Los Angeles

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Los Angeles
Ville de Los Angeles
Los Angeles with Mount Baldy.jpg
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Griffith Observatory by Gustavo Gerdel.jpg
Vincent Thomas Bridge 2.jpg
Los Angeles City Hall 2013.jpg
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Venice Beach, Los Angeles, CA 01 (cropped).jpg
Surnom(s) : 
LA, Cité des Anges, [1] La capitale mondiale du divertissement , [1] La-la-land, Tinseltown [1]
Carte interactive décrivant Los Angeles
Los Angeles is located in California
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Emplacement en Californie
Los Angeles is located in the United States
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Emplacement aux États-Unis
Los Angeles is located in North America
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Emplacement en Amérique du Nord
Coordonnées : 34°03′N 118°15′W / 34.050°N 118.250°W / 34.050; -118.250Coordonnées : 34°03′N 118°15′W  / 34.050°N 118.250°W / 34.050; -118.250
Pays États Unis
État Californie
comté Los Angeles
RégionCalifornie du Sud
ASCLos Angeles-Long Beach
MSALos Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim
Pueblo4 septembre 1781 [2]
Statut de la ville23 mai 1835 [3]
Incorporé4 avril 1850 [4]
Nommé pourNotre Dame, Reine des Anges
Gouvernement
 • TaperMaire-Conseil-Commission [5]
 • CorpsConseil municipal de Los Angeles
 •  MaireEric Garcetti ( D ) [6]
 •  Avocat municipalMike Feuer (D) [6]
 •  Contrôleur municipalRon Galperin (D) [6]
Zone
 • Le total502,73 milles carrés (1 302,06 km 2 )
 • Terre468,97 milles carrés (1 214,63 km 2 )
 • L'eau33,76 milles carrés (87,43 km 2 )
 • Urbain
1 736,02 milles carrés (4 496,3 km 2 )
 • Métro
4 850 milles carrés (12 562 km 2 )
Élévation305 pi (93 m)
Altitude la plus élevée5 074 pi (1 547 m)
Altitude la plus basse0 pi (0 m)
Population
 ( 2020 )
 • Le total3 898 747
 • Rang2e aux États-Unis
1er en Californie
 • Densité8 313,43/mi carré (3 209,82/km 2 )
 •  Métro13 200 998 ( 2e )
Démonyme(s)Los Angeleno, Angeleno
Fuseau horaireUTC−08:00 ( Pacifique )
 • Été ( heure d'été )UTC−07:00 ( HAP )
Codes ZIP
Lister
  • 90001–90084, 90086–90089, 90091, 90093–90097, 90099, 90101–90103, 90174, 90185, 90189, 90291–90293, 91040–91043, 91303–91308, 91311, 91316, 91324–91328, 91330, 91331, 91335, 91340, 91342–91349, 91352–91353, 91356–91357, 91364–91367, 91401–91499, 91504–91505, 91601–91609[11]
Indicatifs régionaux213/323 , 310/424 , 747/818
Code FIPS06-44000
ID de fonctionnalité GNIS1662328 , 2410877
Site Internetwww .lacity .org Edit this at Wikidata

Los Angeles ( États - Unis : / l ɔː s æ n əl ə s / ( écouter ) About this sound lawss UN -jəl-əs , [a] Tongva : Tovaangar ; [14] [15] Espagnol : Los Ángeles , "Les Anges") , officiellement la ville de Los Angeles et souvent abrégée en LA , est la plus grande ville de Californie . Avec une population de 3 898 747 habitants en 2020, [16] c'est ledeuxième plus grande ville aux États-Unis , après New York City , et la troisième plus grande ville en Amérique du Nord , après Mexico et à New York. Los Angeles est connue pour son climat méditerranéen , sa diversité ethnique et culturelle, son industrie du divertissement hollywoodienne et sa vaste zone métropolitaine.

Los Angeles se trouve dans un bassin du sud de la Californie , adjacent à l' océan Pacifique , avec des montagnes pouvant atteindre 3 000 m (10 000 pieds) et des déserts . La ville, qui couvre environ 469 miles carrés (1.210 km 2 ), [17] est le siège de comté de Los Angeles , la plus peuplée du comté aux États-Unis. La région métropolitaine de Los Angeles ( MSA ) abrite une population de 13,1 millions d'habitants, ce qui en fait la deuxième plus grande région métropolitaine du pays après celle de New York . [18] Le Grand Los Angeles comprend le métro de Los Angeles ainsi que l' Inland Empire et le comté de Ventura . [19] C'est la deuxième zone statistique combinée la plus peuplée des États-Unis , également après New York, avec une estimation en 2015 de 18,7 millions de personnes. [20]

Patrie des Chumash et des Tongva , la région qui devint Los Angeles fut revendiquée par Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo pour l' Espagne en 1542. La ville fut fondée le 4 septembre 1781, sous le gouverneur espagnol Felipe de Neve , sur le village de Yaanga . [21] C'est devenu une partie du Mexique en 1821 suite à la guerre mexicaine d'indépendance . En 1848, à la fin de la guerre américano-mexicaine , Los Angeles et le reste de la Californie ont été achetés dans le cadre du traité de Guadalupe Hidalgo et sont ainsi devenus une partie des États-Unis. Los Angeles a été constituéeen tant que municipalité le 4 avril 1850, cinq mois avant que la Californie n'accède au statut d'État . La découverte du pétrole dans les années 1890 a entraîné une croissance rapide de la ville. [22] La ville s'est encore agrandie avec l'achèvement de l' aqueduc de Los Angeles en 1913, qui fournit de l'eau de la Californie orientale .

Los Angeles a une économie diversifiée et robuste et accueille des entreprises dans un large éventail de domaines professionnels et culturels. Il possède également le port à conteneurs le plus achalandé des Amériques . [23] En 2018, la région métropolitaine de Los Angeles avait un produit métropolitain brut de plus de 1 000 milliards de dollars [24], ce qui en fait la ville avec le troisième PIB au monde, après Tokyo et New York . Los Angeles a accueilli les Jeux olympiques d'été de 1932 et 1984 et accueillera les Jeux olympiques d'été de 2028 .

Histoire

Affiliations historiques

Histoire précoloniale

La zone côtière de Los Angeles a été colonisée par les tribus Tongva ( Gabrieleños ) et Chumash . Los Angeles sera finalement fondée sur le village d' iyáangẚ ou Yaanga (écrit « Yang-na » par les Espagnols), signifiant « endroit du chêne empoisonné ». [25] [26] [21]

L'explorateur maritime Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo a revendiqué la région du sud de la Californie pour l' Empire espagnol en 1542 lors d'une expédition d'exploration militaire officielle se déplaçant vers le nord le long de la côte du Pacifique à partir des anciennes bases colonisatrices de la Nouvelle-Espagne en Amérique centrale et du Sud . [27] Gaspar de Portolà et le missionnaire franciscain Juan Crespí arrivèrent sur le site actuel de Los Angeles le 2 août 1769. [28]

domination espagnole

Felipe de Neve a dirigé les Pobladores de Los Angeles dans la fondation de la ville en 1781.

En 1771, le frère franciscain Junípero Serra dirigea la construction de la Mission San Gabriel Arcángel , la première mission de la région. [29] Le 4 septembre 1781, un groupe de quarante-quatre colons connus sous le nom de « Los Pobladores » a fondé le pueblo qu'ils ont appelé El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los ngeles , « La ville de Notre-Dame la Reine des Anges » . [30] [b] La ville actuelle a le plus grand archidiocèse catholique aux États-Unis. Les deux tiers des colons mexicains ou ( Nouvelle-Espagne ) étaient métis ou mulâtres, un mélange d'ascendance africaine, indigène et européenne. [31] Le règlement est resté une petite ville de ranch depuis des décennies, mais d'ici à 1820, la population avait augmenté à environ 650 habitants. [32] Aujourd'hui, le pueblo est commémoré dans le quartier historique de Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza et Olvera Street , la partie la plus ancienne de Los Angeles. [33]

domination mexicaine

La Nouvelle-Espagne a obtenu son indépendance de l'Empire espagnol en 1821 et le pueblo a continué à faire partie du Mexique . Pendant la domination mexicaine, le gouverneur Pío Pico a fait de Los Angeles la capitale régionale de la Californie . [34]

1847 à aujourd'hui

La domination mexicaine a pris fin pendant la guerre américano-mexicaine : les Américains ont pris le contrôle des Californios après une série de batailles, culminant avec la signature du traité de Cahuenga le 13 janvier 1847. [35]

Les chemins de fer sont arrivés avec l'achèvement de la ligne transcontinentale du Pacifique Sud de la Nouvelle-Orléans à Los Angeles en 1876 et le chemin de fer de Santa Fe en 1885. [36] Du pétrole a été découvert dans la ville et ses environs en 1892, et en 1923, les découvertes avaient aidé La Californie est devenue le plus grand producteur de pétrole du pays, représentant environ un quart de la production mondiale de pétrole. [37]

En 1900, la population avait augmenté à plus de 102 000, [38] mettant la pression sur l' approvisionnement en eau de la ville . [39] L'achèvement de l' aqueduc de Los Angeles en 1913, sous la supervision de William Mulholland , a assuré la croissance continue de la ville. [40] En raison des clauses de la charte de la ville qui empêchaient la ville de Los Angeles de vendre ou de fournir de l'eau de l'aqueduc à toute zone en dehors de ses frontières, de nombreuses villes et communautés adjacentes se sont senties obligées de rejoindre Los Angeles. [41] [42] [43]

Los Angeles a créé la première ordonnance de zonage municipal aux États-Unis. Le 14 septembre 1908, le conseil municipal de Los Angeles a promulgué des zones d'utilisation des terres résidentielles et industrielles. La nouvelle ordonnance établit trois zones résidentielles d'un même type, où les usages industriels sont interdits. Les interdictions comprenaient les granges, les parcs à bois et toute utilisation industrielle des terres utilisant des équipements mécaniques. Ces lois ont été appliquées contre les propriétés industrielles après coup. Ces interdictions s'ajoutaient aux activités existantes qui étaient déjà réglementées en tant que nuisances. Ceux-ci comprenaient des entrepôts d'explosifs, des usines de gaz, des forages pétroliers, des abattoirs et des tanneries. Le conseil municipal de Los Angeles a également désigné sept zones industrielles dans la ville. Cependant, entre 1908 et 1915, le conseil municipal de Los Angeles a créé diverses exceptions aux grandes interdictions qui s'appliquaient à ces trois zones résidentielles, et en conséquence, certaines utilisations industrielles ont émergé en leur sein. Il existe deux différences entre l'ordonnance de 1908 sur le district de résidence et les lois de zonage ultérieures aux États-Unis. Premièrement, les lois de 1908 n'ont pas établi de carte de zonage complète comme le faisait l' ordonnance de zonage de la ville de New York de 1916 . Deuxièmement, les zones résidentielles ne distinguaient pas les types de logement ; ils ont traité les appartements, les hôtels et les logements unifamiliaux isolés sur un pied d'égalité. [44]

Hill Street , vue vers le nord depuis la 6th Street, v. 1913. Les sites notables incluent Central Park (aujourd'hui Pershing Square) (les arbres, en bas à gauche), l'hôtel Portsmouth (en bas à droite) et le tunnel de Hill Street (au bout de la rue).

En 1910, Hollywood a fusionné avec Los Angeles, avec 10 sociétés cinématographiques déjà présentes dans la ville à l'époque. En 1921, plus de 80 % de l'industrie cinématographique mondiale était concentrée à Los Angeles [45] L'argent généré par l'industrie protégeait la ville d'une grande partie des pertes économiques subies par le reste du pays pendant la Grande Dépression . [46] En 1930, la population dépassait le million. [47] En 1932, la ville a accueilli les Jeux olympiques d'été .

Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale , Los Angeles était un centre majeur de fabrication en temps de guerre, comme la construction navale et aéronautique. Calship a construit des centaines de Liberty Ships et Victory Ships sur Terminal Island, et la région de Los Angeles était le siège de six des principaux constructeurs d'avions du pays ( Douglas Aircraft Company , Hughes Aircraft , Lockheed , North American Aviation , Northrop Corporation et Vultee). Pendant la guerre, plus d'avions ont été produits en un an que dans toutes les années d'avant-guerre depuis que les frères Wright ont piloté le premier avion en 1903, combinés. La fabrication à Los Angeles a monté en flèche, et comme l'a dit William S. Knudsen , de la Commission consultative de la défense nationale, "Nous avons gagné parce que nous avons étouffé l'ennemi dans une avalanche de production, comme il n'avait jamais vu, ni rêvé possible." [48]

Dans les années 1930-1940, le comté de Los Angeles était le leader national de l'agriculture. [49]

George Patton lors d'un défilé de bienvenue à Los Angeles, le 9 juin 1945

Après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale , Los Angeles s'est développée plus rapidement que jamais, s'étendant dans la vallée de San Fernando . [50] L'expansion de l' Interstate Highway System au cours des années 1950 et 1960 a contribué à propulser la croissance suburbaine et a signalé la disparition du système ferroviaire électrifié de la ville , autrefois le plus grand du monde.

Les tensions raciales ont conduit aux émeutes de Watts en 1965, faisant 34 morts et plus de 1 000 blessés.

En 1969, la Californie est devenue le berceau d' Internet , car la première transmission ARPANET a été envoyée de l' Université de Californie à Los Angeles (UCLA) au Stanford Research Institute à Menlo Park . [51]

En 1973, Tom Bradley a été élu en tant que premier de la ville afro - américaine maire, qui sert cinq mandats jusqu'à sa retraite en 1993. D' autres événements dans la ville au cours des années 1970 comprenait l' Armée de libération symbionaise de South Central bras de fer en 1974 et les Hillside Stranglers meurtre cas en 1977-1978.

En 1984, la ville a accueilli pour la deuxième fois les Jeux olympiques d'été . En dépit d'être boycottés par 14 pays communistes , les Jeux Olympiques de 1984 sont devenus plus réussis financièrement que n'importe quel précédent, [52] et les deuxièmes Jeux Olympiques ont été rentables ; l'autre, selon une analyse des articles de journaux contemporains, était les Jeux olympiques d'été de 1932 , également tenus à Los Angeles. [53]

Des tensions raciales ont éclaté le 29 avril 1992, avec l'acquittement par un jury de Simi Valley de quatre agents du service de police de Los Angeles (LAPD) capturés sur bande vidéo en train de battre Rodney King , aboutissant à des émeutes à grande échelle . [54] [55]

En 1994, le tremblement de terre de magnitude 6,7 à Northridge a secoué la ville, causant 12,5 milliards de dollars de dégâts et 72 morts. [56] Le siècle s'est terminé avec le scandale du Rempart , l'un des cas les plus documentés d'inconduite policière dans l'histoire américaine. [57]

En 2002, le maire James Hahn a mené la campagne contre la sécession, ce qui a conduit les électeurs à faire échouer les efforts de la vallée de San Fernando et d'Hollywood pour se séparer de la ville. [58]

Los Angeles accueillera les Jeux olympiques et paralympiques d'été de 2028 , faisant de Los Angeles la troisième ville à accueillir trois fois les Jeux olympiques. [59] [60]

Prononciation du nom

La prononciation anglaise du nom de la ville a varié. Un article de 1953 dans la revue du nom de l' American Society affirme que la prononciation / l ɔː s æ n əl ə s / lawss AN de-əs a été créé suite à l'incorporation 1850 de la ville et que , depuis les années 1880 la prononciation / l s æ ŋ ɡ əl ə s / Lohss ANG -gəl-əsa émergé d'une tendance en Californie à donner aux lieux des noms et des prononciations espagnols ou à consonance espagnole. [61] En 1908, le bibliothécaire Charles Fletcher Lummis , qui a plaidé pour la prononciation avec / ɡ / , [62] [63] a rapporté qu'il y avait au moins 12 variantes de prononciation. [64] Au début des années 1900, le Los Angeles Times préconisaient pour le prononcer Loce AHNG-Ḩayl-Ais ( / l s ɑː ŋ h l s / ), se rapprochant espagnol[los ˈaŋxeles] , en imprimant la réorthographe sous son en-tête pendant plusieurs années. [65] Cela n'a pas trouvé grâce. [66]

Depuis les années 1930, / l ɔː s æ n əl ə s / a été le plus courant. [67] En 1934, le Conseil des États-Unis sur les noms géographiques a décrété que cette prononciation soit utilisée. [65] Cela a également été approuvé en 1952 par un "jury" nommé par le maire Fletcher Bowron pour concevoir une prononciation officielle. [61] [65]

Géographie

Topographie

Une photo satellite montre la ville de Los Angeles
Photographie nocturne de South Bay (comté de Los Angeles) , 2017, avec l' océan Pacifique à gauche (région sombre), Palos Verdes à côté de la droite (quelques lumières), San Pedro au premier plan au centre et Terminal Island au premier plan à droite (région claire)

La ville de Los Angeles couvre une superficie totale de 502,7 miles carrés (1 302 km 2 ), comprenant 468,7 miles carrés (1 214 km 2 ) de terre et 34,0 miles carrés (88 km 2 ) d'eau. [17] La ville s'étend sur 44 milles (71 km) du nord au sud et sur 29 milles (47 km) d'est en ouest. Le périmètre de la ville est de 342 miles (550 km).

Los Angeles est à la fois plate et vallonnée. Le point le plus élevé de la ville proprement dite est le mont Lukens à 5 074 pieds (1 547 m), [68] [69] situé à l'extrémité nord-est de la vallée de San Fernando . L'extrémité orientale des montagnes de Santa Monica s'étend du centre-ville à l' océan Pacifique et sépare le bassin de Los Angeles de la vallée de San Fernando. Les autres parties vallonnées de Los Angeles comprennent la région du mont Washington au nord du centre-ville, les parties orientales telles que Boyle Heights , le district de Crenshaw autour des Baldwin Hills et le district de San Pedro .

Autour de la ville se trouvent des montagnes beaucoup plus hautes. Immédiatement au nord se trouvent les montagnes de San Gabriel , qui sont une zone de loisirs populaire pour Angelenos. Son point culminant est le mont San Antonio , connu localement sous le nom de mont Baldy, qui atteint 10 064 pieds (3 068 m). Plus loin, le point culminant de la région du Grand Los Angeles est la montagne San Gorgonio , avec une hauteur de 11 503 pieds (3 506 m).

La rivière Los Angeles , qui est en grande partie saisonnière, est le principal canal de drainage . Il a été redressé et revêtu de 81 miles (82 km) de béton par l' Army Corps of Engineers pour servir de canal de contrôle des inondations. [70] La rivière commence dans le quartier de Canoga Park de la ville, coule à l'est de la vallée de San Fernando le long du bord nord des montagnes de Santa Monica et tourne vers le sud à travers le centre-ville, se jetant à son embouchure dans le port de Long Beach à l'océan Pacifique. Le plus petit ruisseau Ballona se jette dans la baie de Santa Monica à Playa del Rey .

Végétation

Le plus vieux palmier de Los Angeles, 2019

Los Angeles est riche en espèces de plantes indigènes en partie à cause de la diversité de ses habitats, y compris les plages, les zones humides et les montagnes. Les communautés végétales les plus répandues sont les broussailles à sauge côtières , les buissons de chaparral et les forêts riveraines . [71] Les plantes indigènes comprennent: le pavot de Californie , pavot Matilija , toyon , Ceanothus , chamise , Côte Live Oak , sycomore , saule et géant Élyme . Beaucoup de ces espèces indigènes, comme le tournesol de Los Angeles, sont devenus si rares qu'ils sont considérés comme en voie de disparition. Bien qu'il ne soit pas originaire de la région, l'arbre officiel de Los Angeles est l'arbre de corail ( Erythrina caffra ) [72] et la fleur officielle de Los Angeles est l'oiseau de paradis ( Strelitzia reginae ). [73] Mexique Fan Palms , Island Palms Canaries , Reine Palms , palmiers dattiers , et la Californie Fan Palms sont communs dans la région de Los Angeles, bien que seul le dernier est originaire de Californie, mais toujours pas originaire de la ville de Los Angeles.

Géologie

Los Angeles est sujette aux tremblements de terre en raison de sa situation sur la ceinture de feu du Pacifique . L'instabilité géologique a produit de nombreuses failles , qui provoquent environ 10 000 tremblements de terre par an dans le sud de la Californie, bien que la plupart d'entre eux soient trop petits pour être ressentis. [74] Le système de faille de San Andreas à décrochement , qui se situe à la frontière entre la plaque Pacifique et la plaque nord-américaine, passes through the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The segment of the fault passing through Southern California experiences a major earthquake roughly every 110 to 140 years, and seismologists have warned about the next "big one", as the last major earthquake was the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake.[75] The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at risk from blind thrust earthquakes.[76] Major earthquakes that have hit the Los Angeles area include the 1933 Long Beach, 1971 San Fernando, 1987 Whittier Narrows, and the 1994 Northridge events. All but a few are of low intensity and are not felt. The USGS has released the UCERF California tremblement de terre prévision , qui modélise l'occurrence des tremblements de terre en Californie. Certaines parties de la ville sont également vulnérables aux tsunamis ; les zones portuaires ont été endommagées par les vagues du tremblement de terre des îles Aléoutiennes en 1946, du tremblement de terre de Valdivia en 1960, du tremblement de terre en Alaska en 1964, du tremblement de terre au Chili en 2010 et du tremblement de terre au Japon en 2011. [77]

Paysage urbain

La ville est divisée en beaucoup de différents districts et quartiers, [78] [79] dont certains étaient des villes incorporées qui ont fusionné avec Los Angeles. [80] Ces quartiers ont été développés au coup par coup et sont suffisamment bien définis pour que la ville dispose d'une signalisation les marquant presque tous. [81]

Aperçu

Les modèles de rues de la ville suivent généralement un plan quadrillé , avec des longueurs de blocs uniformes et des routes occasionnelles qui traversent des blocs. Cependant, cela est compliqué par le terrain accidenté, qui a nécessité d'avoir des grilles différentes pour chacune des vallées que couvre Los Angeles. Les rues principales sont conçues pour déplacer de gros volumes de trafic à travers de nombreuses parties de la ville, dont beaucoup sont extrêmement longues ; Le boulevard Sepulveda mesure 69 km de long, tandis que le boulevard Foothill mesure plus de 97 km de long, s'étendant aussi loin à l'est que San Bernardino. Les conducteurs de Los Angeles souffrent et provoquent l'une des pires périodes d'heures de pointe au monde, selon un indice de trafic annuel du fabricant de systèmes de navigation, TomTom.. LA drivers spend an additional 92 hours in traffic each year. During the peak rush hour, there is 80% congestion, according to the index.[82]

Los Angeles se caractérise souvent par la présence d' immeubles de faible hauteur , contrairement à New York . En dehors de quelques centres tels que Downtown , Warner Center , Century City , Koreatown , Miracle Mile , Hollywood et Westwood , les gratte-ciel et les immeubles de grande hauteur ne sont pas courants à Los Angeles. Les quelques gratte-ciel construits en dehors de ces zones se détachent souvent au-dessus du reste du paysage environnant. La plupart des constructions se font dans des unités séparées, plutôt que mur à mur. Cela étant dit, le centre-ville de Los Angeles compte de nombreux bâtiments de plus de 30 étages, dont quatorze de plus de 50 étages et deux de plus de 70 étages, dont le plus haut est le Wilshire Grand Center . De plus, Los Angeles devient de plus en plus une ville d'appartements plutôt que d'habitations unifamiliales, en particulier dans les quartiers denses du centre-ville et du Westside .

Climat

Parc MacArthur à Westlake
Los Angeles (centre-ville)
Carte climatique ( explication )
J
F
M
UNE
M
J
J
UNE
S
O
N
 
 
3.3
 
 
68
49
 
 
3.6
 
 
68
50
 
 
2.2
 
 
70
52
 
 
0,7
 
 
72
55
 
 
0,3
 
 
74
58
 
 
0,1
 
 
77
61
 
 
0
 
 
82
65
 
 
0
 
 
84
65
 
 
0,1
 
 
83
64
 
 
0,6
 
 
79
60
 
 
0,8
 
 
73
53
 
 
2.5
 
 
67
48
Moyenne max. et min. températures en °F
Totaux de précipitations en pouces
Source : NOAA [83]

Los Angeles a un climat méditerranéen ( Köppen Csb sur la côte et la majeure partie du centre-ville, Csa près de la région métropolitaine à l'ouest), et reçoit juste assez de précipitations annuelles pour éviter d'être classée comme climat semi-aride ( BSh) . [84] Les températures diurnes sont généralement tempérées toute l'année. En hiver, ils font en moyenne environ 20 °C (68 °F), ce qui lui donne une sensation tropicale , bien qu'il fasse quelques degrés trop frais pour être un véritable climat tropical en moyenne en raison des températures nocturnes fraîches. [85] [86]Los Angeles a beaucoup de soleil toute l'année, avec une moyenne de seulement 35 jours avec des précipitations mesurables chaque année. [87]

Les températures dans le bassin côtier dépassent 32 °C (90 °F) une dizaine de jours dans l'année, d'un jour par mois en avril, mai, juin et novembre à trois jours par mois en juillet, août, octobre et à cinq jours en septembre. [87] Les températures dans les vallées de San Fernando et de San Gabriel sont considérablement plus chaudes. Les températures sont soumises à des fluctuations quotidiennes importantes; dans les régions intérieures, la différence entre le minimum quotidien moyen et le maximum quotidien moyen est supérieure à 30 °F (17 °C). [88] La température moyenne annuelle de la mer est de 63 °F (17 °C), de 58 °F (14 °C) en janvier à 68 °F (20 °C) en août. [89] Les heures d'ensoleillement totalisent plus de 3 000 par an, d'une moyenne de 7 heures d'ensoleillement par jour en décembre à une moyenne de 12 en juillet. [90]

Une vue dégagée en soirée sur le mont Lee et le panneau Hollywood depuis la pelouse de l'observatoire Griffith

La région de Los Angeles est également sujette à des phénomènes typiques d'un microclimat , provoquant des variations extrêmes de température à proximité physique les unes des autres. Par exemple, la température maximale moyenne en juillet à la jetée de Santa Monica est de 21 °C (70 °F) alors qu'elle est de 35 °C (95 °F) à Canoga Park, à 24 km. [91] La ville, comme une grande partie de la côte sud de la Californie, est soumise à un phénomène météorologique de fin de printemps/début d'été appelé " June Gloom ". Cela implique un ciel couvert ou brumeux le matin qui cède au soleil en début d'après-midi. [92]

Le centre-ville de Los Angeles reçoit en moyenne 14,93 pouces (379 mm) de précipitations par an, se produisant principalement entre novembre et mars [88] généralement sous la forme d'averses de pluie modérées, mais parfois sous forme de fortes précipitations pendant les tempêtes hivernales. Les précipitations sont généralement plus élevées dans les collines et les pentes côtières des montagnes en raison de lasoulèvement. Les jours d'été sont généralement sans pluie. Rarement, une incursion d'air humide du sud ou de l'est peut apporter de brefs orages à la fin de l'été, en particulier dans les montagnes. La côte reçoit un peu moins de précipitations, tandis que les zones intérieures et montagneuses en reçoivent beaucoup plus. Les années de précipitations moyennes sont rares. Le schéma habituel est une variabilité d'une année à l'autre, avec une courte série d'années sèches de 5 à 10 pouces (130 à 250 mm) de précipitations, suivies d'une ou deux années humides avec plus de 20 pouces (510 mm). [88] Les années humides sont généralement associées à des conditions d' eau chaude El Niño dans le Pacifique, des années sèches à des épisodes d' eau plus froide La Niña . Une série de jours de pluie peut entraîner des inondations dans les basses terres et des coulées de boue dans les collines, en particulier après les incendies de forêt ont dénudé les pentes.

Les températures glaciales et les chutes de neige sont extrêmement rares dans le bassin de la ville et le long de la côte, la dernière apparition d'une lecture de 32 °F (0 °C) à la gare du centre-ville étant le 29 janvier 1979; [88] des températures glaciales surviennent presque chaque année dans les vallées, tandis que les montagnes à l'intérieur des limites de la ville reçoivent généralement des chutes de neige chaque hiver. La plus grande chute de neige enregistrée dans le centre-ville de Los Angeles était de 2 pouces (5 cm) le 15 janvier 1932. [88] [93] Alors que la chute de neige la plus récente a eu lieu en février 2019, la première chute de neige depuis 1962, [94] [95] avec neige tombant dans les zones adjacentes à Los Angeles aussi récemment qu'en janvier 2021. [96]À la gare officielle du centre-ville, la température la plus élevée enregistrée est de 113 °F (45 °C) le 27 septembre 2010, [88] [97] tandis que la plus basse est de 28 °F (−2 °C), [88] le janvier 4, 1949. [88] Dans la ville de Los Angeles, la température la plus élevée jamais enregistrée officiellement est de 121 °F (49 °C), le 6 septembre 2020, à la station météorologique du Pierce College dans le quartier de San Fernando Valley à Collines boisées . [98] Pendant l'automne et l'hiver, les vents de Santa Ana apportent parfois des conditions beaucoup plus chaudes et plus sèches à Los Angeles et augmentent le risque d'incendie de forêt.

Mois Jan fév Mar avr Peut juin juil août SEP oct nov déc Année
Record élevé °F (°C) 95
(35)
95
(35)
99
(37)
106
(41)
103
(39)
112
(44)
109
(43)
106
(41)
113
(45)
108
(42)
100
(38)
92
(33)
113
(45)
Moyenne maximale °F (°C) 83,0
(28,3)
82,8
(28,2)
85,8
(29,9)
90,1
(32,3)
88,9
(31,6)
89,1
(31,7)
93,5
(34,2)
95,2
(35,1)
99,4
(37,4)
95,7
(35,4)
88,9
(31,6)
81,0
(27,2)
101,5
(38,6)
Moyenne élevée °F (°C) 68,0
(20,0)
68,0
(20,0)
69,9
(21,1)
72,4
(22,4)
73,7
(23,2)
77,2
(25,1)
82,0
(27,8)
84,0
(28,9)
83,0
(28,3)
78,6
(25,9)
72,9
(22,7)
67,4
(19,7)
74,8
(23,8)
Moyenne quotidienne °F (°C) 58,4
(14,7)
59,0
(15,0)
61,1
(16,2)
63,6
(17,6)
65,9
(18,8)
69,3
(20,7)
73,3
(22,9)
74,7
(23,7)
73,6
(23,1)
69,3
(20,7)
63,0
(17,2)
57,8
(14,3)
65,8
(18,8)
Moyenne basse °F (°C) 48,9
(9,4)
50,0
(10,0)
52,4
(11,3)
54,8
(12,7)
58,1
(14,5)
61,4
(16,3)
64,7
(18,2)
65,4
(18,6)
64,2
(17,9)
59,9
(15,5)
53,1
(11,7)
48,2
(9,0)
56,8
(13,8)
Minimum moyen °F (°C) 41,4
(5,2)
42,9
(6,1)
45,4
(7,4)
48,9
(9,4)
53,5
(11,9)
57,4
(14,1)
61,1
(16,2)
61,7
(16,5)
59,1
(15,1)
53,7
(12,1)
45,4
(7,4)
40,5
(4,7)
39,2
(4,0)
Enregistrement bas °F (°C) 28
(−2)
28
(−2)
31
(−1)
36
(2)
40
(4)
46
(8)
49
(9)
49
(9)
44
(7)
40
(4)
34
(1)
30
(−1)
28
(−2)
Précipitations moyennes pouces (mm) 3,29
(84)
3,64
(92)
2,23
(57)
0,69
(18)
0,32
(8,1)
0,09
(2,3)
0,02
(0,51)
0.00
(0.00)
0,13
(3,3)
0,58
(15)
0,78
(20)
2,48
(63)
14,25
(362)
Jours de pluie moyens (≥ 0.01 in) 6.1 6.3 5.1 2.8 1.9 0,5 0,4 0,1 0,4 2.2 2.8 5.5 34,1
Heures d'ensoleillement mensuelles moyennes 225,3 222,5 267.0 303,5 276.2 275,8 364.1 349,5 278,5 255.1 217.3 219,4 3 254,2
Pourcentage d' ensoleillement possible 71 72 72 78 64 64 83 84 75 73 70 71 73
Source : NOAA (dim. 1961-1977) [99] [83] [100] [101]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 91
(33)
92
(33)
95
(35)
102
(39)
97
(36)
104
(40)
97
(36)
98
(37)
110
(43)
106
(41)
101
(38)
94
(34)
110
(43)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 81.2
(27.3)
80.1
(26.7)
80.6
(27.0)
83.1
(28.4)
80.6
(27.0)
79.8
(26.6)
83.7
(28.7)
86.0
(30.0)
90.7
(32.6)
90.9
(32.7)
87.2
(30.7)
78.8
(26.0)
95.5
(35.3)
Average high °F (°C) 66.3
(19.1)
65.6
(18.7)
66.1
(18.9)
68.1
(20.1)
69.5
(20.8)
72.0
(22.2)
75.1
(23.9)
76.7
(24.8)
76.5
(24.7)
74.4
(23.6)
70.9
(21.6)
66.1
(18.9)
70.6
(21.4)
Daily mean °F (°C) 57.9
(14.4)
57.9
(14.4)
59.1
(15.1)
61.1
(16.2)
63.6
(17.6)
66.4
(19.1)
69.6
(20.9)
70.7
(21.5)
70.1
(21.2)
67.1
(19.5)
62.3
(16.8)
57.6
(14.2)
63.6
(17.6)
Average low °F (°C) 49.4
(9.7)
50.1
(10.1)
52.2
(11.2)
54.2
(12.3)
57.6
(14.2)
60.9
(16.1)
64.0
(17.8)
64.8
(18.2)
63.7
(17.6)
59.8
(15.4)
53.7
(12.1)
49.1
(9.5)
56.6
(13.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 41.8
(5.4)
42.9
(6.1)
45.3
(7.4)
48.0
(8.9)
52.7
(11.5)
56.7
(13.7)
60.2
(15.7)
61.0
(16.1)
58.7
(14.8)
53.2
(11.8)
46.1
(7.8)
41.1
(5.1)
39.4
(4.1)
Record low °F (°C) 27
(−3)
34
(1)
35
(2)
42
(6)
45
(7)
48
(9)
52
(11)
51
(11)
47
(8)
43
(6)
38
(3)
32
(0)
27
(−3)
Average rainfall inches (mm) 2.86
(73)
2.99
(76)
1.73
(44)
0.60
(15)
0.28
(7.1)
0.08
(2.0)
0.04
(1.0)
0.00
(0.00)
0.11
(2.8)
0.49
(12)
0.82
(21)
2.23
(57)
12.23
(311)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) 6.1 6.3 5.6 2.6 1.7 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.5 2.0 3.2 5.4 34.5
Average relative humidity (%) 63.4 67.9 70.5 71.0 74.0 75.9 76.6 76.6 74.2 70.5 65.5 62.9 70.8
Average dew point °F (°C) 41.4
(5.2)
44.4
(6.9)
46.6
(8.1)
49.1
(9.5)
52.7
(11.5)
56.5
(13.6)
60.1
(15.6)
61.2
(16.2)
59.2
(15.1)
54.1
(12.3)
46.8
(8.2)
41.4
(5.2)
51.1
(10.6)
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and dew point 1961–1990)[99][102][103][104]
Données climatiques pour Los Angeles ( Canoga Park , dans la vallée de San Fernando )
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 93
(34)
94
(34)
101
(38)
105
(41)
113
(45)
113
(45)
115
(46)
116
(47)
115
(46)
110
(43)
99
(37)
96
(36)
116
(47)
Average high °F (°C) 67.9
(19.9)
69.9
(21.1)
72.0
(22.2)
77.7
(25.4)
81.3
(27.4)
88.8
(31.6)
95.0
(35.0)
96.0
(35.6)
91.7
(33.2)
84.4
(29.1)
74.7
(23.7)
68.8
(20.4)
80.7
(27.1)
Daily mean °F (°C) 53.7
(12.1)
55.4
(13.0)
57.2
(14.0)
61.3
(16.3)
65.2
(18.4)
71.0
(21.7)
76.0
(24.4)
76.8
(24.9)
73.5
(23.1)
66.8
(19.3)
58.2
(14.6)
53.6
(12.0)
64.1
(17.8)
Average low °F (°C) 39.5
(4.2)
40.9
(4.9)
42.3
(5.7)
44.8
(7.1)
49.1
(9.5)
53.2
(11.8)
56.9
(13.8)
57.6
(14.2)
55.2
(12.9)
49.2
(9.6)
41.7
(5.4)
38.3
(3.5)
47.4
(8.6)
Record low °F (°C) 19
(−7)
18
(−8)
26
(−3)
30
(−1)
33
(1)
36
(2)
42
(6)
42
(6)
38
(3)
27
(−3)
23
(−5)
20
(−7)
18
(−8)
Average rainfall inches (mm) 3.83
(97)
4.40
(112)
3.60
(91)
0.88
(22)
0.32
(8.1)
0.07
(1.8)
0.01
(0.25)
0.15
(3.8)
0.24
(6.1)
0.62
(16)
1.29
(33)
2.38
(60)
17.79
(451.05)
Average rainy days 6.2 5.9 6.1 3.0 1.3 0.4 0.1 0.7 1.3 2.0 3.2 4.4 34.6
Source: NOAA[88]
Moyennes les plus chaudes et les plus froides, les plus humides et les plus sèches pour un mois (°F/inch et °C/mm), 1895–2019 [105]
Mois Jan fév Mar avr Peut juin juil août SEP oct nov déc
Le plus chaud 63,9 °F (17,7 °C) 64,2 °F (17,9 °C) 67,5 °F (19,7 °C) 68,2 °F (20,1 °C) 71,5 °F (21,9 °C) 75,9 °F (24,4 °C) 79,8 °F (26,6 °C) 79,0 °F (26,1 °C) 80,3 °F (26,8 °C) 75,4 °F (24,1 °C) 66,9 °F (19,4 °C) 62,2 °F (16,8 °C)
Le plus froid 46,7 °F (8,2 °C) 51,1 °F (10,6 °C) 52,0 °F (11,1 °C) 55,2 °F (12,9 °C) 57,2 °F (14,0 °C) 62,9 °F (17,2 °C) 66,2 °F (19,0 °C) 66,3 °F (19,1 °C) 63,1 °F (17,3 °C) 57,8 °F (14,3 °C) 55,2 °F (12,9 °C) 49,4 °F (9,7 °C)
Le plus humide 14,43 pouces (367 mm) 15,23 pouces (387 mm) 10,44 pouces (265 mm) 7,31 pouces (186 mm) 3,83 pouces (97 mm) 0,98 pouces (25 mm) 0,43 pouces (11 mm) 2,54 pouces (65 mm) 5,13 pouces (130 mm) 5,13 pouces (130 mm) 9,96 pouces (253 mm) 11,46 pouces (291 mm)
le plus sec 0 pouces (0 mm) 0 pouces (0 mm) 0 pouces (0 mm) 0 pouces (0 mm) 0 pouces (0 mm) 0 pouces (0 mm) 0 pouces (0 mm) 0 pouces (0 mm) 0 pouces (0 mm) 0 pouces (0 mm) 0 pouces (0 mm) 0 pouces (0 mm)

Problèmes environnementaux

La ville est souvent couverte de smog, décembre 2005
Son externe
audio icon « Combattre le smog à Los Angeles » , Podcast Distillations , 2018 Science History Institute

Une colonie Gabrielino dans la région s'appelait iyáangẚ (écrit Yang-na par les Espagnols), ce qui a été traduit par « endroit du chêne empoisonné ». [25] [26] Yang-na a aussi été traduit par "la vallée de la fumée". [106] [107] En raison de la géographie, de la forte dépendance à l'égard des automobiles et du complexe portuaire de Los Angeles/Long Beach, Los Angeles souffre de la pollution de l' air sous forme de smog . Le bassin de Los Angeles et la vallée de San Fernando sont sensibles à l'inversion atmosphérique, qui contient les gaz d'échappement des véhicules routiers, des avions, des locomotives, des transports maritimes, de la fabrication et d'autres sources. [108] Le pourcentage de pollution par les petites particules (le genre qui pénètre dans les poumons) provenant des véhicules en ville peut atteindre 55 %. [109]

La saison du smog dure environ de mai à octobre. [110] Alors que d'autres grandes villes comptent sur la pluie pour éliminer le smog, Los Angeles ne reçoit que 15 pouces (380 mm) de pluie chaque année : la pollution s'accumule sur plusieurs jours consécutifs. Les problèmes de qualité de l'air à Los Angeles et dans d'autres grandes villes ont conduit à l'adoption d'une première législation nationale sur l'environnement, notamment le Clean Air Act . Lorsque la loi a été adoptée, la Californie n'a pas été en mesure de créer un plan de mise en œuvre d'État qui lui permettrait de répondre aux nouvelles normes de qualité de l'air, en grande partie à cause du niveau de pollution à Los Angeles généré par les véhicules plus anciens. [111] Plus récemment, l'État de Californie a conduit la nation à s'efforcer de limiter la pollution en imposantvéhicules à faibles émissions . Le smog devrait continuer à baisser au cours des prochaines années en raison de mesures agressives pour le réduire, notamment les voitures électriques et hybrides , l'amélioration des transports en commun et d'autres mesures.

Le nombre d'alertes au smog de stade 1 à Los Angeles est passé de plus de 100 par an dans les années 1970 à presque zéro au cours du nouveau millénaire. [112] Malgré l'amélioration, les rapports annuels 2006 et 2007 de l' American Lung Association ont classé la ville comme la plus polluée du pays avec une pollution par les particules à court terme et une pollution par les particules toute l'année. [113] En 2008, la ville a été classée deuxième la plus polluée et avait de nouveau la pollution particulaire la plus élevée toute l'année. [114] La ville a atteint son objectif de fournir 20 pour cent de l'électricité de la ville à partir de sources renouvelables en 2010. [115] The American Lung Association's 2013 survey ranks the metro area as having the nation's worst smog, and fourth in both short-term and year-round pollution amounts.[116]

Los Angeles is also home to the nation's largest urban oil field. There are more than 700 active oil wells within 1,500 feet (460 m) of homes, churches, schools and hospitals in the city, a situation about which the EPA has voiced serious concerns.[117]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop.
18501,610
18604,385172.4%
18705,72830.6%
188011,18395.2%
189050,395350.6%
1900102,479103.4%
1910319,198211.5%
1920576,67380.7%
19301,238,048114.7%
19401,504,27721.5%
19501,970,35831.0%
19602,479,01525.8%
19702,811,80113.4%
19802,968,5285.6%
19903,485,39817.4%
20003,694,8206.0%
20103,792,6212.6%
20203,898,7472.8%
United States Census Bureau[119]
2010–2020[16]

The 2010 United States Census[120] reported Los Angeles had a population of 3,792,621.[121] The population density was 8,092.3 people per square mile (2,913.0/km2). The age distribution was 874,525 people (23.1%) under 18, 434,478 people (11.5%) from 18 to 24, 1,209,367 people (31.9%) from 25 to 44, 877,555 people (23.1%) from 45 to 64, and 396,696 people (10.5%) who were 65 or older.[121] The median age was 34.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.[121]

There were 1,413,995 housing units—up from 1,298,350 during 2005–2009[121]—at an average density of 2,812.8 households per square mile (1,086.0/km2), of which 503,863 (38.2%) were owner-occupied, and 814,305 (61.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.1%. 1,535,444 people (40.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,172,576 people (57.3%) lived in rental housing units.[121]

Percentage of households with incomes above $150k across LA County census tracts

According to the 2010 United States Census, Los Angeles had a median household income of $49,497, with 22.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[121]

Race and ethnicity

Racial composition 1940[122] 1970[122] 1990[122] 2010
White 93.5% 77.2%[123] 52.8% 49.8%
Black or African American 4.2% 17.9% 14.0% 9.6%
Asian 2.2% 3.6% 9.8% 11.3%
Other race N/A 1.0% 22.99% 23.8%
Two or more races N/A N/A N/A 4.6%
Map of racial and ethnic distribution in Los Angeles, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic or Other (yellow)

According to the 2010 Census, the racial makeup of Los Angeles included: 1,888,158 Whites (49.8%), 365,118 African Americans (9.6%), 28,215 Native Americans (0.7%), 426,959 Asians (11.3%), 5,577 Pacific Islanders (0.1%), 902,959 from other races (23.8%), and 175,635 (4.6%) from two or more races.[121] Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1,838,822 persons (48.5%). Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries speaking 224 different identified languages.[124] Ethnic enclaves like Chinatown, Historic Filipinotown, Koreatown, Little Armenia, Little Ethiopia, Tehrangeles, Little Tokyo, Little Bangladesh, and Thai Town provide examples of the polyglot character of Los Angeles.

Non-Hispanic Whites were 28.7% of the population in 2010,[121] compared to 86.3% in 1940.[122] The majority of the Non-Hispanic White population is living in areas along the Pacific coast as well as in neighborhoods near and on the Santa Monica Mountains from the Pacific Palisades to Los Feliz.

Mexican ancestry make up the largest ethnic group of Hispanics at 31.9% of the city's population, followed by those of Salvadoran (6.0%) and Guatemalan (3.6%) heritage. The Hispanic population has a long established Mexican-American and Central American community and is spread well-nigh throughout the entire city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area. It is most heavily concentrated in regions around Downtown as East Los Angeles, Northeast Los Angeles and Westlake. Furthermore, a vast majority of residents in neighborhoods in eastern South Los Angeles towards Downey are of Hispanic origin.

The largest Asian ethnic groups are Filipinos (3.2%) and Koreans (2.9%), which have their own established ethnic enclaves—Koreatown in the Wilshire Center and Historic Filipinotown. Chinese people, which make up 1.8% of Los Angeles's population, reside mostly outside of Los Angeles city limits and rather in the San Gabriel Valley of eastern Los Angeles County, but make a sizable presence in the city, notably in Chinatown. Chinatown and Thaitown are also home to many Thais and Cambodians, which make up 0.3% and 0.1% of Los Angeles's population, respectively. The Japanese comprise 0.9% of LA's population and have an established Little Tokyo in the city's downtown, and another significant community of Japanese Americans is in the Sawtelle district of West Los Angeles. Vietnamese make up 0.5% of Los Angeles's population. Indians make up 0.9% of the city's population. The city is also home to Armenians, Assyrians, and Iranians, many of whom live in enclaves like Little Armenia and Tehrangeles.

African Americans have been the predominant ethnic group in South Los Angeles, which has emerged as the largest African American community in the western United States since the 1960s. The neighborhoods of South Los Angeles with highest concentration of African Americans include Crenshaw, Baldwin Hills, Leimert Park, Hyde Park, Gramercy Park, Manchester Square and Watts.[125] Apart from South Los Angeles, neighborhoods in the Central region of Los Angeles, as Mid-City and Mid-Wilshire have a moderate concentration of African Americans as well.

Religion

Religious affiliation (2014)[126][127]
Christian
65%
Catholic
32%
Protestant
30%
Other Christian
3%
Unaffiliated
25%
Jewish
3%
Muslim
2%
Buddhist
2%
Hindu
1%
Other faiths
1%

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalently practiced religion in Los Angeles (65%).[126][127] The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles is the largest archdiocese in the country.[129] Cardinal Roger Mahony, as the archbishop, oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, which opened in September 2002 in Downtown Los Angeles.[130]

In 2011, the once common, but ultimately lapsed, custom of conducting a procession and mass in honor of Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles, in commemoration of the founding of the City of Los Angeles in 1781, was revived by the Queen of Angels Foundation and its founder Mark Albert, with the support of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles as well as several civic leaders.[131] The recently revived custom is a continuation of the original processions and masses that commenced on the first anniversary of the founding of Los Angeles in 1782 and continued for nearly a century thereafter.

With 621,000 Jews in the metropolitan area, the region has the second-largest population of Jews in the United States.[132] Many of Los Angeles's Jews now live on the Westside and in the San Fernando Valley, though Boyle Heights once had a large Jewish population prior to World War II due to restrictive housing covenants. Major Orthodox Jewish neighborhoods include Hancock Park, Pico-Robertson, and Valley Village, while Jewish Israelis are well represented in the Encino and Tarzana neighborhoods, and Persian Jews in Beverly Hills. Many varieties of Judaism are represented in the greater Los Angeles area, including Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist. The Breed Street Shul in East Los Angeles, built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades; it is no longer in daily use as a synagogue and is being converted to a museum and community center.[133][134] The Kabbalah Centre also has a presence in the city.[135]

The International Church of the Foursquare Gospel was founded in Los Angeles by Aimee Semple McPherson in 1923 and remains headquartered there to this day. For many years, the church convened at Angelus Temple, which, when built, was one of the largest churches in the country.[136]

Los Angeles has had a rich and influential Protestant tradition. The first Protestant service in Los Angeles was a Methodist meeting held in a private home in 1850 and the oldest Protestant church still operating, First Congregational Church, was founded in 1867.[137] In the early 1900s the Bible Institute Of Los Angeles published the founding documents of the Christian Fundamentalist movement and the Azusa Street Revival launched Pentecostalism.[137] The Metropolitan Community Church also had its origins in the Los Angeles area.[138] Important churches in the city include First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood, Bel Air Presbyterian Church, First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles, West Angeles Church of God in Christ, Second Baptist Church, Crenshaw Christian Center, McCarty Memorial Christian Church, and First Congregational Church.

The Los Angeles California Temple, the second-largest temple operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed.[139]

The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters, churches, and the Celebrity Center of Scientology.[140][citation needed]

Because of Los Angeles's large multi-ethnic population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, Baháʼí, various Eastern Orthodox churches, Sufism, Shintoism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion and countless others. Immigrants from Asia for example, have formed a number of significant Buddhist congregations making the city home to the greatest variety of Buddhists in the world. The first Buddhist joss house was founded in the city in 1875.[137] Atheism and other secular beliefs are also common, as the city is the largest in the Western U.S. Unchurched Belt.

Homelessness

Homeless people outside city hall, 2021

As of January 2020, there are 41,290 homeless people in the City of Los Angeles, comprising roughly 62% of the homeless population of LA County.[141] This is an increase of 14.2% over the previous year (with a 12.7% increase in the overall homeless population of LA County).[142][143] The epicenter of homelessness in Los Angeles is the Skid Row neighborhood, which contains 8,000 homeless people, one of the largest stable populations of homeless people in the United States.[144][145] The increased homeless population in Los Angeles has been attributed largely to lack of housing affordability.[146] Almost 60 percent of the 82,955 people who became newly homeless in 2019 said their homelessness was because of economic hardship.[142] In Los Angeles, black people are roughly four times more likely to experience homelessness.[142][147]

Crime

The LAPD on May Day 2006 in front of the new Caltrans District 7 Headquarters

In 1992, the city of Los Angeles recorded 1,092 murders.[148] Los Angeles experienced a significant decline in crime in the 1990s and late 2000s and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides.[149][150] This is a rate of 7.85 per 100,000 population—a major decrease from 1980 when a homicide rate of 34.2 per 100,000 was reported.[151][152] This included 15 officer-involved shootings. One shooting led to the death of a SWAT team member, Randal Simmons, the first in LAPD's history.[153] Los Angeles in the year of 2013 totaled 251 murders, a decrease of 16 percent from the previous year. Police speculate the drop resulted from a number of factors, including young people spending more time online.[154]

In 2015, it was revealed that the LAPD had been under-reporting crime for eight years, making the crime rate in the city appear much lower than it really is.[155][156]

The Dragna crime family and the Cohen crime family dominated organized crime in the city during the Prohibition era[157] and reached its peak during the 1940s and 1950s with the battle of Sunset Strip as part of the American Mafia, but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black and Hispanic gangs in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[157]

According to the Los Angeles Police Department, the city is home to 45,000 gang members, organized into 450 gangs.[158] Among them are the Crips and Bloods, which are both African American street gangs that originated in the South Los Angeles region. Latino street gangs such as the Sureños, a Mexican American street gang, and Mara Salvatrucha, which has mainly members of Salvadoran descent, all originated in Los Angeles. This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of America".[159]

Economy

Employment by industry in Los Angeles County (2015)
Kaiser Sunset Hospital in Los Angeles. Kaiser Permanente was the largest non-government employer in Los Angeles County in 2018.

The economy of Los Angeles is driven by international trade, entertainment (television, motion pictures, video games, music recording, and production), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism.[citation needed] Other significant industries include finance, telecommunications, law, healthcare, and transportation. In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Los Angeles was ranked as having the 19th most competitive financial center in the world, and sixth most competitive in the United States (after New York City, San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, and Washington, D.C.).[160]

One of the five major film studios, Paramount Pictures, is within the city limits,[161] its location being part of the so-called "Thirty-Mile Zone" of entertainment headquarters in Southern California.

Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the United States.[162] The contiguous ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise the busiest port in the United States by some measures and the fifth-busiest port in the world, vital to trade within the Pacific Rim.[162]

The Los Angeles metropolitan area has a gross metropolitan product of over $1.0 trillion (as of 2018),[24] making it the third-largest economic metropolitan area in the world, after Tokyo and New York.[24] Los Angeles has been classified an "alpha world city" according to a 2012 study by a group at Loughborough University.[163]

The Department of Cannabis Regulation enforces cannabis legislation after the legalization of the sale and distribution of cannabis in 2016.[164] As of October 2019, more than 300 existing cannabis businesses (both retailers and their suppliers) have been granted approval to operate in what is considered the nation's largest market.[165][166]

As of 2018, Los Angeles is home to three Fortune 500 companies: AECOM, CBRE Group, and Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co.[167]

Largest Non-Government Employers in Los Angeles County, August 2018[168]
Rank Employer Employees
1 Kaiser Permanente 37,468
2 University of Southern California 21,055
3 Northrop Grumman Corp. 16,600
4 Providence Health and Services Southern California 15,952
5 Target Corp. 15,000
6 Ralphs/Food 4 Less (Kroger Co. Division) 14,970
7 Cedars-Sinai Medical Center 14,903
8 Walt Disney Co. 13,000
9 Allied Universal 12,879
10 NBC Universal 12,000

Arts and culture

Los Angeles is often billed as the "Creative Capital of the World" because one in every six of its residents works in a creative industry[169] and there are more artists, writers, filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city at any other time in history.[170]

Movies and the performing arts

The city's Hollywood neighborhood has become recognized as the center of the motion picture industry and the Los Angeles area is also associated as being the center of the television industry. The city is home to major film studios as well as major record labels. Los Angeles plays host to the annual Academy Awards, the Primetime Emmy Awards, the Grammy Awards as well as many other entertainment industry awards shows. Los Angeles is the site of the USC School of Cinematic Arts, the oldest film school in the United States.[171]

The Dolby Theatre, venue for the Academy Awards

The performing arts play a major role in Los Angeles's cultural identity. According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "there are more than 1,100 annual theatrical productions and 21 openings every week."[170] The Los Angeles Music Center is "one of the three largest performing arts centers in the nation", with more than 1.3 million visitors per year.[172] The Walt Disney Concert Hall, centerpiece of the Music Center, is home to the prestigious Los Angeles Philharmonic. Notable organizations such as Center Theatre Group, the Los Angeles Master Chorale, and the Los Angeles Opera are also resident companies of the Music Center. Talent is locally cultivated at premier institutions such as the Colburn School and the USC Thornton School of Music.

Museums and galleries

There are 841 museums and art galleries in Los Angeles County,[173] more museums per capita than any other city in the U.S.[173] Some of the notable museums are the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (the largest art museum in the Western United States[174]), the Getty Center (part of the J. Paul Getty Trust, the world's wealthiest art institution[175]), the Petersen Automotive Museum, the Huntington Library, the Natural History Museum, the Battleship Iowa, and the Museum of Contemporary Art. A significant number of art galleries are on Gallery Row, and tens of thousands attend the monthly Downtown Art Walk there.[176]

Libraries

The Los Angeles Public Library system operates 72 public libraries in the city.[177] Enclaves of unincorporated areas are served by branches of the County of Los Angeles Public Library, many of which are within walking distance to residents.

Landmarks

Important landmarks in Los Angeles include the Hollywood Sign, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Capitol Records Building, the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Angels Flight, Grauman's Chinese Theatre, Dolby Theatre, Griffith Observatory, Getty Center, Getty Villa, Stahl House, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, L.A. Live, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Venice Canal Historic District and boardwalk, Theme Building, Bradbury Building, U.S. Bank Tower, Wilshire Grand Center, Hollywood Boulevard, Los Angeles City Hall, Hollywood Bowl, Battleship USS Iowa, Watts Towers, Staples Center, Dodger Stadium, and Olvera Street.

Sports

The city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area are the home of eleven top-level professional sports teams, several of which play in neighboring communities but use Los Angeles in their name. These teams include the Los Angeles Dodgers and Los Angeles Angels of Major League Baseball (MLB), the Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL), the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Los Angeles Kings and Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Los Angeles Galaxy and Los Angeles FC of Major League Soccer (MLS), and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).

Other notable sports teams include the UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), both of which are Division I teams in the Pac-12 Conference.

Los Angeles is the second-largest city in the United States but hosted no NFL team between 1995 and 2015. At one time, the Los Angeles area hosted two NFL teams: the Rams and the Raiders. Both left the city in 1995, with the Rams moving to St. Louis, and the Raiders moving back to their original home of Oakland. After 21 seasons in St. Louis, on January 12, 2016, the NFL announced the Rams would be moving back to Los Angeles for the 2016 NFL season with its home games played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for four seasons.[178][179][180] Prior to 1995, the Rams played their home games in the Coliseum from 1946 to 1979 which made them the first professional sports team to play in Los Angeles, and then moved to Anaheim Stadium from 1980 until 1994. The San Diego Chargers announced on January 12, 2017, that they would also relocate back to Los Angeles (the first since its inaugural season in 1960) and become the Los Angeles Chargers beginning in the 2017 NFL season and played at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson, California for three seasons. The Rams and the Chargers would soon move to the newly built SoFi Stadium, located in nearby Inglewood during the 2020 season.

Los Angeles boasts a number of sports venues, including Dodger Stadium, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Banc of California Stadium and the Staples Center. The Forum, SoFi Stadium, Dignity Health Sports Park, the Rose Bowl, Angel Stadium and Honda Center are also in adjacent cities and cities in Los Angeles's metropolitan area.[181]

Los Angeles has twice hosted the Summer Olympic Games: in 1932 and in 1984, and will host the games for a third time in 2028.[182] Los Angeles will be the third city after London (1908, 1948 and 2012) and Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024) to host the Olympic Games three times. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. Los Angeles also hosted the Deaflympics in 1985[183] and Special Olympics World Summer Games in 2015.[184]

7 NFL Super Bowls were also held in the city and its surrounding areas- 2 at the Memorial Coliseum (the first Super Bowl, I and VII) and 5 at the Rose Bowl in suburban Pasadena (XI, XIV, XVII, XXI, and XXVII), 10 miles north of downtown Los Angeles. Super Bowl LVI will be held at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood in 2022. The Rose Bowl also hosts an annual and highly prestigious NCAA college football game called the Rose Bowl, which happens every New Year's Day.

Los Angeles also hosted 8 FIFA World Cup soccer games at the Rose Bowl in 1994, including the final, where Brazil won. The Rose Bowl also hosted 4 matches in the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup, including the final, where the United States won against China on penalty kicks. This was the game where Brandi Chastain took her shirt off after she scored the tournament-winning penalty kick, creating an iconic image.

Los Angeles is one of six North American cities to have won championships in all five of its major leagues (MLB, NFL, NHL, NBA and MLS), having completed the feat with the Kings' 2012 Stanley Cup title.

Government

The Tom Bradley Room, making up the whole interior of L.A. City Hall's 27th floor

Los Angeles is a charter city as opposed to a general law city. The current charter was adopted on June 8, 1999, and has been amended many times.[185] The elected government consists of the Los Angeles City Council and the mayor of Los Angeles, which operate under a mayor–council government, as well as the city attorney (not to be confused with the district attorney, a county office) and controller. The mayor is Eric Garcetti. There are 15 city council districts.

The city has many departments and appointed officers, including the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, the Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD), the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA), the Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT), and the Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).

The charter of the City of Los Angeles ratified by voters in 1999 created a system of advisory neighborhood councils that would represent the diversity of stakeholders, defined as those who live, work or own property in the neighborhood. The neighborhood councils are relatively autonomous and spontaneous in that they identify their own boundaries, establish their own bylaws, and elect their own officers. There are about 90 neighborhood councils.

Residents of Los Angeles elect supervisors for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th supervisorial districts.

Federal and state representation

In the California State Assembly, Los Angeles is split between fourteen districts.[186] In the California State Senate, the city is split between eight districts.[187] In the United States House of Representatives, it is split among ten congressional districts.[188]

Education

Colleges and universities

Second branch of the California State Normal School in downtown Los Angeles opened its doors in 1882.

There are three public universities within the city limits: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

Private colleges in the city include:

The community college system consists of nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community College District:

There are numerous additional colleges and universities outside the city limits in the Greater Los Angeles area, including the Claremont Colleges consortium, which includes the most selective liberal arts colleges in the U.S., and the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), one of the top STEM-focused research institutions in the world.

Schools

Los Angeles Unified School District serves almost all of the city of Los Angeles, as well as several surrounding communities, with a student population around 800,000.[189] After Proposition 13 was approved in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses, although its 162 Magnet schools help compete with local private schools.

Several small sections of Los Angeles are in the Las Virgenes Unified School District. The Los Angeles County Office of Education operates the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts.

Media

Former Los Angeles Times headquarters in the Civic Center

The Los Angeles metro area is the second-largest broadcast designated market area in the U.S. (after New York) with 5,431,140 homes (4.956% of the U.S.), which is served by a wide variety of local AM and FM radio and television stations. Los Angeles and New York City are the only two media markets to have seven VHF allocations assigned to them.[190]

The Fox Plaza in Century City, headquarters for 20th Century Fox

As part of the region's aforementioned creative industry, the Big Four major broadcast television networks, ABC, CBS, FOX, and NBC, all have production facilities and offices throughout various areas of Los Angeles. All four major broadcast television networks, plus major Spanish-language networks Telemundo and Univision, also own and operate stations that both serve the Los Angeles market and serve as each network's West Coast flagship station: ABC's KABC-TV (Channel 7), CBS's KCBS-TV (Channel 2), Fox's KTTV-TV (Channel 11), NBC's KNBC-TV (Channel 4), MyNetworkTV's KCOP-TV (Channel 13), Telemundo's KVEA-TV (Channel 52), and Univision's KMEX-TV (Channel 34). The region also has three PBS stations, as well as KCET (Channel 28), the nation's largest independent public television station. KTBN (Channel 40) is the flagship station of the religious Trinity Broadcasting Network, based out of Santa Ana. A variety of independent television stations, such as KCAL-TV (Channel 9) and KTLA-TV (Channel 5), also operate in the area.

The major daily English-language newspaper in the area is the Los Angeles Times. La Opinión is the city's major daily Spanish-language paper. The Korea Times is the city's major daily Korean language paper while The World Journal is the city and county's major Chinese newspaper. The Los Angeles Sentinel is the city's major African-American weekly paper, boasting the largest African-American readership in the Western United States. Investor's Business Daily is distributed from its LA corporate offices, which are headquartered in Playa del Rey.

There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including the Los Angeles Register, Los Angeles Community News, (which focuses on coverage of the greater Los Angeles area), Los Angeles Daily News (which focuses coverage on the San Fernando Valley), LA Weekly, L.A. Record (which focuses coverage on the music scene in the Greater Los Angeles Area), Los Angeles Magazine, the Los Angeles Business Journal, the Los Angeles Daily Journal (legal industry paper), The Hollywood Reporter, Variety (both entertainment industry papers), and Los Angeles Downtown News. In addition to the major papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, including Armenian, English, Korean, Persian, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Hebrew, and Arabic. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps with certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include The Daily Breeze (serving the South Bay), and The Long Beach Press-Telegram.

Los Angeles arts, culture and nightlife news is also covered by a number of local and national online guides like Time Out Los Angeles, Thrillist, Kristin's List, DailyCandy, Diversity News Magazine, LAist, and Flavorpill.[191]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Freeways

The Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange, connecting the Century Freeway (I-105) and the Harbor Freeway (I-110)

The city and the rest of the Los Angeles metropolitan area are served by an extensive network of freeways and highways. The Texas Transportation Institute, which publishes an annual Urban Mobility Report, ranked Los Angeles road traffic as the most congested in the United States in 2005 as measured by annual delay per traveler.[192] The average traveler in Los Angeles experienced 72 hours of traffic delay per year according to the study. Los Angeles was followed by San Francisco/Oakland, Washington, D.C. and Atlanta (each with 60 hours of delay).[193] Despite the congestion in the city, the mean travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities, including New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago. Los Angeles's mean travel time for work commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to those of San Francisco and Washington, D.C.[194]

The major highways that connect LA to the rest of the nation include Interstate 5, which runs south through San Diego to Tijuana in Mexico and north through Sacramento, Portland, and Seattle to the Canada–US border; Interstate 10, the southernmost east–west, coast-to-coast Interstate Highway in the United States, going to Jacksonville, Florida; and U.S. Route 101, which heads to the California Central Coast, San Francisco, the Redwood Empire, and the Oregon and Washington coasts.

Transit systems

Los Angeles Metro Rail and Metro Transitway map

The LA County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA County Metro) and other agencies operate an extensive system of bus lines, as well as subway and light rail lines across Los Angeles County, with a combined monthly ridership (measured in individual boardings) of 38.8 million as of September 2011. The majority of this (30.5 million) is taken up by the city's bus system,[195] the second busiest in the country. The subway and light rail combined average the remaining roughly 8.2 million boardings per month.[195] LA County Metro recorded over 397 million boardings for the 2017 calendar year, including about 285 million bus riders and about 113 million riding on rail transit.[196] For the first quarter of 2018, there were just under 95 million system-wide boardings, down from about 98 million in 2017, and about 105 million in 2016.[197] In 2005, 10.2% of Los Angeles commuters rode some form of public transportation.[198] According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 9.2% of working Los Angeles (city) residents made the journey to work via public transportation.[199]

The city's subway system is the ninth busiest in the United States and its light rail system is the country's busiest.[200] The rail system includes the B and D subway lines, as well as the A, C, E, and L light rail lines. In 2016, the E Line was extended to the Pacific Ocean at Santa Monica. The Metro G and J lines are bus rapid transit lines with stops and frequency similar to those of light rail. As of 2018, the total number of light rail stations is 93. The city is also central to the commuter rail system Metrolink, which links Los Angeles to all neighboring counties as well as many suburbs.

Besides the rail service provided by Metrolink and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Los Angeles is served by inter-city passenger trains from Amtrak. The main rail station in the city is Union Station just north of Downtown.

In addition, the city directly contracts for local and commuter bus service through the Los Angeles Department of Transportation, or LADOT.

Airports

The main international and domestic airport serving Los Angeles is Los Angeles International Airport (IATA: LAX, ICAO: KLAX), commonly referred to by its airport code, LAX.

Other major nearby commercial airports include:

One of the world's busiest general-aviation airports is also in Los Angeles, Van Nuys Airport (IATA: VNY, ICAO: KVNY).[201]

Seaports

The Port of Los Angeles is in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro neighborhood, approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of Downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex occupies 7,500 acres (30 km2) of land and water along 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront. It adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach.

The sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor.[202][203] Together, both ports are the fifth busiest container port in the world, with a trade volume of over 14.2 million TEU's in 2008.[204] Singly, the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center on the West Coast of the United States – The Port of Los Angeles's World Cruise Center served about 590,000 passengers in 2014.[205]

There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along Los Angeles's coastline. The port includes four bridges: the Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Gerald Desmond Bridge, and Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge. Passenger ferry service from San Pedro to the city of Avalon on Santa Catalina Island is provided by Catalina Express.

Notable people

As home to Hollywood and its entertainment industry, numerous singers, actors, celebrities and other entertainers live in various districts of Los Angeles.

Sister cities

A sign near City Hall points to the sister cities of Los Angeles.

Los Angeles has 25 sister cities,[206] listed chronologically by year joined:

In addition, Los Angeles has the following "friendship cities":

See also

Notes

  1. ^ UK: /lɒs ˈænɪlz, -lɪz, -lɪs/ (About this soundlisten) loss AN-jil-eez, -⁠iz, -⁠iss.[13]
  2. ^ It is popularly believed that the original name was El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciuncula ("The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of (the River) Porciuncula"), but official documents make it clear that it was not.[30]

References

  1. ^ a b c Gollust, Shelley (April 18, 2013). "Nicknames for Los Angeles". Voice of America. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  2. ^ Barrows, H.D. (1899). "Felepe de Neve". Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly. 4. p. 151ff. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  3. ^ "This 1835 Decree Made the Pueblo of Los Angeles a Ciudad – And California's Capital". KCET. April 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
  4. ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (DOC) on February 21, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  5. ^ "About the City Government". City of Los Angeles. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  6. ^ a b c "City Directory". City of Los Angeles. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  7. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  8. ^ "Los Angeles City Hall". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
  9. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances". US Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  10. ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
  11. ^ Zip Codes Within the City of Los Angeles – LAHD
  12. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013 – United States – Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". Census Bureau. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
  13. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
  14. ^ Sean Greene; Thomas Curwen (May 9, 2019). "Finding Tovaangar: Mapping the Tongva villages of L.A.'s past". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 20, 2021.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ David Deis; Cindi Alvitre (2015). "Mapping Indigenous LA". Los Angeles, CA: UCLA American Indian Studies Center. Retrieved July 20, 2021.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ a b "QuickFacts: Los Angeles city, California". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  17. ^ a b "2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files – Places – California". United States Census Bureau.
  18. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013 – United States – Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". United States Census Bureau.
  19. ^ "Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas and Combined Statistical Areas: September 14, 2018, p. 134" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office, White House, Washington, D.C. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  20. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015 – Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico – 2015 Population Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
  21. ^ a b Estrada, William David (2009). The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space. University of Texas Press. pp. 15–50. ISBN 978-0-292-78209-9.
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  214. ^ "Twinning link with LA". Manchester Evening News. July 27, 2009. Archived from the original on July 31, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
  215. ^ "Tel Aviv/Los Angeles Partnership". The Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles. 2007. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. Retrieved August 7, 2008.

Further reading

General

Architecture and urban theory

Race relations

LGBT

Environment

Art and literature

External links

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