師バンの側面に塗られたワッハーブ派のテキストを示しています。

— デビッド・D・カークパトリック、ニューヨークタイムズ[158]

エコノミストによると、グループが従うサウジアラビアの慣行には、「悪」を根絶し、サラッの祈りへの出席を強制するための宗教警察の設立、死刑の広範な使用、およびスンニ派以外の宗教の破壊または転用が含まれます建物。[159]バーナード・ハイケルは、ISILのリーダーであるアブ・バクル・アル・バグダディの信条を「一種の手つかずのワッハーブ派」と表現している。[158]サウジアラビアの上級宗教指導者は、ISIL [160]を非難し、サウジアラビアの公式の宗教的信念からグループを遠ざけようとしている声明を発表しました。[161]

DaeshのSalafi-JihadismとWahhabismおよびSalafismproperの間にどのような関係があるかについては論争があります。ISISは、クトゥブ主義と20世紀のイスラム主義の2つの要素を、ワッハーブ派の世界観のバージョンに取り入れました。ワッハーブ派が地上の支配者に対する暴力的な反乱を避けている間、ISISは革命への政治的呼びかけを受け入れます。歴史的にワッハーブ派はカリフ制の擁護活動家ではありませんでしたが、ISISは世界的なカリフ制の回復という考えを借りました。[162]

ISISの宗教的性格は主にワッハーブ派ですが、王朝同盟、世界的なカリフ制の確立の呼びかけ、完全な暴力、黙示録という4つの重要な側面でワッハーブ派の伝統から逸脱しています。[163]

ISISはNajdiの宗教的使命同盟の最初の3つのサウジアラビアの状態のパターンに従っていませんでしたウラマーをしてアル・サウド家ではなく、彼らは彼らが背教者を検討し、。世界的なカリフ制の呼びかけは、ワッハーブ派からの別の出発点です。イスラム法ですべてのイスラム教徒の領土を統一する理想的なイスラム政体として理解されているカリフ制は、伝統的なナジディの著作にはあまり反映されていません。皮肉なことに、ワッハーブ派は反カリファト運動として出現しました。[164]

が、暴力はまずサウジ国家には存在しなかった、イスラム国家の腸痛むん早期サウジアラビアプラクティスへの先祖返りは斬首、イモレイト、と恐怖を抱かを目的とした極端な暴力の他の形態のディスプレイをしています。それらは、エジプトのジハード学者アブ・アブダラ・アル・ムハジルからインスピレーションを得た、イラクのアルカイダの元指導者であるアブ・ムサブ・アル・ザルカウィによって紹介されました。それは、一般にフィクアルディマ（血の法学）として知られている暴力に関する後者の法的マニュアルであり、イスラム国の異常な暴力行為を正当化するための標準的な参照です。[164]

イスラム国の終末論的な側面も、主流のワッハーブ派の先例を欠いています。[164]

ISILは、元の精神を損なうと信じている宗教のすべての革新を拒否し、イスラムの初期に戻ることを目指しています。それは、後のカリフ制とオスマン帝国が純粋なイスラムと呼ばれるものから逸脱したことを非難し、厳格なサラフィー・ジハード主義によって統治されている世界的なカリフ制の回復という元のクトゥブ主義プロジェクトを復活させようとしています。サラフィー・ジハードの教義に従い、ISILは世俗法の信奉者を不信者として非難し、現在のサウジアラビア政府をそのカテゴリーに入れています。[93]

ISILは、合法的な権威だけがジハードのリーダーシップを引き受けることができ、非イスラム諸国との戦いなど、他の戦闘分野よりも最優先事項はイスラム社会の浄化であると信じています。たとえば、ISILは、パレスチナのスンニ派グループのハマスを、ジハードを率いる正当な権限を持たない使徒と見なし、ハマスとの戦いをISILによるイスラエルとの対立への第一歩と見なしています。[158] [165]

Daeshに対するクトゥブ主義の影響の中心的な役割は、イエメンのジャーナリスト、アブドゥルイラー・ハイダー・シェイに起因する、イスラム国の支持者の間で人気のあることわざに最もよく捉えられています。

イスラム国はサイイド・クトゥブによって起草され、アブドゥッラー・アッザムによって教えられ、オサマ・ビンラーディンによってグローバル化され、アブ・ムサブ・アル・ザルカウィによって現実に移され、アル・バグダディスによって実施されました：アブ・オマールとアブ・バクル。

— ハッサンハッサン、イスラム国の宗派主義：イデオロギーのルーツと政治的文脈。[166]

イスラム国は、急進的な見解の層に宗派主義への焦点を追加しました。特に、それはアフガニスタンのジハードから発展したサラフィー・ジハード運動と関連していた。

— ハッサンハッサン、イスラム国の宗派主義：イデオロギーのルーツと政治的文脈。[166]

イスラム終末論

ISILとアルカイダを含む他のイスラム主義およびジハード主義運動との1つの違いは、終末論と終末論、つまり神による最後の審判の日への信念にグループが重点を置いていることです。ISILはそれがダービクの町で「ローマ」の軍隊を打ち負かすと信じています。[34] ISILはまた、アルバグダディの後、正当なカリフはあと4つしかないと考えています。[34]

過激派イスラム主義の著名な学者であるウィル・マキャンツは次のように書いています。

終わりの時への言及はイスラム国の宣伝を満たします。それは、黙示録の最後の戦いが行われる土地に旅行したい外国の戦闘機にとって大きなセールスポイントです。今日これらの国々で激しさを増している内戦[イラクとシリア]は予言に信頼を与えています。イスラム国は終末論的な火を煽った。 [...]ビンラーディンの世代にとって、黙示録は素晴らしい採用ピッチではありませんでした。 20年前の中東の政府はより安定しており、宗派主義はより抑制されていました。反キリストに反対するよりも、腐敗と専制政治に反対するために武装することによって募集するほうがよい。しかし、今日では、終末論的な採用ピッチは以前よりも理にかなっています。

— ウィリアム・マキャンツ、ISIS黙示録：イスラム国家の歴史、戦略、そして終末のビジョン[167]

目標

2010年12月、イラクでISIL旗を捕らえた米陸軍兵士

遅くとも2004年以来、このグループの重要な目標はスンニ派 イスラム国家の創設でした。[168]具体的には、ISILは、預言者ムハンマドの後継者であると信じられている最高指導者であるカリフの下で、宗教当局のグループが率いるイスラム国であるカリフとしての地位を確立しようと努めてきた。[169] 2014年6月、ISILは、リーダーのアルバグダディの血統をムハンマドまでさかのぼったと主張する文書を公開し[169]、6月29日に新しいカリフを宣言すると、グループはアルバグダディを任命しました。そのカリフとして。カリフとして、彼は世界中のすべての敬虔なイスラム教徒の忠誠を要求します、イスラム法学（fiqh）によると。[170]

ISILはDabiqマガジンでその目標を詳しく説明しており、次のようになるまで土地を占領し、地球全体を占領し続けると述べています。

祝福された旗...地球の東西のすべての範囲をカバーし、イスラム教の真実と正義で世界を満たし、アメリカとその連合がそのようなことを軽蔑しているとしても、ジャーヒリーヤ[無知の状態]の虚偽と専制政治に終止符を打つ。

— イスラム国の英語雑誌であるDabiqの第5版[171]

モスルでISILを埋め込んで10日間過ごしたドイツのジャーナリストJürgenTodenhöferによると、彼が聞き続けた見解は、ISILは「世界を征服したい」というものであり、コーランのグループの解釈を信じない人はすべて殺されるというものでした。 Todenhöferは、「民主主義に同意するすべての宗教は死ななければならない」というISIL戦闘機の信念[172]と、「数億人」を殺害する熱意を含む彼らの「信じられないほどの熱意」に感銘を受けました。[173]

カリフ制が宣言されたとき、ISILは次のように述べています。「すべての首長国、グループ、州、組織の合法性は、キラファの[カリフ制]の権限の拡大とその軍隊の彼らの地域への到着によって無効になります。」[169]これは、第一次世界大戦中にサイクス・ピコ協定で英国とフランスによって設立された南西アジアの政治的分裂の拒絶でした。[174]

イスラム教徒のマニュアル「野蛮人の管理」によると、イスラム教徒の土地が処理された後、すべての非イスラム教徒の地域が征服の対象となるでしょう。[175]

ストラテジー

アル・アスカリモスクの後、シーア派イスラム教で最も神聖なサイトの一つ、最初の攻撃2006年にイラクのイスラム国によって

イラク空軍の諜報機関の元大佐であるサミール・アブド・ムハンマド・アル・クリファウィの死後に発見された文書ISILの「戦略的長」と言われていた米国の侵略の前に、「グループのその後のイラクへの進出」を可能にしたシリア北部のISIL買収の詳細な計画。 Al-Khlifawiは、「対象の町について可能な限り多くのことを知るスパイで征服される地域への侵入を求めた。誰がそこに住んでいたか、誰が担当していたか、どの家族が宗教的であったか、どのイスラム法学学校が所属していたか」に、モスクがいくつあったか、イマームが誰であったか、彼が持っていた妻と子供たちの数、そして彼らが何歳だったか」。この監視とスパイ活動に続いて、殺人と誘拐が起こります–「潜在的なリーダーまたは敵であったかもしれないすべての人の排除」。ラッカでは、反政府勢力がアサド政権を追い出し、ISILが町に侵入した後、「最初の数十人、次に数百人が姿を消した」。[176]

セキュリティとインテリジェンスの専門家であるマーティン・リアドンは、ISILの目的は、敵の間に「完全な憎悪と復讐」を生み出しながら、「恐怖と脅迫を通じて絶対的な忠誠を確実にするために」、その支配下にある人々を心理的に「破壊」することであると説明しています。[177] サラフィージハード主義について書いているジャーナリストのジェイソンバークは、ISILの目標は「テロ、動員[そして]分極化」であると書いている。[178]テロへの取り組みは、民間人を威嚇し、標的となる敵の政府に「他の方法では選択しないような急いで決定を下す」ことを意図している。それは、例えば、彼らを動機付けることによって、支持者を動員することを目的としています。西部の領土の奥深くにある壮大な致命的な攻撃（2015年11月のパリ同時多発テロ）、特に西側のイスラム教徒の人口を政府から遠ざけることで二極化し、ISILの自称カリフ制の魅力を高め、「吸収または排除を通じて中立政党を排除する」。[178] [179]ジャーナリストラックミーニ・マリア・カリマチーはまた、偏光またはそれが黒（非ムスリム）及び白（ISIL）との間の「グレーゾーン」と呼ぶもの排除におけるISILの関心を強調しています。 「灰色は、西洋に住んでいて、幸せで、ここの社会に従事していると感じている穏健ムスリムです。」[180]

2004年にオンラインで公開された「野蛮人の管理[181]」（Idarat at Tawahoush）というタイトルの作品は、ISIL [182]に影響力があるといくつかのメディアによって説明され、新しいイスラムカリフ制を作成する戦略を提供することを目的としており、[183]は戦略を推奨しました戦闘機が「イスラム世界のあらゆる場所で、そして可能であればそれの外でさえ、敵の同盟の努力を分散させるために、十字軍-シオニストの敵に対する嫌悪感の攻撃を多様化し、拡大するであろうその領域外の攻撃のしたがって、可能な限りそれを排出します。」[184]

グループは、（のような海外のテロ攻撃をステージングによって敵に領土のその損失からとそらす注意「士気を強化」しようとすると非難された2016年のベルリンのトラックの攻撃、テヘランで2017年6月6日の攻撃、で2017年5月22日の爆撃マンチェスター、およびISILが信用を主張したロンドンでの2017年6月3日の攻撃）。[185]

組織

シリアのラッカは2013年からISILの管理下にあり、2014年にはグループの事実上の首都になりました。[186] 2017年10月17日、都市に大規模な破壊が見られた長い戦いの後、シリア民主軍（SDF）はISILからのラッカの完全な捕獲を発表した。

リーダーシップとガバナンス

Mugshotアブー・バクル・アル=バグダーディー米軍によってで拘留中しばらくキャンプBucca 2004年

2013年から2019年まで、ISILは、イスラム国の自称カリフであるアブバクルアルバグダディによって率いられ、運営されていました。彼らの死の前に、彼には2人の副指導者がいました。イラクのアブムスリムアルトゥルクマーニとシリアのアブアリアルアンバリ（アブアラアルアフリカとしても知られています）[187]で、どちらもトルクメン民族です。アルバグダディに助言するのは上級指導者の内閣であり、イラクとシリアでのその活動は、イスラム国がその州と呼ぶ半自治グループを率いる地元の「首長」によって管理されています。[188]の指導者の下では、金融、リーダーシップ、軍事的事項、（執行上の意思決定を含む）法的事項について議会いる外国人の戦士支援、セキュリティ、インテリジェンス、メディア。さらに、修羅評議会は、知事と評議会によって下されたすべての決定がグループのシャリーアの解釈に準拠することを保証する任務を負っています。[189]オブザーバーによれば、アル・バグダディは説教で「私が誤りを犯したときに私に助言する」ように信者に言ったが、「あらゆる脅威、反対、あるいは矛盾さえも即座に根絶される」。[190]

グループを研究しているイラク人、シリア人、アナリストによると、ISILの指導者のほとんどすべて（軍事委員会と安全保障委員会のメンバー、大多数の首長と王子を含む）は、元イラク軍と諜報員、特にサダム・フセインの元メンバーです。その政権が打倒された後、脱バース化プロセスで職と年金を失ったのバース政権。[191] [192]米国国務省のテロ対策コーディネーターの元チーフストラテジスト、デビッドキルカレンは、「私たちがイラクに侵攻していなければ、間違いなくイシスは存在しなかっただろう」と述べた。[193] グループが持続可能であるためにはシリアとイラクの両方で地元のスンニ派の人々の忠誠心を必要とするため、イラク人とシリア人はISIL内の他の国籍よりも優先されていると報告されています。[194]しかしながら、他の報告は、シリア人が外国人会員に不利であると示しており、一部のネイティブシリア人戦闘機は、賃金と宿泊施設よりも外国人に対して「好意」を示していると主張している。[195]

2016年8月、西側の諜報機関によるブリーフィングに基づくメディアの報道によると、ISILには、2014年に設立されたアラビア語でEmniと呼ばれるマルチレベルのシークレットサービスがあり、内部警察と地域支部を備えた外部運用局の組み合わせになっています。 。ユニットは、ISILの最も上級シリア手術、スポークスマンと宣伝チーフの全体の指揮下にあると考えられていたアビュー・モハマッド・アル・アドナニ[196]八月下旬2016年に空爆によって、彼の死まで、[10]

2019年10月27日、米国はシリア北西部、イドリブのバリシャでアルバグダディの化合物を標的とした特殊作戦を実施しました。攻撃はアルバグダディの死をもたらしました;驚きに襲われて逃げることができなかったアル・バグダディは、自殺ベストを爆発させ、襲撃前に敷地内に住んでいた自分自身と2人の子供を故意に殺しました。[118]ドナルド・トランプ米大統領はテレビで放映された発表の中で、バグダディは実際に作戦中に死亡し、米軍はロシアとトルコが支配する空域を通じてヘリコプター、ジェット機、ドローンからの支援を利用したと述べた。 [197]彼は、「ロシアは偉大な私たちを扱わ...イラクは優秀だった。私たちは本当に素晴らしい協力関係を持っていた」と述べ、トルコは、彼らが行っていた知っていた。[198]彼は彼らのサポートのためにトルコ、ロシア、シリア、イラクとシリアのクルド人勢力に感謝しました。[198]トルコ国防省はまた、日曜日に、トルコと米国の軍事当局がシリアのイドリブでの攻撃に先立って情報を交換し、調整したことを確認した。[199] トルコ大統領タイイブ・エルドアンの上級補佐官であるファレティン・アルトゥンはまた、とりわけ、「トルコは、米国、私たちのNATO同盟国が悪名高いテロリストを裁判にかけるのを助けたことを誇りに思っている」と述べた。あらゆる形態と症状のテロと戦うために、米国や他の人々と緊密に協力し続けるだろう」と語った。[200]クレムリンのスポークスマン、ドミトリー・ペスコフは、米国が事前にロシアに襲撃について話したかどうかについては述べなかったが、その結果が確認されれば、テロと戦うための米国による重大な貢献を表したと述べた。 [201]ロシアは以前、バグダディが空爆により2019年5月に殺害されたと主張していた。 [202]

2019年9月、ISILのプロパガンダ部門であるアマーク通信に起因する声明は、アブドラ・カルダシュがアル・バグダディの後継者として指名されたと主張しました。[203]アナリストが製作としてこの文を却下し、親戚がQardashは2017年に死亡したと言うように報告された[204] リタ・カッツ、テロのアナリストとの共同創設者SITE Intelligenceは、疑惑の文が別のフォントを使用したことを指摘他のステートメントと比較した場合、AmaqまたはISILチャネルで配布されることはありませんでした。[205]

2019年10月29日、トランプはソーシャルメディアで、アルバグダディの「ナンバーワンの交代要員」が名前を挙げずにアメリカ軍によって殺害されたと述べました。[206] A米国の当局者は、後にトランプがISILの広報担当者とシニアリーダーに言及していることが確認できアブル・ハサン・アル・Muhajir、[207] 2日前にシリアでは、米国の空爆で殺害されました。[208] 10月31日、ISILはアブイブラヒムアルハシェミアルクレイシをバグダディの後継者として指名した。[209]

ISILが管理する地域の民間人

最大範囲ISILの領土コントロールでシリアとイラク5月21日2015年に、[30]

2014年、ウォールストリートジャーナルは800万人がイスラム国に住んでいたと推定しました。[210]国際連合人権委員会は、 ISILは、「その制御と支配すべての恐怖を通して自分たちの生活の側面、教化、誰オベイそれらへのサービス提供の下に征服民間人に努める」と述べています。[211]民間人、およびイスラム国自体は、人権侵害のいくつかの映像を公開しました。[212]

民間人の社会的統制は、ISILによるシャリーア法の解釈[213]により、アル・ヒスバとして知られる道徳警察と全女性のアル・カンサー旅団、一般警察、裁判所、および募集を管理するその他の組織によって施行された。部族関係、および教育。[211]アル・Hisbahはアブムハンマド・アル・Jazrawiによって導かれました。[214]

軍隊

戦闘員の数

外国のISIL戦闘機（500以上）の出身国、ICSR推定、2018 [215]
国 戦闘機
ロシア
5,000
チュニジア
4,000
ヨルダン
3,950
Saudi Arabia
3,244
Turkey
3,000
Uzbekistan
2,500
France
1,910
Morocco
1,699
Tajikistan
1,502
China
1,000
Germany
960
Lebanon
900
Azerbaijan
900
Kyrgyzstan
863
United Kingdom
860
Indonesia
800
Kazakhstan
600
Libya
600
Egypt
500
Turkmenistan
500
Belgium
500

Estimates of the size of ISIL's military have varied widely, from tens of thousands[216] up to 200,000.[44]​ In early 2015, journalist Mary Anne Weaver estimated that half of ISIL fighters were foreigners.[217] A UN report estimated a total of 15,000 fighters from over 80 countries were in ISIL's ranks in November 2014.[218] US intelligence estimated an increase to around 20,000 foreign fighters in February 2015, including 3,400 from the Western world.[219] In September 2015, the CIA estimated that 30,000 foreign fighters had joined ISIL.[220]

According to Abu Hajjar, a former senior leader of ISIL, foreign fighters receive food, petrol and housing, but unlike native Iraqi or Syrian fighters, they do not receive payment in wages.[221] Since 2012, more than 3000 people from the central Asian countries have gone to Syria, Iraq or Afghanistan to join the Islamic State or Jabhat al Nusra.[222]

Conventional weapons

ISIL relies mostly on captured weapons with major sources including Saddam Hussein's Iraqi stockpiles from the 2003–11 Iraq insurgency[223] and weapons from government and opposition forces fighting in the Syrian Civil War and during the post-US withdrawal Iraqi insurgency. The captured weapons, including armour, guns, surface-to-air missiles, and even some aircraft, enabled rapid territorial growth and facilitated the capture of additional equipment.[224] For example, ISIL captured US-made TOW anti-tank missiles supplied by the United States and Saudi Arabia to the Free Syrian Army in Syria.[225] Ninety percent of the group's weapons ultimately originated in China, Russia or Eastern Europe according to Conflict Armament Research.[226]

Non-conventional weapons

The group uses truck and car bombs, suicide bombers and IEDs, and has used chemical weapons in Iraq and Syria.[227] ISIL captured nuclear materials from Mosul University in July 2014, but is unlikely to be able to convert them into weapons.[228] In September 2015 a US official stated that ISIL was manufacturing and using mustard agent in Syria and Iraq, and had an active chemical weapons research team.[229] ISIL has also used water as a weapon of war. The group closed the gates of the smaller Nuaimiyah dam in Fallujah in April 2014, flooding the surrounding regions, while cutting the water supply to the Shia-dominated south. Around 12,000 families lost their homes and 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) of villages and fields were either flooded or dried up. The economy of the region also suffered with destruction of cropland and electricity shortages.[230]

An ISIL fighter captured by Iraqi Security Forces near Tikrit, 2015

During the Battle of Mosul, commercially available quadcopters and drones were being used by ISIL as surveillance and weapons delivery platforms using improvised cradles to drop grenades and other explosives.[231] One ISIL drone base was struck and destroyed by two Royal Air Force Tornado using two Paveway IV guided bombs.[232]

Non-combatant recruits

Although ISIL attracts followers from different parts of the world by promoting the image of holy war, not all of its recruits end up in combatant roles. There have been several cases of new recruits expecting to be mujahideen who have returned from Syria disappointed by the everyday jobs that were assigned to them.[citation needed]

Women

ISIL publishes material directed at women, with media groups encouraging them to play supportive roles within ISIL, such as providing first aid, cooking, nursing and sewing skills, in order to become "good wives of jihad".[233] In 2015, it was estimated that western women made up over 550, or 10%, of ISIL's western foreign fighters.[234]

Until 2016, women were generally confined to a "women's house" upon arrival which they were forbidden to leave. These houses were often small, dirty and infested with vermin and food supply was scarce. There they remained until they either had found a husband, or the husband they arrived with had completed his training. After being allowed to leave the confinement, women still generally spent most of their days indoors where their lives are devoted to caring for their husbands and the vast majority of women in the conflict area have children. Mothers play an important role passing on ISIL ideology to their children. Widows are encouraged to remarry.[235]

In a document entitled Women in the Islamic State: Manifesto and Case Study released by the media wing of ISIL's all-female Al-Khanssaa Brigade, emphasis is given to the paramount importance of marriage and motherhood (as early as nine years old). Women should live a life of "sedentariness", fulfilling her "divine duty of motherhood" at home, with a few exceptions like teachers and doctors.[236][237] Equality for women is opposed, as is education on non-religious subjects, the "worthless worldly sciences".[237]​

Communications

Propaganda

ISIL is known for its extensive and effective use of propaganda.[238] It uses a version of the Muslim Black Standard flag and developed an emblem which has clear symbolic meaning in the Muslim world.[156]​

Videos by ISIL are commonly accompanied by nasheeds (chants), notable examples being the chant Dawlat al-Islam Qamat, which came to be viewed as an unofficial anthem of ISIL,[239] and Salil al-sawarim.[240]

ISIL, in a mid-March 2020 Al-Naba article, described the fearful reaction to COVID-19 as a divinely wrought "painful torment" against Western "crusader nations".[241] An early February article praised God for the same against Iran's Shiites and China.[242]

Traditional media

In November 2006, shortly after the group's rebranding as the "Islamic State of Iraq", it established the Al-Furqan Foundation for Media Production, which produces CDs, DVDs, posters, pamphlets, and web-related propaganda products and official statements.[243] It began to expand its media presence in 2013, with the formation of a second media wing, Al-I'tisam Media Foundation, in March[244][245] and the Ajnad Foundation for Media Production, established in January 2014, which specialises in acoustics production from a nasheed, quranic recitation.[246] On 4 May 2016 Al-Bitar Foundation launched an application on Android called "Ajnad" that allows its users to listen to the songs of the Ajnad Foundation on their mobile phones. The foundation has many singers, the most famous of whom are Abu Yasir and Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir.)[247]

In mid-2014, ISIL established the Al Hayat Media Center, which targets Western audiences and produces material in English, German, Russian and French.[248] When ISIL announced its expansion to other countries in November 2014 it established media departments for the new branches, and its media apparatus ensured that the new branches follow the same models it uses in Iraq and Syria.[249] Then FBI Director James Comey said that ISIL's "propaganda is unusually slick," noting that, "They are broadcasting... in something like 23 languages".[250]

In July 2014, al-Hayat began publishing a digital magazine called Dabiq, in a number of different languages including English.[251] According to the magazine, its name is taken from the town of Dabiq in northern Syria, which is mentioned in a hadith about Armageddon.[252] Al-Hayat also began publishing other digital magazines, including the Turkish language Konstantiniyye, the Ottoman word for Istanbul,[253] and the French language Dar al-Islam.[254] By late 2016, these magazines had apparently all been discontinued, with Al-Hayat's material being consolidated into a new magazine called Rumiyah (Arabic for Rome).[255]

The group also runs a radio network called Al-Bayan, which airs bulletins in Arabic, Russian and English and provides coverage of its activities in Iraq, Syria and Libya.[256]

Social media

ISIL's use of social media has been described by one expert as "probably more sophisticated than [that of] most US companies".[238]​[257] It regularly uses social media, particularly Twitter, to distribute its messages.[257]​[258] The group uses the encrypted instant messaging service Telegram to disseminate images, videos and updates.[259]

The group is known for releasing videos and photographs of executions of prisoners, whether beheadings, shootings, caged prisoners being burnt alive or submerged gradually until drowned.[260] Journalist Abdel Bari Atwan described ISIL's media content as part of a "systematically applied policy". The escalating violence of its killings "guarantees" the attention of the media and public.[190]​

Along with images of brutality, ISIL presents itself as "an emotionally attractive place where people 'belong', where everyone is a 'brother' or 'sister'". The "most potent psychological pitch" of ISIL media is the promise of heavenly reward to dead jihadist fighters. Frequently posted in their media are dead jihadists' smiling faces, the ISIL 'salute' of a 'right-hand index finger pointing heavenward', and testimonies of happy widows.[190]​ ISIL has also attempted to present a more "rational argument" in a series of videos hosted by the kidnapped journalist John Cantlie. In one video, various current and former US officials were quoted, such as the then US President Barack Obama and former CIA Officer Michael Scheuer.[261]

It has encouraged sympathisers to initiate vehicle-ramming and attacks worldwide.[262]

Finances

According to a 2015 study by the Financial Action Task Force, ISIL's five primary sources of revenue are as follows (listed in order of significance):

  • proceeds from the occupation of territory (including control of banks, petroleum reservoirs, taxation, extortion, and robbery of economic assets)
  • kidnapping for ransom[263]
  • donations from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and other Gulf states, often disguised as meant for "humanitarian charity"
  • material support provided by foreign fighters
  • fundraising through modern communication networks[264]

Since 2012, ISIL has produced annual reports giving numerical information on its operations, somewhat in the style of corporate reports, seemingly in a bid to encourage potential donors.[238]​[265]

In 2014, the RAND Corporation analysed ISIL's funding sources from documents captured between 2005 and 2010.[266] It found that outside donations amounted to only 5% of the group's operating budgets,[266]​ and that cells inside Iraq were required to send up to 20% of the income generated from kidnapping, extortion rackets and other activities to the next level of the group's leadership, which would then redistribute the funds to provincial or local cells that were in difficulties or needed money to conduct attacks.[266]​ In 2016, RAND estimated that ISIL finances from its largest source of income — oil revenues and the taxes it extracts from people under its control — had fallen from about US$1.9 billion in 2014 to US$870 million in 2016.[267]

In mid-2014, the Iraqi National Intelligence Service obtained information that ISIL had assets worth US$2 billion,[268] making it the richest jihadist group in the world.[269] About three-quarters of this sum was said to looted from Mosul's central bank and commercial banks in the city.[270] However, doubt was later cast on whether ISIL was able to retrieve anywhere near that sum from the central bank,[271] and even on whether the looting had actually occurred.[272]

Monetary system

ISIL attempted to create a modern gold dinar by minting gold, silver, and copper coins, based on the coinage used by the Umayyad Caliphate in the 7th century.[273] Despite a propaganda push for the currency, adoption appeared to have been minimal and its internal economy was effectively dollarised, even with regards to its own fines.[274]

Education

The education in ISIL held territory was organised by the Diwan of Education.[275][276] ISIL introduced its own curriculum which did not include lessons in history, music, geography or art, but included lectures in Islamic Law, Sharia, and Jihad.[276]​ The Diwan of Education was often in competition with the Diwan of Outreach and Mosques which organised educational centres focused on the sharia.[275]​

History

Part of a series on the
 History of the
Islamic State of Iraq
and the Levant
ISIL Caliphate Seal.svg

Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004)

Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–2006)

Mujahideen Shura Council (2006)

Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013)

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–14)

Islamic State (2014–present)
By topic
Category Category
The UN headquarters building in Baghdad after the Canal Hotel bombing, on 22 August 2003

The group was founded in 1999 by Jordanian Salafi jihadist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi under the name Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād (lit. '"The Organisation of Monotheism and Jihad"').[89]​ In a letter published by the Coalition in February 2004, Zarqawi wrote that jihadis should use bombings to start an open sectarian war so that Sunnis from the Islamic world would mobilise against assassinations carried out by Shia, specifically the Badr Brigade, against Ba'athists and Sunnis.[277]

Territorial control and claims

Military situation in Libya in early 2016:
Location dot grey.svg Ansar al-Sharia Location dot black.svg ISIL

As a self-proclaimed worldwide caliphate, ISIL claims religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide,[105]​ and that "the legality of all emirates, groups, states, and organisations, becomes null by the expansion of the khilāfah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its troops to their areas".[169]​

In Iraq and Syria, ISIL used many of those countries' existing governorate boundaries to subdivide territory it conquered and claimed; it called these divisions wilayah or provinces.[278] By June 2015, ISIL had also established official "provinces" in Libya, Egypt (Sinai Peninsula), Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Algeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria and the North Caucasus.[279] ISIL received pledges of allegiance and publish media releases via groups in Somalia,[280] Bangladesh[281] and the Philippines,[282] but it has not announced any further official branches, instead identifying new affiliates as simply "soldiers of the caliphate".[283]

ISIL's capital Raqqa suffered extensive damage during the battle of Raqqa in June–October 2017

By March 2019, ISIL had lost most of its territory in its former core areas in Syria and Iraq, and was reduced to a desert pocket as well as insurgent cells,[284] which they lost in September 2020.[citation needed]

Through late 2020 and early 2021, ISIL's African affiliates had once again seized territory and settlements in conflicts such as the Boko Haram insurgency, in Nigeria and the Insurgency in Cabo Delgado, in Mozambique. Notable take overs by ISIL include Mocímboa da Praia and the Sambisa Forest.[285][286]

International reaction

International criticism

The group has attracted widespread criticism internationally for its extremism, from governments and international bodies such as the United Nations and Amnesty International. On 24 September 2014, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stated: "As Muslim leaders around the world have said, groups like ISIL – or Da'ish – have nothing to do with Islam, and they certainly do not represent a state. They should more fittingly be called the 'Un-Islamic Non-State'."[287] ISIL has been classified a terrorist organisation by the United Nations, the European Union and its member states, the United States, Russia, India, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and many other countries (see § Classification). Over 60 countries are directly or indirectly waging war against ISIL (see § Countries and groups at war with ISIL). The group was described as a cult in a Huffington Post column by notable cult authority Steven Hassan.[288]

Twitter has removed many accounts used to spread IS propaganda, and Google developed a "Redirect Method" which identifies individuals searching for IS-related material and redirects them to content which challenges IS narratives.[289]

Islamic criticism

The group's declaration of a caliphate has been criticised and its legitimacy has been disputed by Middle Eastern governments, by Sunni Muslim theologians and historians as well as other jihadist groups.[290]

Religious leaders and organisations

Around the world, Islamic religious leaders have overwhelmingly condemned ISIL's ideology and actions, arguing that the group has strayed from the path of true Islam and that its actions do not reflect the religion's real teachings or virtues.[291]

Extremism within Islam goes back to the 7th century, to the Khawarijes. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines which set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims. They were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to takfir, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed worthy of death.[292][293] Other scholars have also described the group not as Sunnis, but as Khawarij.[293]​[294] Sunni critics, including Salafi and jihadist muftis such as Adnan al-Aroor and Abu Basir al-Tartusi, say that ISIL and related terrorist groups are not Sunnis, but are instead modern-day Kharijites (Muslims who have stepped outside the mainstream of Islam) serving an imperial anti-Islamic agenda.[295]

ISIS has been excommunicated from Islam by a number of scholars. Sheikh Muhammad al-Yaqoubi enumerated in his book, Refuting ISIS, that their form of Kharijism has removed them from Islam and fighting them is a religious duty, stating: "ISIS' leaders are people of unbelief and misguidance, and Muslims should not be lured by their jihad or deceived by their propaganda, as their actions speak louder than their words."[296] Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz, the former Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, also stated that Kharijites are not Muslims, saying: "the majority are of the opinion that they are disobedient and misguided innovators, though they do not deem them unbelievers. However, the correct opinion is that they are unbelievers."[297]

In late August 2014, the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh, condemned ISIL and al-Qaeda saying, "Extremist and militant ideas and terrorism which spread decay on Earth, destroying human civilization, are not in any way part of Islam, but are enemy number one of Islam, and Muslims are their first victims".[298] In late September 2014, 126 Sunni imams and Islamic scholars—primarily Sufi[299]—from around the Muslim world signed an open letter to the Islamic State's leader al-Baghdadi, explicitly rejecting and refuting his group's interpretations of Islamic scriptures, the Quran and hadith, which it used in order to justify its actions.[300] "[You] have misinterpreted Islam into a religion of harshness, brutality, torture and murder ... this is a great wrong and an offence to Islam, to Muslims and to the entire world", the letter states.[301] It rebukes the Islamic State for its killing of prisoners, describing the killings as "heinous war crimes" and its persecution of the Yazidis of Iraq as "abominable". Referring to the "self-described 'Islamic State'", the letter censures the group for carrying out killings and acts of brutality under the guise of jihad—holy struggle—saying that its "sacrifice" without legitimate cause, goals and intention "is not jihad at all, but rather, warmongering and criminality".[301]​[302] It also accuses the group of instigating fitna—sedition—by instituting slavery under its rule in contravention of the anti-slavery consensus of the Islamic scholarly community.[301]​

Pro-YPG demonstration against ISIL in Vienna, Austria, 10 October 2014

The current Grand Imam of al-Azhar and former president of al-Azhar University, Ahmed el-Tayeb, has strongly condemned the Islamic State, stating that it is acting "under the guise of this holy religion and have given themselves the name 'Islamic State' in an attempt to export their false Islam".[303] Citing the Quran, he stated: "The punishment for those who wage war against God and his Prophet and who strive to sow corruption on earth is death, crucifixion, the severing of hands and feet on opposite sides or banishment from the land. This is the disgrace for them in this world and in the hereafter, they will receive grievous torment." Although el-Tayeb has been criticised for not expressly stating that the Islamic State is heretical,[304] the Ash'ari school of Islamic theology, to which el-Tayeb belongs, does not allow calling a person who follows the shahada an apostate.[304]​ El-Tayeb has strongly come out against the practice of takfirism (declaring a Muslim an apostate) which is used by the Islamic State to "judge and accuse anyone who doesn't tow their line with apostasy and outside the realm of the faith" declaring "Jihad on peaceful Muslims" using "flawed interpretations of some Qur'anic texts, the prophet's Sunna, and the Imams' views believing incorrectly, that they are leaders of Muslim armies fighting infidel peoples, in unbelieving lands".[305]

In late December 2015, nearly 70,000 Indian Muslim clerics associated with the Indian Barelvi movement issued a fatwa condemning ISIL and similar organisations, saying they are "not Islamic organisations". Approximately 1.5 million Sunni Muslim followers of this movement have formally decried violent extremists.[306]

Mehdi Hasan, a political journalist in the UK, said in the New Statesman,

Whether Sunni or Shia, Salafi or Sufi, conservative or liberal, Muslims – and Muslim leaders – have almost unanimously condemned and denounced ISIL not merely as un-Islamic but actively anti-Islamic.[291]​

Hassan Hassan, an analyst at the Delma Institute, wrote in The Guardian that because the Islamic State "bases its teachings on religious texts that mainstream Muslim clerics do not want to deal with head on, new recruits leave the camp feeling that they have stumbled on the true message of Islam".[144]​

Theologian and Qatar-based TV broadcaster Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: "[The] declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group.[307] He also stated on his official website "United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the leaders of Daesh (ISIS/ISIL) terrorist group are from one species and they are two sides of the same coin".[308] In a similar vein, the Syrian Islamic scholar Muhammad al-Yaqoubi says, "[t]he followers of ISIS do not want to adhere to Islamic law but rather they want to twist Islamic law to conform to their fantasies. To this end, they pick and choose the evidences that corroborate their misguidance, despite being weak or abrogated."[309]

Academics Robyn Creswell and Bernard Haykel of The New Yorker have criticised ISIL's execution of Muslims for breach of traditional sharia law while violating it simultaneously themselves (encouraging women to emigrate to its territory, travelling without a Wali—male guardian—and in violation of his wishes).[310] as well as its love of archaic imagery (horsemen and swords) while engaging in bid'ah (religious innovation) in establishing female religious police (known as Al-Khansaa Brigade).[311]

Two days after the beheading of Hervé Gourdel, hundreds of Muslims gathered in the Grand Mosque of Paris to show solidarity against the beheading. The protest was led by the leader of the French Council of the Muslim Faith, Dalil Boubakeur, and was joined by thousands of other Muslims around the country under the slogan "Not in my name".[312] French president François Hollande said Gourdel's beheading was "cowardly" and "cruel", and confirmed that airstrikes would continue against ISIL in Iraq. Hollande also called for three days of national mourning, with flags flown at half-mast throughout the country and said that security would be increased throughout Paris.[312]​

Other jihadist groups

According to The New York Times, "All of the most influential jihadist theorists are criticising the Islamic State as deviant, calling its self-proclaimed caliphate null and void" and they have denounced it for its beheadings of journalists and aid workers.[158]​ ISIL is widely denounced by a broad range of Islamic clerics, including Saudi and al-Qaeda-oriented clerics.[35]​[158]​ Muhammad al-Yaqoubi states, "It is enough of a proof of the extreme ideology of ISIS that the top leaders of Salafi-Jihadism have disclaimed it."[313] Other critics of ISIL's brand of Sunni Islam include Salafists who previously publicly supported jihadist groups such as al-Qaeda: for example, the Saudi government official Saleh Al-Fawzan, known for his extremist views, who claims that ISIL is a creation of "Zionists, Crusaders and Safavids", and the Jordanian-Palestinian writer Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, the former spiritual mentor to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was released from prison in Jordan in June 2014 and accused ISIL of driving a wedge between Muslims.[295]​

An Islamic Front sharia court judge in Aleppo, Mohamed Najeeb Bannan, stated: "The legal reference is the Islamic Sharia. The cases are different, from robberies to drug use, to moral crimes. It's our duty to look at any crime that comes to us... After the regime has fallen, we believe that the Muslim majority in Syria will ask for an Islamic state. Of course, it's very important to point out that some say the Islamic Sharia will cut off people's hands and heads, but it only applies to criminals. And to start off by killing, crucifying etc. That is not correct at all." In response to being asked what the difference between the Islamic Front's and ISIL's version of sharia would be, he said, "One of their mistakes is before the regime has fallen, and before they've established what in Sharia is called Tamkeen [having a stable state], they started applying Sharia, thinking God gave them permission to control the land and establish a Caliphate. This goes against the beliefs of religious scholars around the world. This is what [IS] did wrong. This is going to cause a lot of trouble. Anyone who opposes [IS] will be considered against Sharia and will be severely punished."[314]

Al-Qaeda and al-Nusra have been trying to take advantage of ISIL's rise, by attempting to present themselves as "moderate" compared to "extremist" ISIL, although they have the same aim of establishing sharia and a caliphate, but doing so in a more gradual manner.[315] Al-Nusra has criticised the way in which ISIL fully and immediately institutes sharia in the areas that fall under its control, since it alienates people too much. It supports the gradual, slower approach favoured by al-Qaeda, preparing society to accept sharia and indoctrinating people through education before implementing the hudud aspects in sharia, which they believe supports punishments such as throwing homosexuals from the top of buildings, chopping limbs off, and public stoning.[171]​ Al-Nusra and ISIL are both hostile towards the Druze. However, while al-Nusra has typically destroyed Druze shrines and pressured them to convert to Sunni Islam, ISIL regards the entire Druze community as a valid target for violence, as it does the Yazidis.[316]

In February 2014, Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leader of Al-Qaeda, announced that his group Al-Qaeda had cut ties with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and denounced ISIL after being unable to reconcile a conflict between them and the al-Qaeda affiliate al-Nusra Front.[317]

In September 2015, Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leader of al-Qaeda, called for consultation (shura) within the "prophetic method" to be used when establishing the caliphate, criticising al-Baghdadi for not following the required steps. Al-Zawahiri has called upon ISIL members to close ranks and join al-Qaeda in fighting against Assad, the Shia, Russia, Europe, and America and to stop the infighting between jihadist groups. He called upon jihadists to establish Islamic entities in Egypt and the Levant, slowly implementing sharia before establishing a caliphate, and has called for violent assaults against America and the West.[318]

The Jaysh al-Islam group within the Islamic Front criticised ISIL, saying: "They killed the people of Islam and leave the idol worshippers ... They use the verses talking about the disbelievers and implement it on the Muslims".[319] The main criticism of defectors from ISIL has been that the group is fighting and killing other Sunni Muslims,[320] as opposed to just non-Sunnis being brutalised.[321] In one case, a supposed defector from ISIL executed two activists of a Syrian opposition group in Turkey who had sheltered them.[322]

Other commentaries

Scholar Ian Almond criticised the media commentators, the lack of balance in reporting, and the "way we are learning to talk about ISIS." While there was talk about 'radical evil' and 'radical Islam', Almond found it striking because "some of the most revered and oft-quoted figures in our Western political tradition have been capable of the most vicious acts of savagery – and yet all we ever hear about is how much the Middle East has to learn from us." Almond goes on to cite how Winston Churchill "wanted to gas women and children", how Ronald Reagan's Central American policies "disembowlled more children than ISIS," how President Barack Obama's "planes and drones have dropped bombs on as many schoolchildren as ISIS," how former secretary of state Madeleine Albright commented on the deaths of Iraqi children killed by sanctions, how Henry Kissinger and Margaret Thatcher "assisted in the torture and disappearance of thousands of Chilean students and labour activists... For anyone familiar with the history of both U.S. and European torture and murder over the past 150 years, it might not be all that hyperbolic to say that in ISIS, what we see more than anything else is a more expansive, explicit version of our own cruelties. In bombing ISIS and its would-be imperialism, we are really bombing a version of ourselves."[323]

Author and commentator Tom Engelhardt attributed the rise of ISIL and the destruction that followed to what he dubbed as America's drive to establish its own caliphate in the region.[324]

A leader article in the New Scientist magazine contextualised ISIL within the nation state construct. Although the group is described as medieval in the pejorative sense, "it is also hyper-modern, interested in few of the trappings of a conventional state apart from its own brutal brand of law enforcement. In fact, it is more of a network than a nation, having made canny use of social media to exert influence far beyond its geographical base."[325]

Designation as a terrorist organisation

Organisation Date Body References
Multinational organisations
 United Nations 18 October 2004 (as al-Qaeda in Iraq)
30 May 2013 (after separation from al‑Qaeda)		 United Nations Security Council [326]
 European Union 2004 EU Council (via adoption of UN al-Qaeda Sanctions List) [327]
Nations
 United Kingdom March 2001 (as part of al-Qaeda)
20 June 2014 (after separation from al‑Qaeda)		 Home Office [328]
 United States 17 December 2004 (as al-Qaeda in Iraq) United States Department of State [329]
 Australia 2 March 2005 (as al-Qaeda in Iraq)
14 December 2013 (after separation from al‑Qaeda)		 Attorney-General for Australia [330]
 Canada 20 August 2012 Parliament of Canada [331]
 Iraq 10 October 2006 (as al-Qaeda in Iraq)
30 May 2013 (after separation from al‑Qaeda) 		Ministry of Foregin Affair [332]
 Turkey 30 October 2013 Grand National Assembly of Turkey [333]
 Saudi Arabia 7 March 2014 Royal decree of the King of Saudi Arabia [334]
 Indonesia 1 August 2014 Counter-Terrorism National Agency (BNPT) [335]
 United Arab Emirates 20 August 2014 United Arab Emirates Cabinet [336]
 Malaysia 24 September 2014 Ministry of Foreign Affairs [337]
  Switzerland 8 October 2014 Swiss Federal Council [338]
 Egypt 30 November 2014 The Cairo Court for Urgent Matters [339]
 India 16 December 2014 Ministry of Home Affairs [340][341]
 Russian Federation 29 December 2014 Supreme Court of Russia [342]
 Kyrgyzstan 25 March 2015 Kyrgyz State Committee of National Security [343]
 Singapore 23 March 2020 Ministry of Home Affairs [344]
 Syria [345]
 Jordan [346]
 Iran [347]
 Trinidad and Tobago [348]
 Pakistan 29 August 2015 Ministry of Interior [349]
 Japan Public Security Intelligence Agency [350]
 Republic of China (Taiwan) 26 November 2015 National Security Bureau [351]
 People's Republic of China Ministry of Public Security [352]
 Venezuela 4 September 2019 National Assembly of Venezuela [75]​
 Philippines 3 July 2020 Via the Anti-Terrorism Act [353][354]
 Azerbaijan [355]
 Bahrain [356]
 Kuwait [357]
 Tajikistan [358]
 Kazakhstan [359]

The United Nations Security Council in its Resolution 1267 (1999) described Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda associates as operators of a network of terrorist training camps.[360] The UN's Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee first listed ISIL in its Sanctions List under the name "Al-Qaida in Iraq" on 18 October 2004, as an entity/group associated with al-Qaeda. On 2 June 2014, the group was added to its listing under the name "Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant". The European Union adopted the UN Sanctions List in 2002.[327]​

People lay flowers outside the French embassy in Moscow in memory of the victims of the November 2015 Paris attacks.

Many world leaders and government spokespeople have called ISIL a terrorist group or banned it, without their countries having formally designated it as such. The following are examples:

The Government of Germany banned ISIL in September 2014. Activities banned include donations to the group, recruiting fighters, holding ISIL meetings and distributing its propaganda, flying ISIL flags,[361] wearing ISIL symbols and all ISIL activities. "The terror organisation Islamic State is a threat to public safety in Germany as well", said German politician Thomas de Maizière. He added, "Today's ban is directed solely against terrorists who abuse religion for their criminal goals."[362] Being a member of ISIL is also illegal in accordance with § 129a and § 129b of the German criminal code.[363]

In October 2014, Switzerland banned ISIL's activities in the country, including propaganda and financial support of the fighters, with prison sentences as potential penalties.[364]

In mid-December 2014, India banned ISIL after the arrest of an operator of a pro-ISIL Twitter account.[365]

Pakistan designated ISIL as a banned organisation in late August 2015, under which all elements expressing sympathy for the group would be blacklisted and sanctioned.[349]​

Media sources worldwide have described ISIL as a terrorist organisation.[90]​[192]​[238]​[213]​[335]​[366]

Militia, cult, territorial authority, and other classifications

By 2014, ISIL was increasingly being viewed as a militia in addition to a terrorist group and a cult.[367] As major Iraqi cities fell to ISIL in June 2014, Jessica Lewis, a former US Army intelligence officer at the Institute for the Study of War, described ISIL at that time as

not a terrorism problem anymore, [but rather] an army on the move in Iraq and Syria, and they are taking terrain. They have shadow governments in and around Baghdad, and they have an aspirational goal to govern. I don't know whether they want to control Baghdad, or if they want to destroy the functions of the Iraqi state, but either way the outcome will be disastrous for Iraq.[367]​

Supporters of the Turkish Labour Party protesting in London following the 2015 Ankara bombings

Lewis has called ISIL

an advanced military leadership. They have incredible command and control and they have a sophisticated reporting mechanism from the field that can relay tactics and directives up and down the line. They are well-financed, and they have big sources of manpower, not just the foreign fighters, but also prisoner escapees.[367]​

Former US Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel saw an "imminent threat to every interest we have", but former top counter-terrorism adviser Daniel Benjamin derided such talk as a "farce" that panics the public.[368]

Former British Foreign Secretary David Miliband concluded that the 2003 invasion of Iraq caused the creation of ISIL.[369]

Writing for The Guardian, Pankaj Mishra rejects the idea that the group is a resurgence of medieval Islam, saying instead:

In actuality, Isis is the canniest of all traders in the flourishing international economy of disaffection: the most resourceful among all those who offer the security of collective identity to isolated and fearful individuals. It promises, along with others who retail racial, national and religious supremacy, to release the anxiety and frustrations of the private life into the violence of the global.[370]

On 28 January 2017, President Donald Trump issued a National Security Presidential Memorandum which called for a comprehensive plan to destroy ISIL to be formulated by the Defense Department within 30 days.[371]

Supporters

According to a June 2015 Reuters report that cited "jihadist ideologues" as a source, 90% of ISIL's fighters in Iraq were Iraqi, and 70% of its fighters in Syria were Syrian. The article stated that the group had 40,000 fighters and 60,000 supporters across its two primary strongholds in Iraq and Syria.[46] According to scholar Fawaz Gerges writing in ISIS: A History, some "30 percent of the senior figures" in ISIL's military command were former army and police officers from the disbanded Iraqi security forces, turned towards Sunni Islamism and drawn to ISIL by the US de-Ba'athification policy following the US invasion of Iraq.[190]​

According to a poll by Pew Research Center, Muslim populations of various countries have overwhelmingly negative views of ISIL with Lebanon having the most unfavorable views.[372] In most of these countries, concerns about Islamic extremism have been growing.[373]

There are at least 10,000 ISIL prisoners and more than 100,000 ISIL family members and other displaced persons in several camps across the Kurdish areas in Syria.[374]

Countries and groups at war with ISIL

A map of all state-based opponents of ISIL
  US Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve
  Other state-based opponents
  Territories held by ISIL at its late 2015 peak

ISIL's claims to territory have brought it into armed conflict with many governments, militias and other armed groups. International rejection of ISIL as a terrorist entity and rejection of its claim to even exist have placed it in conflict with countries around the world.

Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Airstrikes in Syria by 24 September 2014
President Donald Trump announces the death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi on 26 October 2019

The Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), also referred to as the Counter-ISIL Coalition or Counter-DAESH Coalition,[375] is a US-led group of nations and non-state actors that have committed to "work together under a common, multifaceted, and long-term strategy to degrade and defeat ISIL/Daesh". According to a joint statement issued by 59 national governments and the European Union on 3 December 2014, participants in the Counter-ISIL Coalition are focused on multiple lines of effort:[376]

  1. Supporting military operations, capacity building, and training;
  2. Stopping the flow of foreign terrorist fighters;
  3. Cutting off ISIL/Daesh's access to financing and funding;
  4. Addressing associated humanitarian relief and crises; and
  5. Exposing ISIL/Daesh's true nature (ideological delegitimisation).

Operation Inherent Resolve is the operational name given by the US to military operations against ISIL and Syrian al-Qaeda affiliates. Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF–OIR) is co-ordinating the military portion of the response. The Arab League, European Union, NATO, and GCC are part of the Counter-ISIL Coalition:[376]​ According to the Pentagon, by December 2017 over 80,000 ISIL fighters had been killed in Iraq and Syria by CJTF-OIR airstrikes.[110]​ By then the coalition had flown over 170,000 sorties,[377] 75–80% of combat sorties were conducted by the military of the United States, with the other 20–25% by Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Jordan, Belgium, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.[378] According to the UK-based monitoring group Airwars, the air strikes and artillery of US-led coalition killed as many as 6,000 civilians in Iraq and Syria by the end of 2017.[379]

Lebanon, which the U.S. considers part of the Global Coalition, fought off several incursions by ISIL, with the largest engagements taking place from June 2014 to August 2017, when several thousand ISIL fighters invaded from Syria and occupied Lebanese territory. The U.S. and UK-backed Lebanese Army succeeded in repulsing this invasion, killing or capturing over 1,200 ISIL fighters in the process.[380]

On 21 December 2019, over 33 Islamist militants were killed in Mali by French forces using attack helicopters, drones and ground troops, alongside the border with Mauritania where an Al-Qaeda-linked group operates.[381]

Other state opponents not part of the Counter-ISIL Coalition

Liberation of Palmyra by the Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition in March 2016

 Iran[382] – military advisors, training, ground troops, and air power in Iraq and Syria, beside Iranian borders (see Iranian intervention in Iraq)

Russian Sukhoi Su-34 in Syria

 Russia[383] – arms supplier to Iraqi and Syrian governments. In June 2014, the Iraqi army received Russian Sukhoi Su-25 and Sukhoi Su-30 fighter aircraft to combat the ISIL.[citation needed] Security operations within state borders in 2015.[384] Airstrikes in Syria (see Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War).[385]

 Azerbaijan[386] – security operations within state borders

 Pakistan – Military deployment over Saudi Arabia-Iraq border. Arresting ISIL figures in Pakistan.[387]

 Yemen (Supreme Political Council)[388]

Other non-state opponents

 Hezbollah[395]

Al-Qaeda

Military situation in Syria in March 2020

Al-Nusra Front is a branch of al-Qaeda operating in Syria. Al-Nusra has launched many attacks and bombings, mostly against targets affiliated with or supportive of the Syrian government.[413] There have been media reports that many of al-Nusra's foreign fighters have left to join al-Baghdadi's ISIL.[414]

In February 2014, after continued tensions, al-Qaeda publicly disavowed any relations with ISIL.[415] However, ISIL and al-Nusra Front still cooperate with each other occasionally when they fight against the Syrian government.[416]

The two groups [ISIL and al-Nusra] share a nihilistic worldview, a loathing for modernity, and for the West. They subscribe to the same perverted interpretations of Islam. Other common traits include a penchant for suicide attacks, and sophisticated exploitation of the internet and social media. Like ISIL, several Al Qaeda franchises are interested in taking and holding territory; AQAP has been much less successful at it. The main differences between Al Qaeda and ISIL are largely political—and personal. Over the past decade, Al Qaeda has twice embraced ISIL (and its previous manifestations) as brothers-in-arms.

— Bobby Ghosh, "ISIL and Al Qaeda: Terror's frenemies", Quartz[417]
Military Situation in Iraq in May 2020

On 10 September 2015, an audio message was released by al-Qaeda's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri criticising ISIL's self-proclaimed caliphate and accusing it of "sedition". This was described by some media outlets as a "declaration of war".[418] However, although al-Zawahiri denied ISIL's legitimacy, he suggested that there was still room for cooperation against common enemies, and said that if he were in Iraq, he would fight alongside ISIL.[419]

Human rights abuse and war crime findings

In July 2014, the BBC reported the United Nations' chief investigator as stating: "Fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) may be added to a list of war crimes suspects in Syria."[420] By June 2014, according to United Nations reports, ISIL had killed hundreds of prisoners of war[421] and over 1,000 civilians.[citation needed]

In November 2014, the UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria said that ISIL was committing crimes against humanity.[99]​[422] A report by Human Rights Watch in November 2014 accused ISIL groups in control of Derna, Libya of war crimes and human rights abuses and of terrorising residents. Human Rights Watch documented three apparent summary executions and at least ten public floggings by the Islamic Youth Shura Council, which joined ISIL in November. It also documented the beheading of three Derna residents and dozens of seemingly politically motivated assassinations of judges, public officials, members of the security forces and others. Sarah Leah Watson, Director of HRW Middle East and North Africa, said: "Commanders should understand that they may face domestic or international prosecution for the grave rights abuses their forces are committing."[423]

Speaking of ISIL's methods, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights has stated that the group "seeks to subjugate civilians under its control and dominate every aspect of their lives through terror, indoctrination, and the provision of services to those who obey".[211]​

See also

References

  1. ^ Gander, Kashmira (7 July 2015). "Isis flag: What do the words mean and what are its origins?". The Independent.
  2. ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (29 January 2019). "New video message from The Islamic State: "Fulfilling the Promise – Wilāyat al-'Irāq, Kirkūk"". Jihadology.net.
     • "Statement of ISIS – The Battle of Brussels". The Investigative Project on Terrorism (in Arabic).
     • "ISIS ID Card". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in Arabic).
  3. ^ Breslow, Jason M. (17 May 2016). "Who Was the Founder of ISIS?". Frontline. PBS.
  4. ^ "Islamic State confirms Baghdadi is dead, appoints successor". Reuters. 31 October 2019.
  5. ^ Rubin, Alissa J. (5 July 2014). "Militant Leader in Rare Appearance in Iraq". The New York Times.
  6. ^ a b Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (24 January 2016). "An Account of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi & Islamic State Succession Lines". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog.
  7. ^ "Abd al-Rahman Mustafa al-Qaduli". Rewards for Justice. United States Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security. 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015.
     • Schmidt, Michael (25 March 2016). "A Top ISIS Leader Is Killed in an Airstrike, the Pentagon Says". The New York Times.
  8. ^ Paton, Callum (10 March 2016). "New Isis leader in Libya – Abdel Qader al-Najdi threatens Daesh invasion of Rome through Africa". IB Times. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
     • "Eastern Libyan forces say they killed Islamic State leader". Reuters. 23 September 2020.
  9. ^ "ISIS Leadership". Frontline. PBS. 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  10. ^ a b Chulov, Martin (31 August 2016). "Abu Muhammad al-Adnani's death does not signal the demise of Isis". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  11. ^ a b Lister, Charles (2014). "Islamic State Senior Leadership: Who's Who" (PDF). Brookings Institution. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2016.
     • "Here's What We Know About the 'Caliph' of the New Islamic State". Business Insider. AFP. 29 June 2014.
     • "ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as Islamic State". Jihadist News. SITE Intelligence Group. 29 June 2014.
     • "Pentagon Confirms U.S. Strike in Syria Killed ISIL Leader". DoD News. United States Department of Defense. 12 September 2016.
  12. ^ Garland, Chad (14 July 2016). "Islamic State says top commander is dead; Pentagon unsure". Stars and Stripes.
     • Worley, Will (13 July 2016). "Isis confirms death of hugely popular 'minister of war' Omar al-Shishani". The Independent.
     • Starr, Barbara (15 March 2016). "U.S. assesses ISIS operative Omar al-Shishani is dead". CNN.
     • "Tarkhan Tayumurazovich Batirashvili". Rewards for Justice. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security. 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015.
  13. ^ "Isis: US-trained Tajik special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov becomes Isis 'war minister'". International Business Times. 6 September 2016.
     • "IS 'minister of war' killed in Syria air attack, claims Russia". Middle East Eye. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
     • "Gulmurod Khalimov". Rewards for Justice. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  14. ^ "Sami Jasim Muhammad al-Jaburi". Rewards for Justice. Rewards for Justice. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  15. ^ "IS confirms death of propaganda chief Abu Mohammed al-Furqan - BBC News". Bbc.com. 11 October 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  16. ^ "Islamic State group names its new leader as Abu Ibrahim al-Hashemi". BBC News. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  17. ^ a b Holmes, Oliver (3 February 2014). "Al Qaeda breaks link with Syrian militant group ISIL". Reuters.
  18. ^ Pool, Jeffrey (16 December 2004). "Zarqawi's Pledge of Allegiance to Al-Qaeda: From Mu'Asker Al-Battar, Issue 21". Terrorism Monitor. Vol. 2 no. 24. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
     • "Al-Qaeda disavows ISIS militants in Syria". BBC News. 3 February 2014.
  19. ^ Laskar, Rezaul H. (29 January 2015). "IS announces expansion into AfPak, parts of India". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015.
  20. ^ Elbagir, Nima; Cruickshank, Paul; Tawfeeq, Mohammed (7 March 2015). "Boko Haram purportedly pledges allegiance to ISIS". CNN.
  21. ^ Gambhir, Harleen (23 June 2015). "ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia's North Caucasus Region". Institute for the Study of War.
  22. ^ "Syrian army captures Mayadin from ISIS near Deir ez-Zor". Rudaw. 14 October 2017.
  23. ^ Benhaida, Sarah; al-Rubaye, Ahmad (26 October 2017). "Iraq forces launch 'last big fight' against IS". Rudaw.
  24. ^ "Anti-IS forces converge on Syria border town". Agence France-Presse. 4 November 2017 – via Yahoo News.
  25. ^ Bussoletti, Francesco (29 June 2018). "Syria, the Isis pockets of resistance at Deir Ezzor are reduced to two". Difesa & Sicurezza.
  26. ^ Aboufadel, Leith (13 December 2018). "Breaking: SDF captures Daesh's de facto capital in Syria".
     • "US-backed fighters seize east Syria village from ISIS". The National.
  27. ^ Aboufadel, Leith (24 January 2019). "ISIL's reign over eastern Euphrates nearing its end – map". Al-Masdar News.
     • Callimachi, Rukmini (24 January 2019). "Down to Its Last 2 Villages in Syria, ISIS Still Fights Back". The New York Times.
     • Aboufadel, Leith (7 February 2019). "ISIS squeezed into last areas as SDF troops capture 2 villages east of the Euphrates (MAP)". Al-Masdar News.
  28. ^ Hussein, Rikar (9 February 2019). "US-backed Fighters Launch Final Push to Defeat IS in Syria". Voice of America.
  29. ^ a b "US-allied Syrian force declares victory over Islamic State". The Washington Post. 23 March 2019. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019.
  30. ^ a b Fairfield, Hannah; Wallace, Tim; Watkins, Derek (21 May 2015). "How ISIS Expands". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  31. ^ Manne, Robert (7 November 2016). "Sayyid Qutb: Father of Salafi Jihadism, Forerunner of the Islamic State". ABC Religion & Ethics. ABC Online. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018.
     • Saltman, Erin Marie (3 November 2016). "The mind of Islamic State: more coherent and consistent than Nazism". The Guardian. ISBN 978-1-906603-98-4. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017.
  32. ^ a b c d Saltman, Erin Marie; Winter, Charlie (November 2014). Islamic State: The Changing Face of Modern Jihadism (PDF) (Report). Quilliam. ISBN 978-1-906603-98-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2015.
  33. ^ a b c d Bunzel, Cole (March 2015). "From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State" (PDF). The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World. Washington, D.C.: Center for Middle East Policy (Brookings Institution). 19: 1–48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  34. ^ a b c d e f Wood, Graeme (March 2015). "What ISIS Really Wants". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015.
  35. ^ a b c d e f Crooke, Alastair (30 March 2017) [27 August 2014]. "You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014.
  36. ^ Ghasemi, Faezeh (2020). Anti-Shiism Discourse (PhD). University of Tehran.
     • Rickenbacher, Daniel (2019). "The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism". Religions. 10 (8): 483–492. doi:10.3390/rel10080483.
     • Ghasemi, Faezeh (2017). "Anti-Shiite and Anti-Iranian Discourses in ISIS Texts". Discourse. 11 (3): 75–96.
     • Matthiesen, Toby (21 July 2015). "The Islamic State Exploits Entrenched Anti-Shia Incitement". Sada. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  37. ^ Soliman, Muhammad (20 March 2017). "From Cairo to Berlin: Why is ISIS Targeting Christians?". Fikra Forum. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
     • Nassif, Hicham Bou (25 July 2014). "Here Are The Parts Of The Quran That ISIS Uses To Justify Violence Against Iraqi Christians". Business Insider.
  38. ^ "Anti-Gay Rhetoric in English-Language ISIS and Al Qaeda Magazines". Anti-Defamation League. 15 June 2016.
     • "ISIS's Persecution of Gay People". Counter Extremism Project. May 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020.
  39. ^ "The Islamic State's shocking war on homosexuals". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020.
  40. ^ "What ISIS Is Saying About the Orlando Shooter". Vice. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020.
  41. ^ "ISIS targets gay people using Facebook and phone contacts". Global News. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020.
  42. ^ a b "Under Attack, ISIS Threatens Jews and Israel". Anti-Defamation League. 13 March 2015.
     • "ISIS Promotes Murdering Jews in New Online Campaign". Anti-Defamation League. 20 October 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020.
  43. ^ "ISIS Weighs In On Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". Anti-Defamation League. 11 July 2014.
  44. ^ a b Cockburn, Patrick (16 November 2014). "War with Isis: Islamic militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader". The Independent.
  45. ^ a b Gartenstein-Ross-ROSS, Daveed (9 February 2015). "How many Fighters Does the Islamic State Really Have?". War on the Rocks.
  46. ^ a b "Saddam's former army is secret of Baghdadi's success". Reuters. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  47. ^ "Operation Inherent Resolve and other overseas contingency operations" (PDF). US Department of Defense. 31 December 2018.
  48. ^ "Briefing With Special Representative for Syria Engagement and Special Envoy for the Global Coalition To Defeat ISIS Ambassador James Jeffrey". state.gov. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  49. ^ a b Shinkman, Paul D. (27 December 2017). "ISIS By the Numbers in 2017". U.S. News & World Report.
  50. ^ a b Jones, Seth G.; Dobbins, James; Byman, Daniel; et al. (2017). "Rolling Back the Islamic State". RAND Corporation. Retrieved 1 April 2019. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  51. ^ "Operation IMPACT". National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah "México aparece entre los países amenazados por el ISIS" [Mexico appears among the countries threatened by ISIS]. El País (in Spanish). Prisa. 25 November 2015.
  53. ^ Farmer, Ben; Mehsud, Saleem (15 July 2018). "ISIS targets Taliban in fight for Afghanistan". Thenational.ae.
  54. ^ Khettab, Djamila Ould (30 December 2015). "Algeria a 'symbolic target' for ISIL". Al Jazeera English.
  55. ^ "OKRA Home". Global Operations. Department of Defense – Government of Australia. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  56. ^ Porter, Tom (13 September 2014). "Isis Use Picture of \'Cyclops Baby\' to Recruit Fighters for Apocalyptic Battle". International Business Times.
     • Stonington, Joel (9 September 2014). "Is This Cyclops Baby the Muslim Antichrist?". Vocativ.
  57. ^ "Bosnia donates 550 tonnes of arms to Iraq, more may follow: minister". Reuters. 16 March 2015.
  58. ^ Romero, Simon; Schmidt, Michael (1 August 2016). "As ISIS Posts in Portuguese, U.S. and Brazil Bolster Olympics Security". The New York Times.
  59. ^ Osbourne, Samuel (1 March 2017). "Isis threatens China and vows to 'shed blood like rivers'". The Independent.
  60. ^ "Ethiopian authorities say Al-Shabaab, Islamic State planning attacks on hotels". Africanews. 23 September 2019.
  61. ^ "Germany to strip dual-nationals who fight for Isis of citizenship". Financial Times.[full citation needed]
  62. ^ Kalmouki, Nikoleta (25 September 2014). "Greece Brings War Against the Islamic State".
  63. ^ "L'Italia pronta a bombardare Isis in Iraq. La Difesa: ipotesi da valutare". Corriere della Sera. 6 October 2015.
  64. ^ Kumenov, Almaz (14 May 2019). "Kazakhstan evacuates citizens from Syria, arrests some". Eurasianet.
  65. ^ "Pro-Isis hackers attack North Korean airline Facebook page". The Guardian. AFP. 14 January 2015.
  66. ^ Paraszczuk, Joanna (15 March 2015). "Kyrgyzstan Bans IS, Designates It As Terror Group". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  67. ^ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (20 July 2018). "Malaysia launches crackdown on Isis after threats to kill the king and prime minister". The Guardian.
  68. ^ Ucko, David H. (28 December 2017). "Trouble in Paradise: Mauritus Tries to Ward off Islamic Radicalization". World Politics Review.
  69. ^ "Islamic State group: Nicaragua arrests four suspected members". BBC News. 26 June 2019.
  70. ^ Johnson, Bridget (30 December 2018). "Barcelona Terror Alert Coincides with New Spanish-Language ISIS Threats". Homeland Security Today.
  71. ^ "Sri Lanka bombings: Isis claims responsibility for deadly church and hotel attacks on Easter Sunday". The Independent. 23 April 2019.
  72. ^ Callimachi, Rukmini; Kramer, Andrew E. (31 July 2018). "Video Purports to Show Tajikistan Attackers Pledging Allegiance to ISIS". The New York Times.
  73. ^ McAdams, John (7 August 2017). "The President of Turkmenistans Anti-ISIS Propaganda Video is Straight out of an '80s Action Movie". Wide Open Spaces.
  74. ^ "Uzbekistan to receive and rehabilitate 148 women and children from ISIS". AlShahidWitness.com. 3 June 2019.
  75. ^ a b Juan Guaidó [@jguaido] (4 September 2019). "Desde la @AsambleaVE hemos declarado a la disidencia de las FARC, ELN, Hamas, Hezbollah e ISIS como grupos terroristas, ordenándoles a todos los cuerpos de seguridad del Estado proteger nuestra soberanía e integridad territorial frente a la amenaza que representan estos grupos" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  76. ^ "Badr Organization Destroys ISIS Car Bomb". Military.com. 5 June 2015.
  77. ^ Illingworth, Andrew (22 December 2017). "Combat footage: Iraqi forces battle ISIS in east Syria". Al Masdar News.
  78. ^ Kajjo, Sirwan (25 August 2016). "Who Are The Turkey-backed Syrian Rebels?". Extremism Watch. Voice of America.
  79. ^ Khader, Abdul Rahman (14 July 2020). "هيئة-تحرير-الشام"-تقتل-وتعتقل-منتمين-لـ"داعش"-في-إدلب ""هيئة تحرير الشام" تقتل وتعتقل منتمين لـ"داعش" في إدلب" [The Headquarters for the Liberation of Al-Sham kills and arrests ISIS-affiliates in Idlib]. The New Arab (in Arabic).
  80. ^ Musa, Rami (10 June 2015). "Al-Qaida-linked militants attack IS affiliate in Libya". Military Times.
  81. ^ Farmer, Ben (24 January 2019). "Taliban agree Isil and Al-Qaeda will be barred from Afghanistan in major concession during talks with US". Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited.
  82. ^ "الحشد الشعبي يوسع نطاق متابعة فلول داعش الى محافظة حمص السورية" [The Popular Mobilization Forces expands the scope of follow-up to ISIS remnants to the Syrian province of Homs]. Iraq Today (in Arabic). 13 April 2017.
  83. ^ Kittleson, Shelly (11 April 2018). "Iraqi police who fought for tribal PMUs won't return to force". Al-Monitor.
  84. ^ "ISIS kills 6 militants from Hezbollah-backed Quwat al-Ridha in Homs". Zamanalwsl.net. 23 September 2017.
  85. ^ Aboufadel, Leith (21 March 2016). "Iranian special forces arrive in Palmyra to help liberate the city". Al-Masdar News.
  86. ^ "التعرف على جثة امر لواء زينبيون الايراني الذي قتل في سوريا بنيران داعش الارهابي قبل عامين" [Identification of the body of the order of the Iranian Zainabiyoun Brigade, who was killed in Syria by ISIS terrorist fire two years ago]. IraqNewspaper.net (in Arabic). 12 June 2019.
  87. ^ "لماذا أوقفت كتائب الحر والجبهة الإسلامية قتال داعش في جنوب دمشق؟" [Why did the Free and Islamic Front Brigades stop the fight against ISIS in southern Damascus?]. akhbaralaan.net (in Arabic). 27 September 2014.
  88. ^ "عملية نوعية لـ "كتائب البعث" خلف خطوط "داعش"" [A qualitative operation by the "Baath Brigades" behind the lines of ISIS]. DamPress.net (in Arabic). 5 October 2014.
  89. ^ a b c Zelin, Aaron Y. (June 2014). The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement (PDF). Research Notes (Report). 20. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
  90. ^ a b c d e Tharoor, Ishaan (18 June 2014). "ISIS or ISIL? The debate over what to call Iraq's terror group". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  91. ^ a b Schwartz, Felica (23 December 2014). "One More Name for Islamic State: Daesh". The Wall Street Journal.
     • Guthrie, Alice (19 February 2015). "Decoding Daesh: Why is the new name for ISIS so hard to understand?". Free Word Centre. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  92. ^ "ISIL defeated in final Syria victory: SDF". Al Jazeera English. 23 March 2019.
     • Wedeman, Ben; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (23 March 2019). "ISIS has lost its final stronghold in Syria, the Syrian Democratic Forces says". CNN.
     • Frantzman, Seth J. "After ISIS 'defeat,' what comes next? – Analysis". The Jerusalem Post.
     • McKernan, Bethan (23 March 2019). "Isis defeated, US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces announce". The Guardian.
     • Callimachi, Rukmini (23 March 2019). "ISIS Caliphate Crumbles as Last Village in Syria Falls". The New York Times.
  93. ^ a b al-Ibrahim, Fouad (22 August 2014). "Why ISIS is a threat to Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism's deferred promise". Al Akhbar. Archived from the original on 24 August 2014.
     • Dolgov, Boris (23 September 2014). "Islamic State and the policy of the West". Oriental Review.
     • Wilson, Rodney (2015). Islam and Economic Policy. Edinburgh University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-7486-8389-5.
     • Cockburn, Patrick (3 March 2016). "End Times for the Caliphate?". London Review of Books. Vol. 38 no. 5. pp. 29–30.
     • Pastukhov, Dmitry; Greenwold, Nathaniel. "Does Islamic State have the economic and political institutions for future development?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
     • Pedler, John (2015). A Word Before Leaving: A Former Diplomat's Weltanschauung. Troubador. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-78462-223-7.
     • Kerr, Michael; Larkin, Craig (2015). The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant. Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-045811-9.
  94. ^ "John Kerry holds talks in Iraq as more cities fall to ISIS militants". CNN. 23 June 2014.
  95. ^ Al-Salhy, Suadad; Arango, Tim (10 June 2014). "Sunni Militants Drive Iraqi Army Out of Mosul". The New York Times.
  96. ^ Arango, Tim (3 August 2014). "Sunni Extremists in Iraq Seize 3 Towns From Kurds and Threaten Major Dam". The New York Times.
  97. ^ "A Short History Of ISIS Propaganda Videos". The World Post. 11 March 2015.
  98. ^ al-Taie, Khalid (13 February 2015). "Iraq churches, mosques under ISIL attack". Al-Shorfa. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015.
  99. ^ a b Larson, Nina (14 November 2014). "UN probe: ISIS committing 'crimes against humanity' in Syria". The Daily Star. Beirut, Lebanon.
  100. ^ "Ethnic cleansing on a historic scale: The Islamic State's systematic targeting of minorities in northern Iraq" (PDF). Amnesty International. 2 September 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2015.
  101. ^ "'Gruesome evidence of ethnic cleansing' in Iraq". Deutsche Welle. 2 September 2014.
  102. ^ Roggio, Bill (29 June 2014). "ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State'". Long War Journal.
  103. ^ a b Withnall, Adam (29 June 2014). "Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East". The Independent. London.
  104. ^ "What is Islamic State?". BBC News. 26 September 2014.
  105. ^ a b "What does ISIS' declaration of a caliphate mean?". Al Akhbar. 30 June 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019.. See also: Kadi, Wadad; Shahin, Aram A. "Caliph, caliphate". In Bowering (2013).
  106. ^ Akyol, Mustafa (21 December 2015). "A Medieval Antidote to ISIS". The New York Times.
  107. ^ Birke, Sarah (5 February 2017). "How ISIS Rules". The New York Review of Books.
  108. ^ "Exclusive: In turf war with Afghan Taliban, Islamic State loyalists gain ground". Reuters. 29 June 2015.
     • "Islamic State and the crisis in Iraq and Syria in maps". BBC News. 18 October 2016.
     • "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State". Reuters. 18 November 2014.
     • Zavadski, Katie (23 November 2014). "ISIS Now Has a Network of Military Affiliates in 11 Countries Around the World". New York.
  109. ^ Gerges, Fawaz A. (2016). ISIS: A History. Princeton University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-6911-7000-8.
  110. ^ a b "Once promised paradise, ISIS fighters end up in mass graves". The Straits Times. 15 October 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  111. ^ Airstrikes in Iraq and Syria (Report). US Department of Defense. 9 August 2017.
  112. ^ "42 months of Russian operations on the Syrian territory kill more than 8000 civilians including more than 18150 people in their raids and shelling". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 30 March 2019.
  113. ^ "Raqqa: IS 'capital' falls to US-backed Syrian forces". BBC News. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  114. ^ "ISIS has lost 98 percent of its territory, officials say". Fox32Chicago. WFLD. 26 December 2017.
  115. ^ "Islamic State completely 'evicted' from Iraq, Iraqi PM says". The Age. 10 December 2017.
  116. ^ Chulov, Martin (31 October 2019). "Islamic State names new leader after death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi". The Guardian.
  117. ^ "Al-Baghdadi Killed in Idlib, a Hotbed of Terror Groups, Foreign Fighters". Extremism Watch. Voice of America. 27 October 2019.
  118. ^ a b "US targeted ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: US officials". Al Jazeera English. 27 October 2019.
  119. ^ Browne, Ryan; Mattingly, Phil (27 October 2019). Zeleny, Jeff; Liptak, Kevin; Diamond, Jeremy (eds.). "ISIS leader al-Baghdadi believed to have been killed in a US military raid, sources say". CNN.
     • Lubold, Gordon; Abdulrahim, Raja (27 October 2019). "Islamic State Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Is Dead, Trump Says". The Wall Street Journal.
     • "Isis leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi killed in US raid, says Donald Trump – latest updates". The Guardian. 27 October 2019.
  120. ^ a b "Islamic State claims responsibility for Kabul airport blasts", Jason Burke, The Guardian
  121. ^ a b "US forces keep up Kabul airlift under threat of more attacks". Associated Press. 27 August 2021. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  122. ^ LARA SELIGMAN, ALEXANDER WARD, ANDREW DESIDERIO, DANIEL LIPPMAN and PAUL MCLEARY (26 August 2021). "13 U.S. troops killed in ISIS attacks on Kabul airport". Politico. Retrieved 29 August 2021. Thirteen U.S. troops were killed and 18 were injured on Thursday when ISIS militants set off two bombs outside Kabul’s main airport, the Pentagon saidCS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  123. ^ https://www.latimes.com/world/afghanistan-pakistan/la-fg-deadliest-day-for-kabul-civilians-since-2011-20150808-story.html
  124. ^ a b Irshaid, Faisal (2 December 2015). "Isis, Isil, IS or Daesh? One group, many names". BBC.
  125. ^ "AlQaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra Front is part of its network". Al Arabiya English. 9 April 2013.
  126. ^ Saxena, Vivek (16 September 2014). "ISIS vs ISIL – Which One Is It?". Inquisitr.
  127. ^ "Terrorist Designations of Groups Operating in Syria". United States Department of State. 14 May 2014.
  128. ^ Randal, Collin (18 October 2014). "Why Does a Simple Word like Daesh Disturb Extremists so Much". The National. Abu Dhabi.
  129. ^ Abouzeid, Rania (16 January 2014). "Syria's uprising within an uprising". European Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014.
  130. ^ Vultaggio, Maria (16 November 2015). "ISIL, ISIS, Islamic State, Daesh: What's The Difference?". International Business Times.
  131. ^ a b Moore, Jack (2 July 2014). "Iraq Crisis: Senior Jordan Jihadist Slams Isis Caliphate". International Business Times UK.
     • Mandhai, Shafik (7 July 2014). "Muslim leaders reject Baghdadi's caliphate". Al Jazeera English.
  132. ^ "Iraq's Baghdadi calls for 'holy war'". Al Jazeera English. 2 July 2014.
  133. ^ a b "Statement by the President on ISIL". whitehouse.gov. 10 September 2014 – via National Archives.
  134. ^ "United Nations Official Document". United Nations. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  135. ^ Pugliese, David (3 October 2014). "Details about the Canadian government's motion about going to war against ISIL". Ottawa Citizen.
  136. ^ "Turkish government files motion to Parliament to fight ISIL". Andalou Agency. 1 October 2014.
  137. ^ "Australia says ready to strike ISIL in Iraq". Al Jazeera English. 3 October 2014.
  138. ^ "ISIL: UK government response". Government of the United Kingdom. 13 October 2014.
  139. ^ Taylor, Adam (17 September 2014). "France is ditching the 'Islamic State' name—and replacing it with a label the group hates". The Washington Post.
  140. ^ Yuhasin, Alan (19 December 2014). "US general rebrands Isis 'Daesh' after requests from regional partners Leader of operations against group uses alternative name – a pejorative in Arabic that rejects fighters' claims on Islam". The Guardian.
  141. ^ NABIH BULOS (30 August 2021). "Family says 7 children were killed in Kabul drone strike; U.S. is investigating". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 August 2021. Daesh?” he said, referring to Islamic State by its Arabic acronym, which is considered a pejorative by the group
  142. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (27 August 2014). "Call Islamic State QSIS instead, says globally influential Islamic authority". The Guardian.
     • "Meet 'QSIS': A new twist in what to call the extremist group rampaging in Iraq and Syria". The Washington Post. 26 August 2014.
  143. ^ Tobey, Mark (2015). The ISIS Crisis: What You Really Need to Know. chapter 6 reference 13: Moody. ISBN 978-0-8024-9321-7. The final expression of Islamic government found in the Middle East would seem to be the purest, yet actually represents the most dangerous form: theocratic Islam.CS1 maint: location (link)
     • Belanger-McMurdo, Adele (5 October 2015). "A Fight for Statehood? ISIS and Its Quest for Political Domination". Nevertheless, ISIS is neither a terrorist organization nor a political party; instead, it is a theocratic proto-state.
     • Caldwell, Dan (2016). Seeking Security in an Insecure World. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 195. It is a theocratic state that considers itself unbound by the Westphalian principle of sovereignty with its corollaries of nonaggression and nonintervention
  144. ^ a b Hassan, Hassan (24 January 2015). "The secret world of Isis training camps – ruled by sacred texts and the sword". The Guardian.
     • Bradley, Matt (1 February 2015). "Islamic State Affiliate Takes Root Amid Libya's Chaos". The Wall Street Journal.
  145. ^ Armstrong, Karen (27 November 2014). "Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism". New Statesman. London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2014.
     • Sells, Michael (22 December 2016) [First published 20 December 2016]. "Wahhabist Ideology: What It Is And Why It's A Problem". The Huffington Post. New York. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020.
  146. ^ Al-Yaqoubi (2015), pp. xiii, 11, 18.
  147. ^ Manne, Robert (3 November 2016). "The mind of Islamic State: more coherent and consistent than Nazism". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. There exists a more or less general consensus that the ideology of the Islamic State is founded upon the prison writings of the revolutionary Egyptian Muslim Brother Sayyid Qutb
  148. ^ Al-Khateeb, Motaz (3 December 2014). "Daesh's Intellectual Origins: From Jurisprudence to Reality". Al Jazeera Centre for Studies.
  149. ^ Al-Yaqoubi (2015), p. xii.
  150. ^ G. Harris, MAJ Lucas (2018). ISIS vs. Al Qaeda: An Ideological Comparison. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College. pp. 2, 8, 9, 11.
  151. ^ Law, Tara (27 October 2019). "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Is Dead. Here's What to Know About the Deceased Islamic State Leader". Time. Al-Baghdadi is thought to have shown signs of radicalization years ago, joining an extreme branch of the Sunni dissident group the Muslim Brotherhood as a youth.
  152. ^ Al-Khateeb, Motaz (3 December 2014). "Daesh's Intellectual Origins: From Jurisprudence to Reality". Al Jazeera Centre for Studies. While the Muslim Brotherhood and Daesh are diametrically opposite, they both draw on the same Islamic jurisprudence. In other words, religious texts and jurisprudence, in and of themselves, cannot explain the emergence of phenomena like Daesh, particularly given that the texts are centuries old as opposed to these new jihadi-political groups who use them to legitimise their existence
  153. ^ Teti, Isabella Frances (6 November 2016). "The 'ISIS Phenomenon'". PennState Presidential Leadership Academy. Pennsylvania State University.
  154. ^ "INGYouth: Frequently Asked Questions". Islamic Networks Group. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  155. ^ a b "Islamic State". Australian National Security. Australian Government. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  156. ^ a b Prusher, Ilene (9 September 2014). "What the ISIS Flag Says About the Militant Group". Time. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014.
  157. ^ Speckhard, Anne (29 August 2014). "Endtimes Brewing". Huffington Post (UK). Archived from the original on 17 September 2014.
  158. ^ a b c d e Kirkpatrick, David (24 September 2014). "ISIS Harsh Brand of Islam Is Rooted in Austere Saudi Creed". The New York Times.
  159. ^ "Crime and punishment in Saudi Arabia: The other beheaders". The Economist. 20 September 2014.
  160. ^ Staff writer (19 August 2014). "'ISIS is enemy No. 1 of Islam,' says Saudi grand mufti". Al Arabiyah News English.
  161. ^ Staff writer (10 September 2014). "Some Saudi clerics condemn Isil but preach intolerance". Gulf News. Reuters.
  162. ^ D. Kirkpatrick, David (24 September 2014). "ISIS' Harsh Brand of Islam Is Rooted in Austere Saudi Creed". The New York Times. The Islamic State's founder, Mr. Baghdadi, grafted two elements onto his Wahhabi foundations borrowed from the broader, 20th-century Islamist movements that began with the Muslim Brotherhood and ultimately produced Al Qaeda. Where Wahhabi scholars preach obedience to earthly rulers, Mr. Baghdadi adopted the call to political action against foreign domination of the Arab world that has animated the Muslim Brotherhood, Al Qaeda and other 20th-century Islamist movements.Mr. Baghdadi also borrowed the idea of a restored caliphate. Where Wahhabism first flourished alongside the Ottoman Caliphate, the Muslim Brotherhood was founded shortly after that caliphate's dissolution, in 1924 — an event seen across the world as a marker of Western ascent and Eastern decline. The movement's founders took up the call for a revived caliphate as a goal of its broader anti-Western project.
  163. ^ Bunzel, Cole (18 February 2016). "The Kingdom and the Caliphate: Duel of the Islamic States". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. The religious character of the Islamic State is, without doubt, overwhelmingly Wahhabi, but the group does depart from Wahhabi tradition in four critical respects: dynastic alliance, the caliphate, violence, and apocalyptic fervor
  164. ^ a b c Bunzel, Cole (18 February 2016). "The Kingdom and the Caliphate: Duel of the Islamic States". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018.
  165. ^ Mamouri, Ali (29 July 2014). "Why Islamic State has no sympathy for Hamas". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014.
  166. ^ a b Hassan, Hassan (13 June 2016). "The Sectarianism of the Islamic State: Ideological Roots and Political Context". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  167. ^ McCants, William (2015). The ISIS Apocalypse: The History, Strategy, and Doomsday Vision of the Islamic State. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-250-08090-5.
  168. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (2 September 2014). "17 things about ISIS and Iraq you need to know". Vox. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
     • Abu Mohammad. "Letter dated 9 July 2005" (PDF). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. See page 2 onwards. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  169. ^ a b c d Johnson, M. Alex (3 September 2014). "'Deviant and Pathological': What Do ISIS Extremists Really Want?". NBC News. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  170. ^ Kubba, Laith (7 July 2014). "Who is the U.S. targeting in Iraq air strikes?". Al Jazeera English.
  171. ^ a b Joscelyn, Thomas (29 September 2015). "US counterterrorism efforts in Syria: A winning strategy?". Long War Journal.
  172. ^ Withnall, Adam (21 December 2014). "Middle East. Inside Isis: The first Western journalist ever to be given access to the 'Islamic State' has just returned – and this is what he discovered". Independent. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  173. ^ Greyvenstein, Hester Maria (15 January 2015). "Q&A: German journalist on surviving ISIL". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 4 October 2015. Something that I don't understand at all is the enthusiasm in their plan of religious cleansing, planning to kill the non-believers... They also will kill Muslim democrats because they believe that non-ISIL-Muslims put the laws of human beings above the commandments of God. These were very difficult discussions, especially when they were talking about the number of people who they are willing to kill. They were talking about hundreds of millions. They were enthusiastic about it, and I just cannot understand that.
  174. ^ Tran, Mark; Weaver, Matthew (30 June 2014). "Isis announces Islamic caliphate in area straddling Iraq and Syria". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
     • McGrath, Timothy (2 July 2014). "Watch this English-speaking ISIS fighter explain how a 98-year-old colonial map created today's conflict". Los Angeles Times. GlobalPost. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
     • Caillet, Romain (27 December 2013). "The Islamic State: Leaving al-Qaeda Behind". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  175. ^ Manne, Robert (June 2016). "The mind of the Islamic State: An ideology of savagery". The Monthly.
     • Moghadam, Assaf; Fishman, Brian (10 May 2011). Fault Lines in Global Jihad: Organizational, Strategic, and Ideological Fissures. Taylor & Francis. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-136-71058-2.
     • Moghadam, Assaf; Fishman, Brian, eds. (16 December 2010). Self-Inflicted Wounds: Debates and Divisions within al-Qa'ida and its Periphery (PDF) (Report). Harmony Project, Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2016.
  176. ^ Reuter, Christoph (18 April 2015). "The Terror Strategist: Secret Files Reveal the Structure of Islamic State". Der Spiegel.
  177. ^ Reardon, Martin (6 July 2015). "ISIL and the management of savagery". Al Jazeera English.
  178. ^ a b Gude, Ken (November 2015). Anti-Muslim Sentiment Is a Serious Threat to American Security (PDF). Center for American Progress. p. 3.
     • Burke, Jason (14 November 2015). "Islamic State 'Goes Global' with Paris Attacks". The Observer.
  179. ^ Gambhir, Harleen (February 2015). ISIS Global Intelligence Summary: January 7 – February 18 (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War.
  180. ^ Chotiner, Isaac (12 July 2016). "The ISIS Correspondent [interview with Rukmini Callimachi]". Slate.
  181. ^ Naji, Abu Bakr (23 May 2006). The Management of Savagery: The Most Critical Stage Through Which the Umma Will Pass (PDF). John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  182. ^ McCoy, Terrence (12 August 2014). "The calculated madness of the Islamic State's horrifying brutality". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
     • Crooke, Alastair (30 June 2014). "The ISIS' 'Management of Savagery' in Iraq". HuffPost.
     • Hassan, Hassan (8 February 2015). "Isis has reached new depths of depravity. But there is a brutal logic behind it". The Guardian.
  183. ^ Wright, Lawrence (16 June 2014). "ISIS's Savage Strategy in Iraq". The New Yorker. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  184. ^ Atran, Scott; Hamid, Nafees (16 November 2015). "Paris: The War ISIS Wants". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  185. ^ Erdbrink, Thomas (7 June 2017). "Iran Assails Saudi Arabia After Pair of Deadly Terrorist Attacks". The New York Times.
  186. ^ Hubbard, Ben (24 July 2014). "Life in a Jihadist Capital: Order With a Darker Side". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  187. ^ Weiss, Michael; Hassan, Hassan (15 April 2016). "Everything We Knew About This ISIS Mastermind Was Wrong". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  188. ^ Barrett, Richard (November 2014). "The Islamic State" (PDF). Soufan Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
     • Moore, Jack (22 April 2015). "ISIS Replace Injured Leader Baghdadi With Former Physics Teacher". Newsweek. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  189. ^ Thompson, Nick; Shubert, Attika (18 September 2014). "The anatomy of ISIS: How the 'Islamic State' is run, from oil to beheadings". CNN. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  190. ^ a b c d Ruthven, Malise (9 July 2015). "Inside the Islamic State. Review of Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate by Abdel Bari Atwan". The New York Review of Books.
  191. ^ Sly, Liz (5 April 2015). "How Saddam Hussein's former military officers and spies are controlling Isis". Independent.
     • Sly, Liz (4 April 2015). "The hidden hand behind the Islamic State militants? Saddam Hussein's". The Washington Post.
  192. ^ a b Hubbard, Ben; Schmitt, Eric (27 August 2014). "Military Skill and Terrorist Technique Fuel Success of ISIS". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
     • Sly, Liz (5 April 2015). "How Saddam Hussein's former military officers and spies are controlling Isis". Independent. London. Retrieved 21 April 2015. But American officials didn't anticipate that they would become not only adjuncts to al-Qaeda, but core members of the jihadist group. They were instrumental in the group's rebirth from the defeats inflicted on insurgents by the US military, which is now back in Iraq bombing many of the same men it had already fought twice before.
  193. ^ Dearden, Lizzie (4 March 2016). "Former US military adviser David Kilcullen says there would be no Isis without Iraq invasion". Independent. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  194. ^ Lake, Eli (11 February 2015). "Foreign Recruits Are Islamic State's Cannon Fodder". Bloomberg News.
     • "Iraqis, Saudis call shots in Raqa, ISIL's Syrian 'capital'". Channel NewsAsia. 19 June 2014. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015.
  195. ^ Abi-Habib, Maria (9 March 2015). "Splits in Islamic State Emerge as Its Ranks Expand". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
     • Trofimov, Yaroslav (4 February 2015). "In Islamic State Stronghold of Raqqa, Foreign Fighters Dominate". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  196. ^ "IS group unit known as 'Emni' aims to export terror around the world – France 24". 4 August 2016.
     • Callimachi, Rukmini (3 August 2016). "How a Secretive Branch of ISIS Built a Global Network of Killers". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  197. ^ "Trump confirms ISIS leader Baghdadi is dead after US raid in Syria — 'He died like a coward'". 27 October 2019 – via www.cnbc.com.
  198. ^ a b Perraudin, Frances (27 October 2019). "Isis leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi killed in US raid, says Donald Trump – latest updates". www.theguardian.com.
  199. ^ "Turkish-U.S. military forces exchanged information ahead of U.S. operation in Syria". reuters.com. 27 October 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019.
     • T.C. Millî Savunma Bakanlığı [@tcsavunma] (27 October 2019). "Prior to the US Operation in Idlib Province of Syria last night, information exchange and coordination between the military authorities of both countries took place" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  200. ^ "Factbox: World reacts to announcement of Islamic State leader Baghdadi's death". www.reuters.com. 27 October 2019.
  201. ^ "Trump says U.S. may release parts of Baghdadi raid video". Reuters. Reuters. 28 October 2019.
  202. ^ Withnall, Adam (16 June 2017). "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi dead: Russia says it may have killed Isis leader in Raqqa air strike". Independent News. Independent News. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  203. ^ "Al-Baghdadi nominates Iraqi Abdullah Qardash as his successor to lead Daesh". The Middle East Monitor. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
     • Siegel, Jordan (22 August 2019). "Ailing Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi puts 'Professor' Abdullah Qardash in charge of Isis". The Times. Times Newspapers Limited. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  204. ^ "With Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi gone, what next for ISIL?". Al Jazeera English. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  205. ^ Katz, Rita [@Rita_Katz] (17 September 2019). "1)ALERT: w/ yesterday's #Baghdadi speech, false articles cont. to circulate about an #Amaq message that reported the successor of #ISIS leader" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  206. ^ "Trump says al-Baghdadi's 'number one replacement' is dead". Al Jazeera English. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  207. ^ "Trump says likely Baghdadi successor killed by U.S. troops". Reuters. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  208. ^ "ISIS spokesman Al-Muhajir killed in U.S. airstrike in Syria". BNO News. 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  209. ^ "Islamic State names its new leader". 31 October 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  210. ^ The Islamic State: How Its Leadership Is Organized on YouTube
  211. ^ a b c "Rule of Terror: Living under ISIS in Syria" (PDF). United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  212. ^ Two women release extraordinary footage of what life is really like living under Isis. Independent. 13 March 2016.
     • "Deserters describe life under ISIL rule". Al Jazeera English. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  213. ^ a b McCoy, Terrence (13 June 2013). "ISIL, beheadings and the success of horrifying violence". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  214. ^ Haytham Mustafa (31 December 2016). "Islamic State replaces Syrian officials by foreign jihadists in Raqqa". ARA News. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  215. ^ Cook and Vale. "From Daesh to 'Diaspora." International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation. King's College London. pp. 14–19.
  216. ^ "Sa është numri i xhihadistëve të ISIS-it?" [How Many Jihadists ISIS?] (in Albanian). Tirana, Albania: Top Channel. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  217. ^ Weaver, Mary Anne (19 April 2015). "Her Majesty's Jihadists". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  218. ^ "UN Report on 15,000 Foreigners Joining ISIS Fighters in Syria And Iraq Will Shock You". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014.
  219. ^ Windrem, Robert (28 February 2015). "ISIS By the Numbers: Foreign Fighter Total Keeps Growing". NBC News. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  220. ^ Sarhan, Arme. "CIA: 30,000 foreign fighters have traveled to Syria and Iraq to join ISIS". Iraq News. 29 September 2015.
  221. ^ "World's Richest Terror Army". BBC. 24 April 2015. p. 25:06 – within a 59 minute programme. excerpt from, interview with Abu Hajjar, a former "senior leader of IS": "How much money would a foreign fighter receive as a wage?" "A foreigner? They aren't given a salary. They are given food and housing, not money."
  222. ^ "Kyrgyzstan: Abusive Crackdowns on 'Extremist' Material". Human Rights Watch. 17 September 2018.
  223. ^ Ismay, John (17 October 2013). "Insight into How Insurgents Fought in Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  224. ^ Lister, Charles (7 August 2014). "Not Just Iraq: The Islamic State Is Also on the March in Syria". HuffPost. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  225. ^ "ISIS used US-made anti-tank missiles near Palmyra". Business Insider. 9 June 2015.
     • "U.S. missile brought down Russian helicopter in Syria: report". Japan Times. 10 July 2016.
  226. ^ Crawford, Jamie (14 December 2017). "Report details where ISIS gets its weapons". CNN. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
  227. ^ "Treasury Targets ISIS Leader Involved in Chemical Weapons Development". United States Department of the Treasury. 12 June 2017. Al-Jaburi is an Iraq-based, ISIS senior leader in charge of factories producing improvised explosive devices (IEDs), vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs), and explosives, and he is involved in the development of chemical weapons
  228. ^ Cowell, Alan (10 July 2014). "Low-Grade Nuclear Material Is Seized by Rebels in Iraq, U.N. Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
     • Sherlock, Ruth (10 July 2014). "Iraq jihadists seize 'nuclear material', says ambassador to UN". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  229. ^ Blake, Paul (11 September 2015). "US official: 'IS making and using chemical weapons in Iraq and Syria'". BBC. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
     • Dearden, Lizzie (11 September 2015). "Isis 'manufacturing and using chemical weapons' in Iraq and Syria, US official claims". Independent. London. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  230. ^ Water and Violence Link: Crisis of Survival in the Middle East (PDF) (Report). Mumbai, India: Strategic Foresight. December 2014. ISBN 978-81-88262-24-3.
  231. ^ Eshel, Tamir (12 October 2016). "Weaponized Mini-Drones Entering the Fight". Defense Update. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  232. ^ Eshel, Tamir (17 January 2017). "RAF Strikes Daesh Drone Facility in Mosul". Defense Update. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  233. ^ Saul, Heather (31 October 2014). "Isis now targeting women with guides on how to be the 'ultimate wives of jihad'". Independent. London. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  234. ^ Perešin, Anita (2015). "Fatal Attraction: Western Muslimas and ISIS". Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (3): 22. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 26297379. The exact number of Muslim women from the West who joined ISIS is still not officially confirmed. It is estimated that their number exceeds 550, or that they represent 10 percent of the number of all ISIS' Western foreign fighters.
  235. ^ Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en (14 December 2017). "Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf". AIVD. p. 6. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  236. ^ Abdul-Alim, Jamaal (8 March 2015). "ISIS 'Manifesto' Spells Out Role for Women". The Atlantic. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  237. ^ a b Winter, Charlie (5 February 2015). "QUILLIAM Translation and Analysis of Islamic State Manifesto on Jihadist Brides". Quilliam Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  238. ^ a b c d Khalaf, Roula; Jones, Sam (17 June 2014). "Selling terror: how Isis details its brutality". Financial Times. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
     • Stone, Jeff (17 June 2014). "ISIS Attacks Twitter Streams, Hacks Accounts To Make Jihadi Message Go Viral". International Business Times. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  239. ^ Marshall, Alex (9 November 2014). "How Isis got its anthem". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 29 August 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  240. ^ Schatz, Bryan. "Inside the world of jihadi propaganda music". Mother Jones. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  241. ^ "Coronavirus: 'Islamic State' seeks to profit from pandemic". Deutsche Welle. 23 March 2020.
  242. ^ "'Divine Retribution': The Islamic State's COVID-19 Propaganda". The Diplomat. 24 March 2020.
  243. ^ Roggio, Bill (28 October 2007). "US targets al Qaeda's al Furqan media wing in Iraq". Long War Journal.
  244. ^ Bilger 2014, p. 1.[full citation needed]
  245. ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (8 March 2013). "New statement from the Global Islamic Media Front: Announcement on the Publishing of al-I'tiṣām Media Foundation – A Subsidiary of the Islamic State of Iraq – It Will Be Released Via GIMF". Jihadology. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  246. ^ مصطفى, أحمد عبد الرحمن (18 March 2015). داعش من الزنزانة إلى الخلافة (in Arabic). حروف منثورة للنشر الإلكتروني.
  247. ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (20 August 2013). "New statement from the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shām: "Announcing Ajnād Foundation For Media Production"". Jihadology. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  248. ^ Gertz, Bill (13 June 2014). "New Al Qaeda Group Produces Recruitment Material for Americans, Westerners". The Washington Free Beacon. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
     • "ISIS Declares Islamic Caliphate, Appoints Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi As 'Caliph', Declares All Muslims Must Pledge Allegiance To Him". MEMRI. 30 June 2014.
  249. ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (28 January 2015). "The Islamic State's model". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  250. ^ Sullivan, Kevin (8 December 2014). "Three American teens, recruited online, are caught trying to join the Islamic State". The Washington Post.
  251. ^ Jacoby, Tim (14 August 2018). "Islam and the Islamic State's Magazine, Dabiq". Cambridge Core. Cambridge University Press. 2 (1): 32–54. doi:10.1017/S1755048318000561. S2CID 149567198.
  252. ^ "Dabiq: What Islamic State's New Magazine Tells Us about Their Strategic Direction, Recruitment Patterns and Guerrilla Doctrine". The Jamestown Foundation. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  253. ^ Akkoc, Raziye (12 October 2015). "Ankara bombings: Islamic State is main suspect, says Turkish PM Ahmet Davutoglu". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
     • Hunter, Isabel (22 July 2015). "Suruc bombings: Turkish President accused of not doing enough to help Kurds fight Isis threat across its border in Syria". Independent. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  254. ^ "Jihadists Release First Issue of Pro-IS French Magazine "Dar al-Islam"". SITE Intelligence Group. 22 December 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  255. ^ "The Virtual Caliphate: ISIS'S Information Warfare" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 February 2017. As of late 2016, Rumiyah has apparently supplanted other internationally oriented publications, as al-Hayat has ceased publishing them
  256. ^ "Islamic State launches English-language radio bulletins". The Daily Telegraph. London. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  257. ^ a b Berger, J. M. (16 June 2014). "How ISIS Games Twitter". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  258. ^ "ISIS Propaganda Campaign Threatens U.S." Anti-Defamation League. 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  259. ^ "Isis Telegram channel doubles followers to 9,000 in less than 1 week". 12 October 2015 – via Yahoo News.
  260. ^ Lee, Ian; Hanna, Jason (12 August 2015). "Croatian ISIS captive reportedly beheaded". CNN. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  261. ^ Walsh, Michael (23 September 2014). "ISIS releases second 'lecture video' of British hostage John Cantlie". Daily News. New York. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  262. ^ Hegghammer, Thomas; Nesser, Petter (9 July 2015). "Assessing the Islamic State's Commitment to Attacking the West". Perspectives on Terrorism. Terrorism Research Initiative. 9 (4). ISSN 2334-3745.
  263. ^ "Inside the Islamic State kidnap machine". BBC News. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  264. ^ "Financing of the Terrorist Organisation Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant" (PDF). Financial Action Task Force. February 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  265. ^ Matthews, Dylan (24 July 2014). "The surreal infographics ISIS is producing, translated". Vox. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  266. ^ a b c Allam, Hannah (23 June 2014). "Records show how Iraqi extremists withstood U.S. anti-terror efforts". McClatchy News. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  267. ^ The Editorial Board (12 March 2017). "Man Without an ISIS Plan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  268. ^ Chulov, Martin (15 June 2014). "How an arrest in Iraq revealed Isis's $2bn jihadist network". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  269. ^ Moore, Jack (11 June 2014). "Mosul Seized: Jihadis Loot $429m from City's Central Bank to Make Isis World's Richest Terror Force". International Business Times. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  270. ^ McCoy, Terrence (12 June 2014). "ISIS just stole $425 million, Iraqi governor says, and became the 'world's richest terrorist group'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
     • Carey, Glen; Haboush, Mahmoud; Viscusi, Gregory (26 June 2014). "Financing Jihad: Why ISIS Is a Lot Richer Than Al-Qaeda". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
  271. ^ Windrem, Robert (24 June 2014). "U.S. Official Doubts ISIS Mosul Bank Heist Windfall". NBC News. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  272. ^ Daragahi, Borzou (17 July 2014). "Biggest bank robbery that 'never happened' – $400m Isis heist". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  273. ^ "Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper". The Guardian. 21 November 2014.
     • "Islamic State reportedly buying silver, gold as it prepares to issue currency". McClatchy. 20 November 2014. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
     • Ensor, Josie (14 November 2014). "Islamic State announces its own currency". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
     • Jabbar, Marwan (3 September 2015). "Gold at End of Extremist Rainbow: Islamic State Release Their Own 'Fake' Currency". Niqash. Baghdad.
  274. ^ Dearden, Lizzie (25 March 2016). "Isis fails to bring in own currency, relies on 'satanic' US dollars instead". The Independent. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  275. ^ a b Qaddour, Kinana (13 October 2017). "Inside ISIS' Dysfunctional Schools". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120.
  276. ^ a b Education in Mosul under the Islamic State (ISIS) 2015–2016 (PDF) (Report). Iraqi Institution for Development. Retrieved 5 May 2020 – via Global Campaign for Education.
  277. ^ "Zarqawi Letter" State Dept. archives
  278. ^ Caris, Charles C.; Reynolds, Samuel (July 2014). "ISIS Governance in Syria" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War.
  279. ^ "Islamic State moves in on al-Qaeda turf". BBC News. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  280. ^ Weiss, Caleb (26 October 2016). "Islamic State in Somalia claims capture of port town". The Long War Journal.
  281. ^ Roul, Animesh (May 2016). "How Bangladesh Became Fertile Ground for al-Qa'ida and the Islamic State". CTC Sentinel. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 9 (5).
  282. ^ Weiss, Caleb (24 June 2016). "The Islamic State grows in the Philippines". The Long War Journal.
  283. ^ Winter, Charlie (22 July 2016). "Has the Islamic State Abandoned Its Provincial Model in the Philippines?". War on the Rocks.
  284. ^ "Although they have been besieged by Russia, Iran, and the regime for two years, thousands of ISIS members are still within an area of 4000 km2 without any intention to launch a military operation against them". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 20 February 2019.
  285. ^ Fabricius, Peter (12 August 2020). "Mozambique: Mocimboa da Praia: Islamic State insurgents recapture strategic port town". Daily Maverick.
  286. ^ "Boko Haram leader, Shekau, dead as ISWAP fighters capture Sambisa forest -- Report". 20 May 2021.
  287. ^ Ban Ki-Moon (24 September 2014).