ブリュッセル
ブリュッセル（フランス語：Bruxelles [bʁysɛl] （聞く）
または[bʁyksɛl] （聞く） ; オランダ語：ブリュッセル [ˈbrʏsəl] （聞く））、正式にはブリュッセル-首都圏[7] [8]（フランス語： RégiondeBruxelles-Capitale ; [a]オランダ語： Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest）、 [b]は19の自治体からなるベルギーの地域です。、ベルギーの首都であるブリュッセル市を含む。 [9]ブリュッセル首都圏は国の中央部に位置し、ベルギーのフランス共同体[10]とフランドル共同体の両方の一部です。、[11]ですが、フランダース地域（飛び地を形成する地域）およびワロン地域とは別です。[12] [13]ブリュッセルは、一人当たりGDPの観点から、ベルギーで最も人口密度が高く、最も豊かな地域です。[14]それは162km 2（63平方マイル）をカバーし、他の2つの地域と比較して比較的狭い面積であり、120万人以上の人口を持っています。[15]ブリュッセルの5倍の大都市圏は、250万人を超える人々で構成されており、ベルギーで最大です。[16] [17] [18]それはまた大きいの一部です500万人を超える人々が暮らすゲント、アントワープ、ルーヴェン、ブラバンワロンに向かって広がる大都市圏。[19]
ブリュッセルはゼンヌ川の小さな農村集落から成長し、ヨーロッパの重要な都市地域になりました。第二次世界大戦の終結以来、それは国際政治の主要な中心地であり、多くの国際組織、政治家、外交官、公務員の本拠地となっています。[20]ブリュッセルは、その行政立法、行政政治、および立法を含む多くの主要なEU機関をホストしているため、欧州連合の事実上の首都です。支部（司法支部はルクセンブルグにあり、欧州議会はストラスブールでその年の少数派のために会合しますが）。[21] [22] [c]その名前は、EUとその機関を説明するために換喩的に使用されることがあります。[23] [24]の事務局ベネルクスと本社のNATOはまた、ブリュッセルに位置しています。[25] [26]ベルギーの経済首都であり、ユーロネクストブリュッセルを擁する西ヨーロッパのトップ金融センターの1つとして、アルファ 世界都市に分類されています。[27]ブリュッセルは鉄道、道路、航空交通のハブであり[28]、「ヨーロッパの十字路」というあだ名を付けることもあります。 [29]ザ・ブリュッセルの地下鉄があるだけで高速輸送ベルギーのシステム。さらに、空港と鉄道駅の両方が国内で最大かつ最も忙しいです。 [30] [31]
歴史的にオランダ語を話すブリュッセルでは、19世紀後半からフランス語への言語シフトが見られました。[32]ブリュッセル首都圏は正式にフランス語とオランダ語のバイリンガルであり、[33] [34]フランス語は現在、住民の90％以上が話すことができる共通語となっていますが、[35] [36]ブリュッセルもますます多言語になりつつあります。英語は人口のほぼ3分の1が第二言語として話しており、多くの移民や駐在員は他の言語も話します。[35] [37]
ブリュッセルは、その料理と美食[38]だけでなく、その歴史的および建築的ランドマークでも知られています。それらのいくつかはユネスコの 世界遺産に登録されています。[39]主なアトラクションには、その歴史的なグランプラス、小便小僧、アトミウム、そしてラモネ/ドムントや美術館などの文化施設が含まれます。ベルギーの漫画の長い伝統のために、ブリュッセルは漫画の首都としても歓迎されています。[2] [40]
地名
語源
ブリュッセルという名前の由来の最も一般的な理論は、それが「湿地」（bruoc / broek）と「家」（sella / zele / sel）または「家の家」を意味する古いオランダの Bruocsella、BroekzeleまたはBroekselに由来するというものですマーシュ」。[41]サンビンディシアナス、司教のカンブレは、場所への最初の記録された基準作らBrosellaを、695に[42] 、それはまだあったときに村。ブリュッセル首都圏のすべての自治体の名前 ケルト人であるエベレを除いて、オランダ出身でもあります。
発音
では、フランス、ブリュッセルで顕著です[bʁysɛl] （listen）（ xは英語のように/ s /と発音され、最後のsは無音です）そしてオランダ語ではBrusselが発音されます[ˈbrʏsəl] （聞く）。ブリュッセルの住民はフランス語でBruxellois（発音）として知られています[bʁysɛlwa] （聞く））そしてオランダ語でBrusselaars（発音）[ˈbrʏsəlaːrs]）。Brabantian方言ブリュッセル（として知らBrusselian、また時にはMarols又はMarollienとも呼ばれる）、 [43] 、それらが呼び出されBrusseleers又はBrusseleirs。[44]
もともと、書かれたxはグループ/ k s /を示していました。でベルギーのフランス語の発音ならびにオランダ語、kは最終的に消失し、zはなったの電流に反映されるように、オランダの綴りより保守的で、一方、フランスの形、綴りが残りました。[45]フランス語の発音/ k s /は18世紀にさかのぼりますが、この変更は伝統的なブリュッセルの使用法には影響しませんでした。では、フランス、発音[bʁyksɛl] （聞く）そして[bʁyksɛlwa]（ bruxelloisの場合）はよく聞かれますが、ベルギーではかなりまれです。[46]
歴史
ルーヴァン伯c。1000-1183ブラバント公国1183-1430ブルゴーニュオランダ1430-1482ハプスブルクオランダ1482-1556スペイン語オランダ1556-1714オーストリアオランダ1714-1746イギリスフランスの1746-1749オーストリアオランダ1749-1794フランス第一共和政1795-1804フランス第一帝政1804 –1815ネーデルラント連合王国1815–1830ベルギー王国1830–現在
初期の歴史
ブリュッセルの歴史は西ヨーロッパの歴史と密接に関連しています。人間の居住の痕跡がバックに行く石器時代の名残との文明に関連する地名で、巨石、支石墓と立って石（市内中心部とでPlattesteen Tombergでヴォリュウェ=サン=ランベール例えば、）。中は後半古代、領域がホームにいたローマの現在のサイト上で発見された考古学的な証拠によって証明として、職業ツアー＆タクシー、の北西ペンタゴン。[47] [48]衰退に続いて西ローマ帝国、それはフランク帝国に組み込まれました。
ブリュッセルの嘘になることだった和解の起源サンゲイジェリカス上のチャペルの「建設島川でセンヌ580周り[49] [より良いソースが必要]ブリュッセルの公式創立は通常、979の周りに配置されているデューク低ロタリンギアのチャールズは、聖遺物の移転ガデュラをからMoorsel（今日の州に位置イーストフランダースサンゲイジェリカスチャペルに）。チャールズは同じ島に最初の恒久的な要塞を建設しました。
中世
ルーヴァン伯のランバート1世は、チャールズの娘と結婚することにより、ブリュッセル郡を約1000年獲得しました。ブルージュとゲント、ケルンの間の重要な交易路であるゼンヌ川のほとりに位置するため、ブリュッセルは繊維貿易に特化した商業の中心地になりました。町は非常に急速に成長し、洪水のリスクが少ない上部の町（Treurenberg、Coudenberg、Sablon / Zavel地域）に向かって拡大しました。人口が約3万人に達すると、周囲の湿地は排水され、さらに拡大することができました。この頃、現在の聖ミカエル大聖堂と聖グドゥラ大聖堂の建設が始まりました。（1225）、古いロマネスク様式の教会に取って代わります。1183年、ルーヴァン伯はブラバント公になりました。フランドル伯領とは異なり、ブラバントはフランス国王の領地ではありませんでしたが、神聖ローマ帝国に編入されました。
13世紀初頭、ブリュッセルの最初の城壁が建設され[50]、その後、街は大きく成長しました。街を拡大させるために、1356年から1383年の間に2番目の壁のセットが建てられました。歴史的な市内中心部を囲む一連の道路であるスモールリングは以前のコースをたどっていますが、これらの壁の痕跡はまだ見られます。
近世
15世紀には、相続人の間で結婚マーガレット・フランダースのIIIとフィリップ太字、ブルゴーニュ公は、のブラバントの新公生産ヴァロワ家（すなわちアントワーヌ、自分の息子を）。 1477年、ブルゴーニュ公シャルル大胆はナンシーの戦いで亡くなりました。娘のマリー・ド・ブルゴーニュ（ブリュッセルで生まれた）と聖ローマ皇帝マクシミリアン1世との結婚により、ネーデルラントはハプスブルク家の主権に陥りました。ブラバントはこの複合国家に統合され、ブリュッセルは繁栄の藩王国として栄えましたブルゴーニュ領ネーデル、別名17州。 1482年にメアリーが亡くなった後、息子のフィリップ・ザ・ハンサムはブルゴーニュ公とブラバント公として成功しました。
フィリップは1506年に亡くなり、息子のチャールズ5世が後継者となり、息子のチャールズ5世はスペイン国王（聖ミカエルと聖グドゥラ大聖堂で戴冠）になり、祖父マクシミリアン1世の死により神聖ローマ皇帝にさえなりました。1519年のローマ皇帝。チャールズは現在、ブリュッセルを主な首都として「太陽が沈むことのない」ハプスブルク帝国の支配者でした。[51] [52]それはにあったCoudenbergの宮殿複雑なチャールズVは1515年に年齢の宣言されたこと、そしてそれは彼が彼の財産のすべてを退位することを1555年にあったと渡されたハプスブルク家オランダにスペインのフェリペ2世。ヨーロッパ中で有名なこの印象的な宮殿は、最初にブラバント公の座となったときから大きく拡大しましたが、1731年に火事で破壊されました。
16世紀と17世紀には、ブリュッセルはレース産業の中心地でした。さらに、ブリュッセルのタペストリーはヨーロッパ中の城の壁に掛けられていました。[53] [54] 1695年、大同盟戦争中、フランスのルイ14世は、ブリュッセルを砲撃するために軍隊を派遣した。結果として生じた火災とともに、それはブリュッセルの歴史全体の中で最も破壊的な出来事でした。グランプラスは4000の建物・都市のすべての建物の第三と一緒に、破壊されました。市内中心部の再建、その後の数年間に影響を受け、その外観を大幅に変更し、今日でも多くの痕跡を残しました。[55]
1713年のユトレヒト条約に続いて、南ネーデルラントに対するスペインの主権はハプスブルク家のオーストリア支部に移されました。このイベントは、オーストリアのオランダの時代を開始しました。ブリュッセルはオーストリア継承戦争中の1746年にフランスに占領されましたが、3年後にオーストリアに返還されました。南ネーデルラントがフランスに占領され併合された1795年までオーストリアに残り、この都市はダイル県の首都になりました。フランスの支配は1815年に終わり、今日のブリュッセル首都圏の南に位置するワーテルローの戦場でナポレオンが敗北しました。とともにウィーン会議、南ネーデルラントは、オレンジのウィリアム1世の下で、ネーデルラント連合王国に加わりました。かつてのディール県は、ブリュッセルを首都として、サウスブラバント州になりました。
近代
1830年、ベルギーの革命はのパフォーマンスの後、ブリュッセルで始まったオベールのオペラポルティチの唖娘でモネ劇場の王立劇場。[56] この都市は、新しい国の首都と政府の所在地となった。南ブラバントは、単純に改名されたブラバントの行政の中心地として、ブリュッセルで、。 1831年7月21日、ベルギー国王の最初の王であるレオポルド1世が王位に就き、市壁の破壊と多くの建物の建設に着手しました。
独立後、ブリュッセルはさらに多くの変化を遂げました。ソシエテジェネラルデベルジークが立ち上げた数十の企業のおかげで、金融センターになりました。産業革命との開口部ブリュッセルシャルルロワ運河商業や製造を通して街に1832もたらした繁栄インチ ブリュッセル自由大学は1834年に設立され、サン・ルイ大学は1858年に1835年、最初の旅客鉄道イングランドの外に構築されたがの自治体リンクMolenbeek・サン・ジャンをしメッヘレン。[57] [58]
19世紀の間に、ブリュッセルの人口はかなり増加しました。市内とその周辺の約80,000人から625,000人以上の人々。センヌは深刻になっていた健康被害、そして1867年から1871年までの任期の下で、市内の当時の市長、ジュールス・アンスパック、都市部を通じた全コースをして完全に覆わ。この許可都市再生との近代的な建物の建設オスマン-esque壮大に沿っスタイル中央大通り、ダウンタウンのブリュッセルの特性今日。ブリュッセル証券取引所（1873）などの建物、正義の宮殿（1883年）と聖マリア王立教会（1885年）はこの時代にさかのぼります。この発展はレオポルド2世の治世を通して続いた。1897年の国際博覧会は、インフラストラクチャの推進に貢献しました。とりわけ、テルビュレン郊外にある植民地宮殿（現在の王立中央アフリカ博物館）は、長さ11kmの大路地の建設によって首都とつながっていました。
ブリュッセルは、1890年代から1900年代初頭にかけて、アールヌーボー様式の発展を遂げたヨーロッパの主要都市の1つになりました。建築家のヴィクトールオルタ、ポールハンカー、アンリヴァンデベルデは、そのデザインで特に有名になり、その多くは今日も生き残っています。[59]
20世紀
20世紀の間、市はさまざまな見本市や会議を主催しました。これには、物理学と化学に関するソルベイ会議、1910年のブリュッセル万国博覧会、1935年のブリュッセル万国博覧会、1958年のブリュッセル万国博覧会の3つの世界博覧会が含まれます。 58）。第一次世界大戦中、ブリュッセルは占領下の都市でしたが、ドイツ軍はそれほど大きな被害をもたらしませんでした。中に第二次世界大戦、それが再びれたドイツ軍によって占められ、それがイギリスによって解放された前に、そして大きな被害を免れ近衛機甲師団9月3日1944年ザ・上ブリュッセル空港、ザヴェンテムの郊外では、占領から始まります。
戦後、ブリュッセルは大規模な近代化を遂げました。建設南北接続最初の間、市内の主要鉄道駅を結ぶには、、、1952年に完成したpremetro（地下トラム）サービスは、1969年に発売された[60]との最初のラインの地下鉄がで開かれました1976年。[61] 1960年代初頭から、ブリュッセルは欧州連合となるものの事実上の首都となった。、そして多くの近代的なオフィスが建設されました。新しい建物の美学をほとんど考慮せずに開発を進めることが許可され、多くの建築上のランドマークが取り壊されて、周囲と衝突することが多い新しい建物に道を譲り、ブリュッセル化のプロセスに名前が付けられました。
現代
ブリュッセル首都圏は、1988年の憲法改正後、1989年6月18日に形成されました。[62]フランダース、ワロニアと並んで、ベルギーの3つの連邦地域の1つであり、バイリンガルの地位にあります。[7] [8]黄色アイリスはその公式のフラグで紹介されている領域（都市の元のサイトにこれらの花の存在を参照）および様式化されたバージョンのエンブレムです。[63]
近年、ブリュッセルは国際的なイベントの重要な会場となっています。 2000年には、他の8つのヨーロッパの都市と並んで欧州文化首都に選ばれました。[64] 2013年、この都市はブリュッセル協定の場所でした。[65] 2014年には、ホストされた40のG7サミットを、[66]と2017、2018及び2021において、それぞれ28日、29日及び31日NATOサミット。[67] [68] [69]
2016年3月22日、ブリュッセルのISILによって3つの協調的な釘爆撃が爆発しました。2つはザヴェンテムのブリュッセル空港で、1つは地下鉄マールビーク/マールビーク駅で発生しました。その結果、32人の犠牲者と3人の自爆テロ犯が死亡し、330人が負傷しました。それはベルギーで最も致命的なテロ行為でした。
地理
場所と地形
ブリュッセルはベルギーの中央北部にあり、ベルギーの海岸から約110 km（68マイル）、ベルギーの南端から約180 km（110マイル）の場所にあります。アントワープ（フランダース）の南約45 km（28マイル）、シャルルロワ（ワロン）の北50 km（31マイル）のブラバンティアン高原の中心部に位置しています。その平均標高は、上記57メートル（187フィート）である海面ほぼ完全に覆わの谷に低い点から変化する、センヌに高い点まで、東から西へブリュッセル首都圏を切断、ソワーニュの森、その南東側に。セネに加えて、この地域の東にあるマルビークとウォルウェは、標高の大きな違いを説明しています。ブリュッセルの中央大通りは海抜15メートル（49フィート）です。[70]人気の信念に反しては、（127.5メートル（418フィート）で）最高点が近くにない場所ドゥ高度セント/ Hoogte Honderdpleinにおける森林、しかしでDrèveデドゥモンタージュ/ Tweebergendreefソワーニュの森です。[71]
気候
ブリュッセルは、夏は暖かく、冬は涼しい海洋性気候（ケッペン：Cfb）を経験します。[72]沿岸地域への近接性は、大西洋から海洋気団を送ることによって、その地域の気候に影響を及ぼします。近くの湿地も海洋性温暖な気候を保証します。平均して（1981年から2010年の期間の測定に基づく）、ブリュッセル-首都圏では年間約135日の雨が降ります。降雪はまれで、年間平均24日です。市はまた、夏の間、激しい雷雨をしばしば経験します。
| ブリュッセル-首都圏の気候データ（1981–2010） | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 月 | 1月 | 2月 | 3月 | 4月 | 5月 | 6月 | 7月 | 8月 | 9月 | 10月 | 11月 | 12月 | 年 |
| 平均最高°C（°F） | 5.9 （42.6） |
6.8 （44.2） |
10.5 （50.9） |
14.2 （57.6） |
18.3 （64.9） |
20.9 （69.6） |
23.3 （73.9） |
23.0 （73.4） |
19.5 （67.1） |
15.1 （59.2） |
9.8 （49.6） |
6.3 （43.3） |
14.5 （58.1） |
| 日平均°C（°F） | 3.2 （37.8） |
3.5 （38.3） |
6.5 （43.7） |
9.5 （49.1） |
13.5 （56.3） |
16.1 （61.0） |
18.4 （65.1） |
18.0 （64.4） |
14.9 （58.8） |
11.1 （52.0） |
6.8 （44.2） |
3.8 （38.8） |
10.4 （50.7） |
| 平均最低°C（°F） | 0.7 （33.3） |
0.6 （33.1） |
2.9 （37.2） |
4.9 （40.8） |
8.7 （47.7） |
11.5 （52.7） |
13.6 （56.5） |
13.0 （55.4） |
10.5 （50.9） |
7.5 （45.5） |
4.5 （40.1） |
1.5 （34.7） |
6.7 （44.1） |
| 平均降水量mm（インチ） | 75.2 （2.96） |
61.6 （2.43） |
69.5 （2.74） |
51.0 （2.01） |
65.1 （2.56） |
72.1 （2.84） |
73.6 （2.90） |
76.8 （3.02） |
69.6 （2.74） |
75.0 （2.95） |
77.0 （3.03） |
81.4 （3.20） |
848.0 （33.39） |
| 平均降水日数（≥1mm） | 12.8 | 11.1 | 12.7 | 9.9 | 11.3 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 11.2 | 12.6 | 13.0 | 135.6 |
| 月間平均日照時間 | 58 | 75 | 119 | 168 | 199 | 193 | 205 | 194 | 143 | 117 | 65 | 47 | 1,583 |
| 出典：KMI / IRM [73] | |||||||||||||
| Uccle（ブリュッセル-首都圏）の気候データ1991–2020 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 月 | 1月 | 2月 | 3月 | 4月 | 5月 | 6月 | 7月 | 8月 | 9月 | 10月 | 11月 | 12月 | 年 |
| 記録的な高°C（°F） | 15.3 （59.5） |
20.0 （68.0） |
24.2 （75.6） |
28.7 （83.7） |
34.1 （93.4） |
38.8 （101.8） |
39.7 （103.5） |
36.5 （97.7） |
34.9 （94.8） |
27.8 （82.0） |
20.6 （69.1） |
16.7 （62.1） |
39.7 （103.5） |
| 平均最高°C（°F） | 6.1 （43.0） |
7.1 （44.8） |
10.9 （51.6） |
15.0 （59.0） |
18.4 （65.1） |
21.2 （70.2） |
23.2 （73.8） |
23.0 （73.4） |
19.5 （67.1） |
14.9 （58.8） |
9.9 （49.8） |
6.6 （43.9） |
14.7 （58.4） |
| 日平均°C（°F） | 3.7 （38.7） |
4.2 （39.6） |
7.1 （44.8） |
10.4 （50.7） |
13.9 （57.0） |
16.7 （62.1） |
18.7 （65.7） |
18.4 （65.1） |
15.2 （59.4） |
11.3 （52.3） |
7.2 （45.0） |
4.3 （39.7） |
10.9 （51.7） |
| 平均最低°C（°F） | 1.4 （34.5） |
1.5 （34.7） |
3.5 （38.3） |
6.0 （42.8） |
9.2 （48.6） |
12.0 （53.6） |
14.1 （57.4） |
13.9 （57.0） |
11.3 （52.3） |
8.1 （46.6） |
4.6 （40.3） |
2.1 （35.8） |
7.3 （45.2） |
| 記録的な低°C（°F） | −21.1 （−6.0） |
-18.3 （-0.9） |
-13.6 （7.5） |
−5.7 （21.7） |
−2.2 （28.0） |
0.3 （32.5） |
4.4 （39.9） |
3.9 （39.0） |
0.0 （32.0） |
−6.8 （19.8） |
-12.8 （9.0） |
-17.7 （0.1） |
−21.1 （−6.0） |
| 平均降水量mm（インチ） | 75.5 （2.97） |
65.1 （2.56） |
59.3 （2.33） |
46.7 （1.84） |
59.7 （2.35） |
70.8 （2.79） |
76.9 （3.03） |
86.5 （3.41） |
65.3 （2.57） |
67.8 （2.67） |
76.2 （3.00） |
87.4 （3.44） |
837.2 （32.96） |
| 平均降水日数（≥0.1mm） | 18.9 | 16.9 | 15.7 | 13.1 | 14.7 | 14.1 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.1 | 16.1 | 18.3 | 19.4 | 189.9 |
| 平均雪日 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 2.7 | 0.6 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 17 |
| 平均相対湿度（％） | 84.1 | 80.6 | 74.8 | 69.2 | 70.2 | 71.3 | 71.5 | 72.4 | 76.8 | 81.5 | 85.1 | 86.6 | 77.0 |
| 月間平均日照時間 | 59.1 | 72.9 | 125.8 | 171.3 | 198.3 | 199.3 | 203.2 | 192.4 | 154.4 | 112.6 | 65.8 | 48.6 | 1,603.7 |
| 平均紫外線指数 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 出典1：王立気象研究所[74] [75] | |||||||||||||
| 出典2：Weather Atlas; [76] 2019年7月はVRTNieuwsから過去最高を記録[77] | |||||||||||||
首都としてのブリュッセル
その名前にもかかわらず、ブリュッセル首都圏はベルギーの首都ではありません。ベルギー憲法第194条は、ベルギーの首都はブリュッセル市、つまり市の中核である地域の自治体であると定めています。[9]
ブリュッセル市は多くの国立機関のある場所です。ブリュッセルの王宮、ベルギーの国王が国家元首としての彼の特権を行使は、並んで配置されているブリュッセルの公園（と混同しないラーケン王宮、ベルギー王室の公式ホームページ）。国の宮殿はこの公園の反対側にあり、ベルギー連邦議会の議席です。事務所ベルギーの首相口語と呼ばれる、法律・ストリート16：（フランス語16、RUE・デ・ラ・ロイ、オランダ：16 Wetstraat）、この建物に隣接しています。また、閣僚会議が会合を開く場所でもあります。破棄院の裁判所、ベルギーの主要裁判所は、その座席がある正義の宮殿を。ブリュッセルのシティのその他の重要な機関がある憲法裁判所、国家評議会、監査の裁判所、王立ベルギー造幣局とベルギー国立銀行。
ブリュッセル市は、フランス語共同体[10]とフランドル共同体の両方の首都でもあります。[12]フランダース議会とフランダース政府は、ブリュッセルで自分の席を持っている[78]とそうフランス共同体の議会やフランス共同体の政府を。
市町村
| フランス語名 | オランダ語の名前 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
アンデルレヒト | アンデルレヒト | 
|
|
オーデルゲム | オーデルゲム | |
|
Berchem-Sainte-Agathe | シントアガタベルケム | |
|
ブリュッセル-ヴィル | スタッドブリュッセル | |
|
エテルベーク | エテルベーク | |
|
エベレ | エベレ | |
|
森 | ヴォルスト | |
|
ガンショアン | ガンショアン | |
|
イクセル | エルセン | |
|
ジェット | ジェット | |
|
コクルベール | コクルベール | |
|
Molenbeek-Saint-Jean | Sint-Jans-Molenbeek | |
|
サンジル | Sint-Gillis | |
|
サンジョステンヌード | Sint-Joost-ten-Node | |
|
スハールベーク | スハールベーク | |
|
ユックル | ユックル | |
|
ワーテルマールボイツフォート | ワーテルマールボスヴォールデ | |
|
ヴォリュウェサンランバート | Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe | |
|
ヴォリュウェサンピエール | Sint-Pieters-Woluwe |
ブリュッセル首都圏の19の自治体（フランス語：コミューン、オランダ語：gemeenten）は、法執行や国境内の学校や道路の維持など、地方レベルの職務の処理に個別の責任を持つ行政区画です。[79] [80]市政は、市長、評議会、および行政によっても行われている。[80]
1831年、ベルギーはブリュッセル首都圏の19の自治体を含む2,739の自治体に分割されました。[81]ベルギーのほとんどの自治体とは異なり、ブリュッセル首都圏にある自治体は、1964年、1970年、および1975年に行われた合併の際に他の自治体と合併しませんでした。[81]しかし、ブリュッセル首都圏以外のいくつかの自治体は合併して、ブリュッセルの市を含め、その歴史を通してラーケン、ハーレンとNederオーバーHeembeek 1921年[82]
面積と人口で最大の自治体はブリュッセル市で、32.6平方キロメートル（12.6平方マイル）をカバーし、145,917人の住民がいます。最も人口の少ないのは、18,541人の住民がいるKoekelbergです。面積が最も小さいのはサンジョステンヌードで、わずか1.1平方キロメートル（0.4平方マイル）ですが、それでもこの地域で最も人口密度が高く、1平方キロメートルあたり20,822人（53,930 /平方マイル）の住民がいます。Watermael-Boitsfortは、この地域で最も人口密度が低く、1平方キロメートルあたり1,928人（4,990 /平方マイル）の住民がいます。
ほとんどの人が1つの都市（の半分）と見なしている高度に都市化された地域の19の自治体の分割については多くの論争があります。一部の政治家は「19の男爵領」を嘲笑し、1つの市議会と1つの市長の下で自治体を統合したいと考えています。[83] [84]これにより、ブリュッセルを統治するために必要な政治家の数が減り、意思決定を容易にするために市全体の権力が一元化され、全体的なランニングコストが削減されます。現在の自治体は、現在の構造に似て限られた責任、と地区に変換することができアントワープなど他の首都の構造への行政区で、ロンドンやarrondissementsでパリ、政治を市民に十分に近づけるため。[85]
2016年初頭、モーレンビーク-サンジャンは、パリとブリュッセルの攻撃を実行した爆撃機に対して一部の住民が示した支援に関して、ジハード主義者にとって安全な避難所としての評判を保持しました。[86] [87] [88] [89] [90]
- ブリュッセルの自治体
オーデルゲム（オーデルゲム）
Berchem-Sainte-Agathe（Sint-Agatha-Berchem）
森（ヴォルスト）
イクセル（Elsene）
Molenbeek-Saint-Jean（Sint-Jans-Molenbeek）
サンジル（シントジル）
サンジョステンヌード（Sint-Joost-ten-Node）
スハールベーク（スハールベーク）
Uccleの（ウッケル）
Watermael-Boitsfort（Watermaal-Bosvoorde）
Woluwe-Saint-Lambert（Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe）
Woluwe-Saint-Pierre（Sint-Pieters-Woluwe）
ブリュッセル-首都圏
政治的地位
ブリュッセル首都圏は、ワロン地域やフランダース地域と並んで、ベルギーの3つの連合地域の1つです。地理的および言語的に、それは単一言語のフランダース地域のバイリンガルの飛び地です。地域はベルギーの制度の1つの構成要素です。 3つのコミュニティがもう1つのコンポーネントです。ブリュッセルの住民は、文化や教育などの問題についてはフランス共同体またはフランドル共同体のいずれかを扱い、ヘルスケアや社会福祉など、どちらの共同体にも排他的に属さない能力については共通共同体を扱います。
Since the split of Brabant in 1995, the Brussels Region does not belong to any of the provinces of Belgium, nor is it subdivided into provinces itself. Within the Region, 99% of the areas of provincial jurisdiction are assumed by the Brussels regional institutions and community commissions. Remaining is only the governor of Brussels-Capital and some aides, analogously to provinces. Its status is roughly akin to that of a federal district.
Institutions
The Brussels-Capital Region is governed by a parliament of 89 members (72 French-speaking, 17 Dutch-speaking—parties are organised on a linguistic basis) and an eight-member regional cabinet consisting of a minister-president, four ministers and three state secretaries. By law, the cabinet must comprise two French-speaking and two Dutch-speaking ministers, one Dutch-speaking secretary of state and two French-speaking secretaries of state. The minister-president does not count against the language quota, but in practice every minister-president has been a bilingual francophone. The regional parliament can enact ordinances (French: ordonnances, Dutch: ordonnanties), which have equal status as a national legislative act.
19 of the 72 French-speaking members of the Brussels Parliament are also members of the Parliament of the French Community of Belgium, and, until 2004, this was also the case for six Dutch-speaking members, who were at the same time members of the Flemish Parliament. Now, people voting for a Flemish party have to vote separately for 6 directly elected members of the Flemish Parliament.
Agglomeration of Brussels
Before the creation of the Brussels-Capital Region, regional competences in the 19 municipalities were performed by the Brussels Agglomeration. The Brussels Agglomeration was an administrative division established in 1971. This decentralised administrative public body also assumed jurisdiction over areas which, elsewhere in Belgium, were exercised by municipalities or provinces.[91]
The Brussels Agglomeration had a separate legislative council, but the by-laws enacted by it did not have the status of a legislative act. The only election of the council took place on 21 November 1971. The working of the council was subject to many difficulties caused by the linguistic and socio-economic tensions between the two communities.
After the creation of the Brussels-Capital Region, the Brussels Agglomeration was never formally abolished, although it no longer has a purpose.
French and Flemish communities
The French Community and the Flemish Community exercise their powers in Brussels through two community-specific public authorities: the French Community Commission (French: Commission communautaire française or COCOF) and the Flemish Community Commission (Dutch: Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie or VGC). These two bodies each have an assembly composed of the members of each linguistic group of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region. They also have a board composed of the ministers and secretaries of state of each linguistic group in the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region.
The French Community Commission has also another capacity: some legislative powers of the French Community have been devolved to the Walloon Region (for the French language area of Belgium) and to the French Community Commission (for the bilingual language area).[92] The Flemish Community, however, did the opposite; it merged the Flemish Region into the Flemish Community.[93] This is related to different conceptions in the two communities, one focusing more on the Communities and the other more on the Regions, causing an asymmetrical federalism. Because of this devolution, the French Community Commission can enact decrees, which are legislative acts.
Common Community Commission
A bi-communitarian public authority, the Common Community Commission (French: Commission communautaire commune, COCOM, Dutch: Gemeenschappelijke Gemeenschapscommissie, GGC) also exists. Its assembly is composed of the members of the regional parliament, and its board are the ministers—not the secretaries of state—of the region, with the minister-president not having the right to vote. This commission has two capacities: it is a decentralised administrative public body, responsible for implementing cultural policies of common interest. It can give subsidies and enact by-laws. In another capacity, it can also enact ordinances, which have equal status as a national legislative act, in the field of the welfare powers of the communities: in the Brussels-Capital Region, both the French Community and the Flemish Community can exercise powers in the field of welfare, but only in regard to institutions that are unilingual (for example, a private French-speaking retirement home or the Dutch-speaking hospital of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel). The Common Community Commission is responsible for policies aiming directly at private persons or at bilingual institutions (for example, the centres for social welfare of the 19 municipalities). Its ordinances have to be enacted with a majority in both linguistic groups. Failing such a majority, a new vote can be held, where a majority of at least one third in each linguistic group is sufficient.
International institutions
Brussels has, since World War II, become the administrative centre of many international organisations. The European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) have their main institutions in the city, along with many other international organisations such as the World Customs Organization and EUROCONTROL, as well as international corporations. Brussels is third in the number of international conferences it hosts,[94] also becoming one of the largest convention centres in the world.[95] The presence of the EU and the other international bodies has, for example, led to there being more ambassadors and journalists in Brussels than in Washington D.C.[96] International schools have also been established to serve this presence.[95] The "international community" in Brussels numbers at least 70,000 people.[97] In 2009, there were an estimated 286 lobbying consultancies known to work in Brussels.[98]
European Union
Brussels serves as de facto capital of the European Union, hosting the major political institutions of the Union.[21] The EU has not declared a capital formally, though the Treaty of Amsterdam formally gives Brussels the seat of the European Commission (the executive branch of government) and the Council of the European Union (a legislative institution made up from executives of member states).[99][full citation needed][100][full citation needed] It locates the formal seat of European Parliament in Strasbourg, where votes take place, with the council, on the proposals made by the commission. However, meetings of political groups and committee groups are formally given to Brussels, along with a set number of plenary sessions. Three quarters of Parliament sessions now take place at its Brussels hemicycle.[101] Between 2002 and 2004, the European Council also fixed its seat in the city.[102] In 2014, the Union hosted a G7 summit in the city.[66]
Brussels, along with Luxembourg and Strasbourg, began to host European institutions in 1957, soon becoming the centre of activities, as the Commission and Council based their activities in what has become the European Quarter, in the east of the city.[99] Early building in Brussels was sporadic and uncontrolled, with little planning. The current major buildings are the Berlaymont building of the commission, symbolic of the quarter as a whole, the Justus Lipsius building of the Council and the Espace Léopold of the Parliament.[100] Today, the presence has increased considerably, with the Commission alone occupying 865,000 m2 (9,310,000 sq ft) within the European Quarter (a quarter of the total office space in Brussels).[21] The concentration and density has caused concern that the presence of the institutions has created a ghetto effect in that part of the city.[103] However, the European presence has contributed significantly to the importance of Brussels as an international centre.[96]
Eurocontrol
The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, commonly known as Eurocontrol, is an international organisation which coordinates and plans air traffic control across European airspace. The corporation was founded in 1960 and has 41 member states. Its headquarters are located in Haren, on the north-eastern perimeter of the City of Brussels.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
The Treaty of Brussels, which was signed on 17 March 1948 between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, was a prelude to the establishment of the intergovernmental military alliance which later became the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).[104] Today, the alliance consists of 29 independent member countries across North America and Europe. Several countries also have diplomatic missions to NATO through embassies in Belgium. Since 1949, a number of NATO Summits have been held in Brussels,[105] the most recent taking place in June 2021.[69] The organisation's political and administrative headquarters are located on the Boulevard Léopold III/Leopold III-laan in Haren, Brussels.[106] A new €750 million headquarters building begun in 2010 and was completed in 2017.[107]
Demographics
Population
Brussels is located in one of the most urbanised regions of Europe, between Paris, London, the Rhine-Ruhr (Germany), and the Randstad (Netherlands). The Brussels-Capital Region has a population of around 1.2 million and has witnessed, in recent years, a remarkable increase in its population. In general, the population of Brussels is younger than the national average, and the gap between rich and poor is wider.[108]
Brussels is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond the region's limits. Sometimes referred to as the urban area of Brussels (French: aire urbaine de Bruxelles, Dutch: stedelijk gebied van Brussel) or Greater Brussels (French: Grand-Bruxelles, Dutch: Groot-Brussel), this area extends over a large part of the two Brabant provinces, including much of the surrounding arrondissement of Halle-Vilvoorde and some small parts of the arrondissement of Leuven in Flemish Brabant, as well as the northern part of Walloon Brabant.
The metropolitan area of Brussels is divided into three levels. Firstly, the central agglomeration (within the regional borders), with a population of 1,218,255 inhabitants.[15] Adding the closest suburbs (French: banlieues, Dutch: buitenwijken) gives a total population of 1,831,496. Including the outer commuter zone (Brussels Regional Express Network (RER/GEN) area), the population is 2,676,701.[17][18] Brussels is also part of a wider diamond-shaped conurbation, with Ghent, Antwerp and Leuven, which has about 4.4 million inhabitants (a little more than 40% of the Belgium's total population).[19][109]
| [verification needed] | 01-07-2004[110] | 01-07-2005[110] | 01-07-2006[110] | 01-01-2008[110] | 01-01-2015[110] | 01-01-2019[110] | 01-01-2020[110] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brussels-Capital Region[110][verification needed] | 1.004.239 | 1.012.258 | 1.024.492 | 1.048.491 | 1.181.272 | 1.208.542 | 1.218.255 |
| -- of which legal immigrants[110][verification needed] | 262.943 | 268.009 | 277.682 | 295.043 | 385.381 | 450.000 | ? |
Nationalities
 France |
64,218 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
 Romania |
41,858 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
 Morocco |
34,984 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
 Italy |
33,718 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
 Spain |
28,480 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
 Poland |
23,182 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
 Portugal |
19,440 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
 Bulgaria |
12,143 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
 Germany |
10,674 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
 Greece |
9,407 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
Brussels is home to a large number of immigrants and people of immigrant background. At the last Belgian census in 1991, 63.7% of inhabitants in Brussels-Capital Region answered that they were Belgian citizens, born as such in Belgium, indicating that more than a third of residents had not been born in the country.[112][113] There have been numerous migrations towards Brussels since the end of the 18th century, including political refugees (Karl Marx, Victor Hugo, Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Léon Daudet, for example), from neighbouring or more distant countries, as well as labour migrants, former foreign students or expatriates, and many Belgian families in Brussels can claim at least one foreign grandparent.
This large concentration of immigrants and their descendance includes many of Moroccan (mainly Riffian and Berber) and Turkish ancestry, together with French-speaking black Africans from former Belgian colonies, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. People of foreign origin make up nearly 70%[112][114] of the population of Brussels, most of whom have been naturalised following the great 1991 reform of the naturalisation process. About 32% of city residents are of non-Belgian European origin (mainly expatriates from France, Romania, Italy, Spain, Poland, and Portugal) and 36% are of another background, mostly from Morocco, Turkey and Sub-Saharan Africa. Among all major migrant groups from outside the EU, a majority of the permanent residents have acquired Belgian nationality.[115]
According to Statbel, the Belgian statistical office, in 2020, taking into account the nationality of birth of the parents, 74.3% of the population of the Brussels-Capital region was of foreign origin and 41.8% was of non-European origin (including 28.7% of African origin). Among those aged under 18, 88% were of foreign origin and 57% of non-European origin (including 42.4% of African origin).[116]
Languages
Brussels was historically Dutch-speaking, using the Brabantian dialect,[118][119][120] but over the two past centuries[118][121] French has become the predominant language of the city.[122] The main cause of this transition was the rapid assimilation of the local Flemish population,[123][118][124][125][120] amplified by immigration from France and Wallonia.[118][126] The rise of French in public life gradually began by the end of the 18th century,[127][128] quickly accelerating after Belgian independence.[129][130] Dutch — of which standardisation in Belgium was still very weak[131][132][130] — could not compete with French, which was the exclusive language of the judiciary, the administration, the army, education, cultural life and the media, and thus necessary for social mobility.[133][134][119][135][121] The value and prestige of the French language was universally acknowledged[119][136][123][130][137][138] to such an extent that after 1880,[139][140][131] and more particularly after the turn of the 20th century,[130] proficiency in French among Dutch-speakers in Brussels increased spectacularly.[141]
Although a majority of the population remained bilingual until the second half of the 20th century,[141][123] family transmission of the historic Brabantian dialect[142] declined,[143] leading to an increase of monolingual French-speakers from 1910 onwards.[136][144] From the mid-20th century, the number of monolingual French-speakers surpassed the number of mostly bilingual Flemish inhabitants.[145] This process of assimilation weakened after the 1960s,[141][146] as the language border was fixed, the status of Dutch as an official language of Belgium was reinforced,[147] and the economic centre of gravity shifted northward to Flanders.[131][139] However, with the continuing arrival of immigrants and the post-war emergence of Brussels as a centre of international politics, the relative position of Dutch continued to decline.[148][121][149][150][141][143] Furthermore, as Brussels' urban area expanded,[151] a further number of Dutch-speaking municipalities in the Brussels periphery also became predominantly French-speaking.[147][152] This phenomenon of expanding Francisation — dubbed "oil slick" by its opponents[123][153][141] — is, together with the future of Brussels,[154] one of the most controversial topics in Belgian politics.[139][134]
Today, the Brussels-Capital Region is legally bilingual, with both French and Dutch having official status,[155] as is the administration of the 19 municipalities.[148] The creation of this bilingual, full-fledged region, with its own competencies and jurisdiction, had long been hampered by different visions of Belgian federalism. Nevertheless, some communitarian issues remain.[156][157] Flemish political parties demanded, for decades, that the Flemish part of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde (BHV) arrondissement be separated from the Brussels Region (which made Halle-Vilvoorde a monolingual Flemish electoral and judicial district). BHV was divided mid-2012. The French-speaking population regards the language border as artificial[158] and demands the extension of the bilingual region to at least all six municipalities with language facilities in the surroundings of Brussels.[d] Flemish politicians have strongly rejected these proposals.[159][160][161]
Owing to migration and to its international role, Brussels is home to a large number of native speakers of languages other than French or Dutch. Currently, about half of the population speaks a home language other than these two.[162] In 2013, academic research showed that approximately 17% of families spoke none of the official languages in the home, while in a further 23% a foreign language was used alongside French. The share of unilingual French-speaking families had fallen to 38% and that of Dutch-speaking families to 5%, while the percentage of bilingual Dutch-French families reached 17%. At the same time, French remains widely spoken: in 2013, French was spoken "well to perfectly" by 88% of the population, while for Dutch this percentage was only 23% (down from 33% in 2000),[148]; the other most commonly known languages were English (30%), Arabic (18%), Spanish (9%), German (7%) and Italian and Turkish (5% each).[117] Despite the rise of English as a second language in Brussels, including as an unofficial compromise language between French and Dutch, as well as the working language for some of its international businesses and institutions, French remains the lingua franca and all public services are conducted exclusively in French or Dutch.[148]
The original dialect of Brussels (known as Brussels, and also sometimes called Marols or Marollien),[43] a form of Brabantic (the variant of Dutch spoken in the ancient Duchy of Brabant) with a significant number of loanwords from French, still survives among a small minority of inhabitants called Brusseleers[44] (or Brusseleirs), many of them quite bi- and multilingual, or educated in French and not writing in Dutch.[163][43] The ethnic and national self-identification of Brussels' inhabitants is nonetheless sometimes quite distinct from the French and Dutch-speaking communities. For the French-speakers, it can vary from Francophone Belgian, Bruxellois[46] (French demonym for an inhabitant of Brussels), Walloon (for people who migrated from the Walloon Region at an adult age); for Flemings living in Brussels, it is mainly either Dutch-speaking Belgian, Flemish or Brusselaar (Dutch demonym for an inhabitant), and often both. For the Brusseleers, many simply consider themselves as belonging to Brussels.[43]
Religions
Historically, Brussels has been predominantly Roman Catholic, especially since the expulsion of Protestants in the 16th century. This is clear from the large number of historical churches in the region, particularly in the City of Brussels. The pre-eminent Catholic cathedral in Brussels is the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula, serving as the co-cathedral of the Archdiocese of Mechelen–Brussels. On the north-western side of the region, the National Basilica of the Sacred Heart is a Minor Basilica and parish church, as well as the 14th largest church building in the world. The Church of Our Lady of Laeken holds the tombs of many members of the Belgian royal family, including all the former Belgian monarchs, within the Royal Crypt.
Religion in Brussels-Capital Region (2016)[164]
In reflection of its multicultural makeup, Brussels hosts a variety of religious communities, as well as large numbers of atheists and agnostics. Minority faiths include Islam, Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Judaism, and Buddhism. According to a 2016 survey, approximately 40% of residents of Brussels declared themselves Catholics (12% were practising Catholics and 28% were non-practising Catholics), 30% were non-religious, 23% were Muslim (19% practising, 4% non-practising), 3% were Protestants and 4% were of another religion.[164]
As guaranteed by Belgian law, recognised religions and non-religious philosophical organisations (French: organisations laïques, Dutch: vrijzinnige levensbeschouwelijke organisaties)[165] enjoy public funding and school courses. It was once the case that every pupil in an official school from 6 years old to 18 had to choose 2 hours per week of compulsory religious—or non-religious-inspired morals—courses. However, in 2015, the Belgian Constitutional court ruled religious studies could no longer be required in the primary and secondary educational systems.[166]
Brussels has a large concentration of Muslims, mostly of Moroccan, Turkish, Syrian and Guinean ancestry. The Great Mosque of Brussels, located in the Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, is the oldest mosque in Brussels. Belgium does not collect statistics by ethnic background or religious beliefs, so exact figures are unknown.[167] It was estimated that, in 2005, people of Muslim background living in the Brussels Region numbered 256,220 and accounted for 25.5% of the city's population, a much higher concentration than those of the other regions of Belgium.[168]
| Regions of Belgium[168] (1 January 2016) | Total population | People of Muslim origin | % of Muslims |
|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | 11,371,928 | 603,642 | 5.3% |
| Brussels-Capital Region | 1,180,531 | 212,495 | 18% |
| Wallonia | 3,395,942 | 149,421 | 4.4% |
| Flanders | 6,043,161 | 241,726 | 4.0% |
Culture
Architecture
The architecture in Brussels is diverse, and spans from the clashing combination of Gothic, Baroque, and Louis XIV styles on the Grand Place to the postmodern buildings of the EU institutions.[169]
Very little medieval architecture is preserved in Brussels. Buildings from that period are mostly found in the historical centre (called Îlot Sacré), Saint Géry/Sint-Goriks and Sainte-Catherine/Sint Katelijne neighbourhoods. The Brabantine Gothic Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula remains a prominent feature in the skyline of downtown Brussels. Isolated portions of the first city walls were saved from destruction and can be seen to this day. One of the only remains of the second walls is the Halle Gate. The Grand Place is the main attraction in the city centre and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998.[170] The square is dominated by the 15th century Flamboyant Town Hall, the neo-Gothic Breadhouse and the Baroque guildhalls of the former Guilds of Brussels. Manneken Pis, a fountain containing a small bronze sculpture of a urinating youth, is a tourist attraction and symbol of the city.[171]
The neoclassical style of the 18th and 19th centuries is represented in the Royal Quarter/Coudenberg area, around Brussels' Park and the Place Royale/Koningsplein. Examples include the Royal Palace, the Church of St. James on Coudenberg, the Palace of the Nation (Parliament building), the Academy Palace, the Palace of Charles of Lorraine, the Palace of the Count of Flanders and the Egmont Palace. Other uniform neoclassical ensembles can be found around the Place des Martyrs/Martelaarsplein and the Place de Barricades/Barricadenplein. Some additional landmarks in the centre are the Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries (1847), one of the oldest covered shopping arcades in Europe, the Congress Column (1859), the former Brussels Stock Exchange building (1873) and the Palace of Justice (1883). The latter, designed by Joseph Poelaert, in eclectic style, is reputed to be the largest building constructed in the 19th century.[172]
Located outside the historical centre, in a greener environment bordering the European Quarter, are the Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark with its memorial arcade and nearby museums, and in Laeken, the Royal Palace of Laeken and the Royal Domain with its large greenhouses, as well as the Museums of the Far East.
Also particularly striking are the buildings in the Art Nouveau style, most famously by the Belgian architects Victor Horta, Paul Hankar and Henry Van de Velde.[173][174] Some of Brussels' municipalities, such as Schaerbeek, Etterbeek, Ixelles, and Saint-Gilles, were developed during the heyday of Art Nouveau and have many buildings in that style. The Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta—Hôtel Tassel (1893), Hôtel Solvay (1894), Hôtel van Eetvelde (1895) and the Horta Museum (1901)—have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.[59] Another example of Brussels' Art Nouveau is the Stoclet Palace (1911), by the Viennese architect Josef Hoffmann, designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in June 2009.[175]
- Art Nouveau in Brussels
Hôtel Tassel by Victor Horta (1893)
Hôtel Ciamberlani by Paul Hankar (1897)
Former Old England department store by Paul Saintenoy (1899)
Saint-Cyr House by Gustave Strauven (1903)
Cauchie House by Paul Cauchie (1905)
Sgraffito panel in Cauchie House
Stoclet Palace by Josef Hoffmann (1911)
Art Deco structures in Brussels include the Residence Palace (1927) (now part of the Europa building), the Centre for Fine Arts (1928), the Villa Empain (1934), the Town Hall of Forest (1938), and the Flagey Building (formerly known as the Maison de la Radio) on the Place Eugène Flagey/Eugène Flageyplein (1938) in Ixelles. Some religious buildings from the interwar era were also constructed in that style, such as the Church of St. John the Baptist (1932) in Molenbeek and the Church of St. Augustine (1935) in Forest. Completed only in 1969, and combining Art Deco with neo-Byzantine elements, the Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Koekelberg is one of the largest churches by area in the world, and its cupola provides a panoramic view of Brussels and its outskirts. Another example are the exhibition halls of the Centenary Palace, built for the 1935 World's Fair on the Heysel/Heizel Plateau in northern Brussels, home to the Brussels Exhibition Centre (Brussels Expo).[176]
The Atomium is a symbolic 103-metre-tall (338 ft) modernist structure, located on the Heysel Plateau, which was originally built for the 1958 World's Fair (Expo '58). It consists of nine steel spheres connected by tubes, and forms a model of an iron crystal (specifically, a unit cell), magnified 165 billion times. The architect A. Waterkeyn devoted the building to science. It is now considered a landmark of Brussels.[177][178] Next to the Atomium, is Mini-Europe miniature park, with 1:25 scale maquettes of famous buildings from across Europe.
Since the second half of the 20th century, modern office towers have been built in Brussels (Madou Tower, Rogier Tower, Proximus Towers, Finance Tower, the World Trade Center, among others). There are some thirty towers, mostly concentrated in the city's main business district: the Northern Quarter (also called Little Manhattan), near Brussels-North railway station. The South Tower, standing adjacent to Brussels-South railway station, is the tallest building in Belgium, at 148 m (486 ft). Along the North–South connection, is the State Administrative City, an administrative complex in the International Style. The postmodern buildings of the Espace Léopold complete the picture.
The city's embrace of modern architecture translated into an ambivalent approach towards historic preservation, leading to the destruction of notable architectural landmarks, most famously the Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis by Victor Horta, a process known as Brusselisation.[179][180]
Arts
Brussels contains over 80 museums.[181] The Royal Museums of Fine Arts has an extensive collection of various painters, such as Flemish old masters like Bruegel, Rogier van der Weyden, Robert Campin, Anthony van Dyck, Jacob Jordaens, and Peter Paul Rubens. The Magritte Museum houses the world's largest collection of the works of the surrealist René Magritte. Museums dedicated to the national history of Belgium include the BELvue Museum, the Royal Museums of Art and History, and the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History. The Musical Instruments Museum (MIM), housed in the Old England building, is part of the Royal Museums of Art and History, and is internationally renowned for its collection of over 8,000 instruments.
The Brussels Museums Council is an independent body for all the museums in the Brussels-Capital Region, covering around 100 federal, private, municipal, and community museums.[182] It promotes member museums through the Brussels Card (giving access to public transport and 30 of the 100 museums), the Brussels Museums Nocturnes (every Thursday from 5 p.m. to 10 p.m. from mid-September to mid-December) and the Museum Night Fever (an event for and by young people on a Saturday night in late February or early March).[183]
Brussels has had a distinguished artist scene for many years. The famous Belgian surrealists René Magritte and Paul Delvaux, for instance, studied and lived there, as did the avant-garde dramatist Michel de Ghelderode. The city was also home of the impressionist painter Anna Boch from the Artist Group Les XX, and includes other famous Belgian painters such as Léon Spilliaert. Brussels is also a capital of the comic strip;[2] some treasured Belgian characters are Tintin, Lucky Luke, The Smurfs, Spirou, Gaston, Marsupilami, Blake and Mortimer, Boule et Bill and Cubitus (see Belgian comics). Throughout the city, walls are painted with large motifs of comic book characters; these murals taken together are known as Brussels' Comic Book Route.[40] Also, the interiors of some metro stations are designed by artists. The Belgian Comic Strip Center combines two artistic leitmotifs of Brussels, being a museum devoted to Belgian comic strips, housed in the former Magasins Waucquez textile department store, designed by Victor Horta in the Art Nouveau style.
Brussels is well known for its performing arts scene, with the Royal Theatre of La Monnaie and the Kaaitheater among the most notable institutions. The Kunstenfestivaldesarts, an international performing arts festival, is organised every year in May in about twenty different cultural houses and theatres throughout the city.[184] The King Baudouin Stadium is a concert and competition facility with a 50,000 seat capacity, the largest in Belgium. The site was formerly occupied by the Heysel Stadium. Furthermore, the Center for Fine Arts (often referred to as BOZAR in French or PSK in Dutch), a multi-purpose centre for theatre, cinema, music, literature and art exhibitions, is home to the National Orchestra of Belgium and to the annual Queen Elisabeth Competition for classical singers and instrumentalists, one of the most challenging and prestigious competitions of the kind. Studio 4 in Le Flagey cultural centre hosts the Brussels Philharmonic.[185][186] Other concert venues include Forest National/Vorst Nationaal, the Ancienne Belgique, the Cirque Royal/Koninklijk Circus, the Botanique and Palais 12/Paleis 12. The Jazz Station in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode is a museum and archive on jazz, and a venue for jazz concerts.[187]
Folklore
Brussels' identity owes much to its rich folklore and traditions, among the liveliest in the country.
- The Ommegang, a folkloric costumed procession, commemorating the Joyous Entry of Emperor Charles V and his son Philip II in the city in 1549, takes place every year in July. The colourful parade includes floats, traditional processional giants, such as Saint Michael and Saint Gudula, and scores of folkloric groups, either on foot or on horseback, dressed in medieval garb. The parade ends in a pageant on the Grand Place. Since 2019, it is recognised as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.[188]
- The Meyboom, an even-older folk tradition of Brussels (1308), celebrating the May tree—in fact, a bad translation of the Dutch tree of joy—takes place paradoxically on 9 August. After parading a young beech in the city, it is planted in a joyful spirit with lots of music, Brusseleir songs, and processional giants. It was also recognised as an expression of intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO, as part of the bi-national inscription "Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France".[189][190] The celebration is reminiscent of the town's long-standing (folkloric) feud with Leuven, which dates back to the Middle Ages.
- Another good introduction to the Brusseleir local dialect and way of life can be obtained at the Royal Theatre Toone, a folkloric theatre of marionettes, located a stone's throw away from the Grand Place.[191]
- The Saint-Verhaegen (often shortened to St V), a folkloric student procession, celebrating the anniversary of the founding of the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), is held on 20 November.
Cultural events and festivals
Many events are organised or hosted in Brussels throughout the year. In addition, many festivals animate the Brussels scene.
The Iris Festival is the official festival of the Brussels-Capital Region and is held annually in spring.[192] The International Fantastic Film Festival of Brussels (BIFFF) is organised during the Easter holidays[193] and the Magritte Awards in February. The Festival of Europe, an open day and activities in and around the institutions of the European Union, is held on 9 May. On Belgian National Day, on 21 July, a military parade and celebrations take place on the Place des Palais/Paleizenplein and in Brussels' Park, ending with a display of fireworks in the evening.
Some summer festivities include Couleur Café Festival, a festival of world and urban music, around the end of June or early July, the Brussels Summer Festival (BSF), a music festival in August,[194] the Brussels Fair, the most important yearly fair in Brussels, lasting more than a month, in July and August,[195] and Brussels Beach, when the banks of the canal are turned into a temporary urban beach.[196] Other biennial events are the Zinneke Parade, a colourful, multicultural parade through the city, which has been held since 2000 in May, as well as the popular Flower Carpet at the Grand Place in August. Heritage Days are organised on the third weekend of September (sometimes coinciding with the car-free day) and are a good opportunity to discover the wealth of buildings, institutions and real estate in Brussels. The "Winter Wonders" animate the heart of Brussels in December; these winter activities were launched in Brussels in 2001.[197][198]
Cuisine
Brussels is known for its local waffle, its chocolate, its French fries and its numerous types of beers. The Brussels sprout, which has long been popular in Brussels, and may have originated there, is also named after the city.[199]
The gastronomic offer includes approximately 1,800 restaurants (including three 2-starred and ten 1-starred Michelin restaurants),[200] and a number of bars. In addition to the traditional restaurants, there are many cafés, bistros and the usual range of international fast food chains. The cafés are similar to bars, and offer beer and light dishes; coffee houses are called salons de thé (literally "tea salons"). Also widespread are brasseries, which usually offer a variety of beers and typical national dishes.
Belgian cuisine is known among connoisseurs as one of the best in Europe. It is characterised by the combination of French cuisine with the more hearty Flemish fare. Notable specialities include Brussels waffles (gaufres) and mussels (usually as moules-frites, served with fries). The city is a stronghold of chocolate and pralines manufacturers with renowned companies like Côte d'Or, Neuhaus, Leonidas and Godiva. Pralines were first introduced in 1912 by Jean Neuhaus II, a Belgian chocolatier of Swiss origin, in the Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries.[201] Numerous friteries are spread throughout the city, and in tourist areas, fresh hot waffles are also sold on the street.
As well as other Belgian beers, the spontaneously fermented lambic style, brewed in and around Brussels, is widely available there and in the nearby Senne valley where the wild yeasts which ferment it have their origin. Kriek, a cherry lambic, is available in almost every bar or restaurant in Brussels.
Brussels is known as the birthplace of the Belgian endive. The technique for growing blanched endives was accidentally discovered in the 1850s at the Botanical Garden of Brussels in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.[202]
Shopping
Famous shopping areas in Brussels include the pedestrian-only Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat, the second busiest shopping street in Belgium (after the Meir, in Antwerp) with a weekly average of 230,000 visitors,[203][204] home to popular international chains (H&M, C&A, Zara, Primark), as well as the City 2 and Anspach galleries.[205] The Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries hold a variety of luxury shops and some six million people stroll through them each year.[206] The neighbourhood around the Rue Antoine Dansaert/Antoine Dansaertstraat has become, in recent years, a focal point for fashion and design;[207] this main street and its side streets also feature Belgium's young and most happening artistic talent.[208]
In Ixelles, the Avenue de la Toison d'Or/Gulden-Vlieslaan and the Namur Gate area offer a blend of luxury shops, fast food restaurants and entertainment venues, and the Chaussée d'Ixelles/Elsenesteenweg, in the mainly-Congolese Matongé district, offers a great taste of African fashion and lifestyle. The nearby Avenue Louise/Louizalaan is lined with high-end fashion stores and boutiques, making it one of the most expensive streets in Belgium.[209]
There are shopping centres outside the inner ring: Basilix, Woluwe Shopping Center, Westland Shopping Center, and Docks Bruxsel, which opened in October 2017.[205] In addition, Brussels ranks as one of Europe's best capital cities for flea market shopping. The Old Market, on the Place du Jeu de Balle/Vossenplein, in the Marolles/Marollen neighbourhood, is particularly renowned.[210] The nearby Sablon/Zavel area is home to many of Brussels' antique dealers.[211] The Midi Market around Brussels-South station and the Boulevard du Midi/Zuidlaan is reputed to be one of the largest markets in Europe.[212]
Sports
Sport in Brussels is under the responsibility of the Communities. The Administration de l'Éducation Physique et du Sport (ADEPS) is responsible for recognising the various French-speaking sports federations and also runs three sports centres in the Brussels-Capital Region.[213] Its Dutch-speaking counterpart is Sport Vlaanderen (formerly called BLOSO).[214]
The King Baudouin Stadium (formerly Heysel Stadium) is the largest in the country and home to the national teams in football and rugby union.[215] It hosted the final of the 1972 UEFA European Football Championship, and the opening game of the 2000 edition. Several European club finals have been held at the ground, including the 1985 European Cup Final which saw 39 deaths due to hooliganism and structural collapse.[216] The King Baudouin Stadium is also home of the annual Memorial Van Damme athletics event, Belgium's foremost track and field competition, which is part of the Diamond League. Other important athletics events are the Brussels Marathon and the 20 km of Brussels.
Cycling
Brussels is home to notable cycling races. The city is the arrival location of the Brussels Cycling Classic, formerly known as Paris–Brussels, which is one of the oldest semi classic bicycle races on the international calendar. From World War I until the early 1970s, the Six Days of Brussels was organised regularly. In the last decades of the 20th century, the Grand Prix Eddy Merckx was also held in Brussels.
Association football
R.S.C. Anderlecht, based in the Constant Vanden Stock Stadium in Anderlecht, is the most successful Belgian football club in the Belgian Pro League, with 34 titles.[217] It has also won the most major European tournaments for a Belgian side, with 6 European titles.
Brussels is also home to Union Saint-Gilloise, the most successful Belgian club before World War II, with 11 titles[218] The club was founded in Saint-Gilles but is based in nearby Forest, and plays in the Second Division. White Star Bruxelles is another football club that plays in second division. Racing White Daring Molenbeek, based in Molenbeek-Saint-Jean, and often referred to as RWDM, was a very popular football club until it was dissolved in 2002. Since 2015, its reincarnation RWDM47 is back playing in the second division.
Other Brussels clubs that played in the national series over the years were Ixelles SC, Crossing Club de Schaerbeek (born from a merger between RCS de Schaerbeek and Crossing Club Molenbeek), Scup Jette, RUS de Laeken, Racing Jet de Bruxelles, AS Auderghem, KV Wosjot Woluwe and FC Ganshoren.
Economy
Serving as the centre of administration for Belgium and Europe, Brussels' economy is largely service-oriented. It is dominated by regional and world headquarters of multinationals, by European institutions, by various local and federal administrations, and by related services companies, though it does have a number of notable craft industries, such as the Cantillon Brewery, a lambic brewery founded in 1900.[219]
Brussels has a robust economy. The region contributes to one fifth of Belgium's GDP, and its 550,000 jobs account for 17.7% of Belgium's employment.[220] Its GDP per capita is nearly double that of Belgium as a whole,[14] and it has the highest GDP per capita of any NUTS 1 region in the EU, at ~$80,000 in 2016.[221] That being said, the GDP is boosted by a massive inflow of commuters from neighbouring regions; over half of those who work in Brussels live in Flanders or Wallonia, with 230,000 and 130,000 commuters per day respectively. Conversely, only 16.0% of people from Brussels work outside Brussels (68,827 (68.5%) of them in Flanders and 21,035 (31.5%) in Wallonia).[222] Not all of the wealth generated in Brussels remains in Brussels itself, and as of December 2013[update], the unemployment among residents of Brussels is 20.4%.[223]
There are approximately 50,000 businesses in Brussels, of which around 2,200 are foreign. This number is constantly increasing and can well explain the role of Brussels in Europe. The city's infrastructure is very favourable in terms of starting up a new business. House prices have also increased in recent years, especially with the increase of young professionals settling down in Brussels, making it the most expensive city to live in Belgium.[224] In addition, Brussels holds more than 1,000 business conferences annually, making it the ninth most popular conference city in Europe.[225]
Brussels is rated as the 34th most important financial centre in the world as of 2020, according to the Global Financial Centres Index. The Brussels Stock Exchange, abbreviated to BSE, now called Euronext Brussels, is part of the European stock exchange Euronext N.V., along with Paris Bourse, Lisbon Stock Exchange and Amsterdam Stock Exchange. Its benchmark stock market index is the BEL20.
Media
Brussels is a centre of both media and communications in Belgium, with many Belgian television stations, radio stations, newspapers and telephone companies having their headquarters in the region. The Belgian French-language public broadcaster RTBF, the Belgian Dutch-speaking public broadcaster VRT, the two regional channels BX1 (formerly Télé Bruxelles)[226] and Bruzz (formerly TV Brussel),[227] the encrypted BeTV channel and private channels RTL-TVI and VTM are headquartered in Brussels. Some national newspapers such as Le Soir, La Libre, De Morgen and the news agency Belga are based in or around Brussels. The Belgian postal company bpost, as well as the telecommunication companies and mobile operators Proximus, Orange Belgium and Telenet are all located there.
As English is spoken widely,[35][37] several English media organisations operate in Brussels. The most popular of these are the English-language daily news media platform and bi-monthly magazine The Brussels Times and the quarterly magazine and website The Bulletin. The multilingual pan-European news channel Euronews also maintains an office in Brussels.
Education
Tertiary education
There are several universities in Brussels. Except for the Royal Military Academy, a federal military college established in 1834,[228] all universities in Brussels are private and autonomous. The Royal Military Academy also the only Belgian university organised on the boarding school model.[229]
The Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), a French-speaking university, with about 20,000 students, has three campuses in the city,[230] and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), its Dutch-speaking sister university, has about 10,000 students.[231] Both universities originate from a single ancestor university, founded in 1834, namely the Free University of Brussels, which was split in 1970, at about the same time the Flemish and French Communities gained legislative power over the organisation of higher education.[232]
Saint-Louis University, Brussels (also known as UCLouvain Saint-Louis – Bruxelles) was founded in 1858 and is specialised in social and human sciences, with 4,000 students, and located on two campuses in the City of Brussels and Ixelles.[233] From September 2018 on, the university uses the name UCLouvain, together with the Catholic University of Louvain, in the context of a merger between both universities.[234]
Still other universities have campuses in Brussels, such as the French-speaking Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain), which has 10,000 students in the city with its medical faculties at UCLouvain Bruxelles Woluwe since 1973,[235] in addition to its Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning[236] and UCLouvain's Dutch-speaking sister Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)[237] (offering bachelor's and master's degrees in economics & business, law, arts, and architecture; 4,400 students). In addition, the University of Kent's Brussels School of International Studies is a specialised postgraduate school offering advanced international studies.
Also a dozen of university colleges are located in Brussels, including two drama schools, founded in 1832: the French-speaking Conservatoire Royal and its Dutch-speaking equivalent, the Koninklijk Conservatorium.[238][239]
Primary and secondary education
Most of Brussels pupils between the ages of 3 and 18 go to schools organised by the French-speaking Community or the Flemish Community, with close to 80% going to French-speaking schools, and roughly 20% to Dutch-speaking schools. Due to the post-war international presence in the city, there are also a number of international schools, including the International School of Brussels, with 1,450 pupils, between the ages of 21⁄2 and 18,[240] the British School of Brussels, and the four European Schools, which provide free education for the children of those working in the EU institutions. The combined student population of the four European Schools in Brussels is around 10,000.[241]
Libraries
Brussels has a number of public or private-owned libraries on its territory.[242]
Libraries in Brussels fall under the competence of the Communities and are usually separated between French-speaking and Dutch-speaking institutions, although some are mixed.[verification needed]
Science and technology
Science and technology in Brussels is well developed with the presence of several universities and research institutes.
The Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences houses the world's largest hall completely dedicated to dinosaurs, with its collection of 30 fossilised Iguanodon skeletons.[243] The Planetarium of the Royal Observatory of Belgium is one of the largest in Europe.[244]
Healthcare
Brussels is home to a thriving pharmaceutical and health care industry which includes pioneering biotechnology research. The health sector employs 70,000 employees in 30,000 companies. There are 3,000 life sciences researchers in the city and two large science parks: Da Vinci Research Park and Erasmus Research Park. There are five university hospitals, a military hospital and more than 40 general hospitals and specialist clinics.[245]
Due to its bilingual nature, hospitals in the Brussels-Capital Region can be either monolingual French, monolingual Dutch, or bilingual, depending on their nature. University hospitals belong to one of the two linguistic communities and are thus monolingual French or Dutch by law. Other hospitals managed by a public authority must be legally bilingual. Private hospitals are legally not bound to either language, but most cater to both. However, all hospital emergency services in the Capital Region (whether part of a public or private hospital) are required to be bilingual, since patients transported by emergency ambulance cannot choose the hospital they will be brought to.[246]
Transport
Air
The Brussels-Capital Region is served by several airports, all of which are located outside of the administrative territory of the region. The most notable are:
- Brussels-National Airport, located in the nearby Flemish municipality of Zaventem, 12 km (10 mi) east of the capital;
- Brussels South Charleroi Airport, located in Gosselies, a part of the city of Charleroi (Wallonia), some 50 km (30 mi) south-west of Brussels;
- Melsbroek Air Base, located in Steenokkerzeel, is mainly a military airport and is used in a minority way for civilian travelers.
The first two are also the main airports of Belgium.[247]
Water
Since the 16th century, Brussels has had its own harbour, the port of Brussels. It has been enlarged throughout the centuries to become the second Belgian inland port. Historically situated near the Place Sainte-Catherine/Sint-Katelijneplein, it lies today to the northwest of the region, on the Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal (commonly called Willebroek Canal), which connects Brussels to Antwerp via the Scheldt. Ships and large barges up to 4,500 tonnes (9,900,000 lb) can penetrate deep into the country, avoiding break-ups and load transfers between Antwerp and the centre of Brussels, hence reducing the cost for companies using the canal, and thus offering a competitive advantage.
Moreover, the connection of the Willebroek Canal with the Brussels–Charleroi Canal, in the very heart of the capital, creates a north–south link, by means of waterways, between the Netherlands, Flanders and the industrial zone of Hainaut (Wallonia). There, navigation can access the network of French canals, thanks to the important inclined plane of Ronquières and the lifts of Strépy-Bracquegnies.
The importance of river traffic in Brussels makes it possible to avoid the road equivalent of 740,000 trucks per year—almost 2,000 per day—which, in addition to easing traffic problems, represents an estimated carbon dioxide saving of 51,545 tonnes (113,637,000 lb) per year.[248]
Train
The Brussels-Capital Region has three main train stations: Brussels-South, Brussels-Central and Brussels-North, which are also the busiest of the country.[30] Brussels-South is also served by direct high-speed rail links: to London by Eurostar trains via the Channel Tunnel (1hr 51min); to Amsterdam[249] by Thalys and InterCity connections; to Amsterdam, Paris (1hr 50min and 1hr 25min respectively as of 6 April 2015[update]), and Cologne by Thalys; and to Cologne (1hr 50min) and Frankfurt (2hr 57min) by the German ICE.
The train rails in Brussels go underground, near the centre, through the North–South connection, with Brussels Central Station also being largely underground. The tunnel itself is only six tracks wide at its narrowest point, which often causes congestion and delays due to heavy use of the route.
The City of Brussels has minor railway stations at Bockstael, Brussels-Chapel, Brussels-Congres, Brussels-Luxembourg, Brussels-Schuman, Brussels-West, Haren, Haren-South and Simonis. In the Brussels Region, there are also railways stations at Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, Boitsfort, Boondael, Bordet (Evere), Etterbeek, Evere, Forest-East, Forest-South, Jette, Meiser (Schaerbeek), Moensberg (Uccle), Saint-Job (Uccle), Schaarbeek, Uccle-Calevoet, Uccle-Stalle, Vivier d'Oie-Diesdelle (Uccle), Merode and Watermael.
City public transport
The Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company (STIB/MIVB) is the local public transport operator in Brussels. It covers the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region and some surface routes extend to the near suburbs in the other two regions.
Metro
The Brussels metro dates back to 1976,[250] but underground lines known as the premetro have been serviced by tramways since 1968. It is the only rapid transit system in Belgium (Antwerp and Charleroi both having light rail systems). The network consists of four conventional metro lines and three premetro lines. The metro-grade lines are M1, M2, M5, and M6, with some shared sections, covering a total of 40 km (25 mi).[251] As of 2017[update], the metro network within the region has a total of 69 metro and premetro stations. The metro is an important means of transport, connecting with six railway stations of the National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB), and many tram and bus stops operated by STIB/MIVB, and with Flemish De Lijn and Walloon TEC bus stops.
Trams and buses
A comprehensive bus and tram network covers the region. As of 2017[update], the Brussels tram system consists of 17 tram lines (three of which – lines T3, T4 and T7 – qualify as premetro lines). The total route length is 139 km (86 mi),[251] making it one of the largest tram networks in Europe. The Brussels bus network is complementary to the rail network. It consists of 50 bus routes and 11 night routes, spanning 445 km (277 mi).[251] Since April 2007, STIB/MIVB has been operating a night bus network called Noctis. On Fridays and Saturdays, 11 bus routes operate from midnight until 3 a.m. They run from the centre of Brussels to the outer reaches of the Brussels-Capital Region.[252]
Ticketing
An interticketing system means that a STIB/MIVB ticket holder can use the train or long-distance buses inside the region. A single journey can include multiple stages across the different modes of transport. The commuter services operated by De Lijn, TEC and NMBS/SNCB will, in the next few years,[when?] be augmented by the Brussels Regional Express Network (RER/GEN), which will connect the capital and surrounding towns. Since August 2016, paper tickets have been discontinued in favour of electronic MoBIB cards.
Other public transport
Since 2003, Brussels has had a car-sharing service operated by the Bremen company Cambio, in partnership with the STIB/MIVB and local ridesharing company Taxi Stop. In 2006, a public bicycle-sharing programme was introduced. The scheme was subsequently taken over by Villo!. Since 2008, this night-time public transport service has been supplemented by Collecto, a shared taxi system, which operates on weekdays between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m. In 2012, the Zen Car electric car-sharing scheme was launched in the university and European areas.
Road network
In medieval times, Brussels stood at the intersection of routes running north–south (the modern Rue Haute/Hoogstraat) and east–west (Chaussée de Gand/Gentsesteenweg–Rue du Marché aux Herbes/Grasmarkt–Rue de Namur/Naamsestraat). The ancient pattern of streets, radiating from the Grand Place, in large part remains, but has been overlaid by boulevards built over the river Senne, over the city walls and over the railway connection between the North and South Stations.
Today, Brussels has the most congested traffic in North America and Europe, according to US traffic information platform INRIX.[253]
| These distances are as the crow flies: | |||||||||||||||||
| City | Distance | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Antwerp |
43.3 km (26.9 mi) N | ||||||||||||||||
 Charleroi |
47.4 km (29.5 mi) S | ||||||||||||||||
 Ghent |
51.0 km (31.7 mi) NW | ||||||||||||||||
 Liège |
88.5 km (55.0 mi) E | ||||||||||||||||
 Lille |
94.6 km (58.8 mi) SW | ||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
Brussels is the hub of a range of old national roads, the main ones being clockwise: the N1 (N to Breda), N2 (E to Maastricht), N3 (E to Aachen), N4 (SE to Luxembourg) N5 (S to Rheims), N6 (S to Maubeuge), N7 (SW to Lille), N8 (W to Koksijde) and N9 (NW to Ostend).[254] Usually named chaussées/steenwegen, these highways normally run in a straight line, but sometimes lose themselves in a maze of narrow shopping streets.
The region is skirted by the European route E19 (N-S) and the E40 (E-W), while the E411 leads away to the SE. Brussels has an orbital motorway, numbered R0 (R-zero) and commonly referred to as the Ring. It is pear-shaped, as the southern side was never built as originally conceived, owing to residents' objections.
The city centre, sometimes known as the Pentagon, is surrounded by an inner ring road, the Small Ring (French: Petite Ceinture, Dutch: Kleine Ring), a sequence of boulevards formally numbered R20 or N0. These were built upon the site of the second set of city walls following their demolition. The metro line 2 runs under much of these. Since June 2015, a number of central boulevards inside the Pentagon have become car-free, limiting transit traffic through the old city.[255]
On the eastern side of the region, the R21 or Greater Ring (French: Grande Ceinture, Dutch: Grote Ring) is formed by a string of boulevards that curves round from Laeken to Uccle. Some premetro stations (see Brussels metro) were built on that route. A little further out, a stretch numbered R22 leads from Zaventem to Saint-Job.
Security and emergency services
Police
The Brussels local police, supported by the federal police, is responsible for law enforcement in Brussels. The 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region are divided into six police zones,[256] all bilingual (French and Dutch):
- 5339 Brussels Capital Ixelles: the City of Brussels and Ixelles
- 5340 Brussels West: Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, Ganshoren, Jette, Koekelberg and Molenbeek-Saint-Jean
- 5341 South: Anderlecht, Forest and Saint-Gilles
- 5342 Uccle/Watermael-Boitsfort/Auderghem: Auderghem, Uccle and Watermael-Boitsfort
- 5343 Montgomery: Etterbeek, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert et Woluwe-Saint-Pierre
- 5344 Polbruno: Evere, Saint-Josse-ten-Noode et Schaerbeek
Fire department
The Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Care Service, commonly known by its acronym SIAMU (DBDMH), operates in the 19 municipalities of Brussels.[257] It is a class X fire department and the largest fire service in Belgium in terms of annual operations, equipment, and personnel. It has 9 fire stations, spread over the entire Brussels-Capital Region, and employs about 1,000 professional firefighters. As well as preventing and fighting fires, SIAMU also provides emergency medical care services in Brussels via its centralised 100 number (and the single 112 emergency number for the 27 countries of the European Union). It is bilingual (French–Dutch).
Parks and green spaces
Brussels is one of the greenest capitals in Europe, with over 8,000 hectares of green spaces.[258] Vegetation cover and natural areas are higher in the outskirts, where they have limited the peri-urbanisation of the capital, but they decrease sharply towards the centre of Brussels; 10% in the central Pentagon, 30% of the municipalities in the first ring, and 71% of the municipalities in the second ring are occupied by green spaces.
Many parks and gardens, both public and privately owned, are scattered throughout the city. In addition to this, the Sonian Forest is located in its southern part and stretches out over the three Belgian regions. As of 2017[update], it has been inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the only Belgian component to the multinational inscription 'Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe'.
Notable people
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Brussels is twinned with the following cities:[259]
- Aichi Prefecture, Japan[260]
- Atlanta, United States[261]
- Beijing, China[262]
- Berlin, Germany[263]
- Brasília, Brazil[264]
- Breda, Netherlands
- Casablanca, Morocco
- Kinshasa, DR Congo
- Kyiv, Ukraine
- Ljubljana, Slovenia[265]
- Macau
- Madrid, Spain[266]
- Montreal, Canada[267]
- Moscow, Russia[268]
- Prague, Czech Republic[269]
- Tirana, Albania[270]
- Washington, D.C., United States[271]
Rankings
- As of 2016[update], the Brussels-Capital Region is ranked the 12th largest capital city of the European Union.
See also
- Bourgeois of Brussels
- Brussels Regional Investment Company
- Outline of Belgium
- Seven Noble Houses of Brussels
- Statue of Europe
Notes
- ^ French pronunciation: [ʁeʒjɔ̃ də bʁysɛl kapital] (listen).
- ^ Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbrʏsəls ˌɦoːftˈsteːdələk xəˈʋɛst] (listen). Gewest in isolation is pronounced [ɣəˈʋɛst] (listen).
- ^ Brussels is not formally declared capital of the EU, though its position is spelled out in the Treaty of Amsterdam. See the section dedicated to this issue.
- ^ The six municipalities with language facilities around Brussels are Wemmel, Kraainem, Wezembeek-Oppem, Sint-Genesius-Rode, Linkebeek and Drogenbos.
References
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Plus que jamais, Bruxelles mérite son statut de capitale de la bande dessinée.
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- Texts from Wikisource
- Textbooks from Wikibooks
- Travel guides from Wikivoyage
- Resources from Wikiversity
- Brussels-Capital Region
- Official tourism website
- GIS Brussels-Capital Region
- Interactive map
- Flower Carpet in Brussels 2014
| General | |
|---|---|
| National libraries | |
| Other | |
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