Finlande
République de Finlande | |
|---|---|
| Hymne : Maamme (finnois) Vårt land (suédois) (anglais : "Notre pays" ) | |
Localisation de la Finlande (vert foncé) – en Europe (vert & gris foncé) | |
| Capitale et plus grande ville | Helsinki 60°10′N 24°56′E / 60.167°N 24.933°E |
| Langues officielles | |
| Langues nationales reconnues | |
| Groupes ethniques | |
| Religion (2020) [3] |
|
| Démonyme(s) | |
| Gouvernement | République parlementaire unitaire [4] |
| Sauli Niinistö | |
| Sanna Marin | |
| Corps législatif | Eduskunta/Riksdagen |
| Indépendance de Russie | |
| 29 mars 1809 | |
• Déclaré | 6 décembre 1917 |
| Janvier – mai 1918 | |
| 17 juillet 1919 | |
| 30 novembre 1939 – 13 mars 1940 | |
| 25 juin 1941 – 19 septembre 1944 | |
| 1er janvier 1995 | |
| Zone | |
• Le total | 338 455 km 2 (130 678 milles carrés) ( 65e ) |
• L'eau (%) | 9,71 (à partir de 2015) [5] |
| Population | |
• Estimation décembre 2020 |  5 536 146 [6] ( 116e ) |
• Densité | 16/km 2 (41,4/mi²) ( 213e ) |
| PIB ( PPA ) | Estimation 2020 |
• Le total | 257 milliards de dollars [7] ( 60e ) |
• Par habitant | 49 334 $ [7] ( 19e ) |
| PIB (nominal) | Estimation 2020 |
• Le total | 277 milliards de dollars [7] ( 43e ) |
• Par habitant | 48 461 $ [7] ( 14e ) |
| Gini (2019) |  26,2 [8] faible · 6e |
| IDH (2019) |  0,938 [9] très élevé · 11e |
| Monnaie | Euro ( € ) ( EUR ) |
| Fuseau horaire | UTC +2 ( EET ) |
• Été ( heure d'été ) | UTC +3 ( EEST ) |
| Format de date | jmyyyy [10] |
| Côté conduite | droit |
| Indicatif d'appel | +358 |
| Code ISO 3166 | FI |
| TLD Internet | .fi , .ax a |
| |
Finlande ( finnois : Suomi [ˈsuo̯mi] ( écouter )
; Suédois : Finlande [Fɪ̌nland] ( écouter ) , la Finlande suédoise: [finlɑnd] ), officiellement la République de Finlande ( Finlande : Suomen tasavalta , suédoise : Republiken Finlande ( écouter tout ) ), [note 1] est un pays nordique en Europe du Nord . Il partage des frontières terrestres avec la Suède à l'ouest, la Russie à l'est, la Norvège au nord, et est défini par le golfe de Botnie à l'ouest et le golfe de Finlande duMer Baltique à travers l' Estonie au sud. La Finlande couvre une superficie de 338 455 kilomètres carrés (130 678 milles carrés), avec une population de 5,5 millions d'habitants. Helsinki est la capitale et la plus grande ville du pays, mais avec les villes voisines d' Espoo , de Kauniainen et de Vantaa , elle forme une plus grande zone métropolitaine . Le finnois , la langue maternelle des Finlandais , fait partie des rares langues finnoises au monde. Le climat varie en fonction de la latitude, du climat continental humide méridional au climat boréal nordique. La couverture terrestre est principalement un biome de forêt boréale , avec plus de 180 000 lacs recensés . [11]
La Finlande était habitée vers 9000 avant JC après la dernière période glaciaire . [12] L' âge de pierre a introduit plusieurs styles et cultures céramiques différents. L' âge du bronze et l' âge du fer ont été caractérisés par des contacts étendus avec d'autres cultures en Fennoscandie et dans la région baltique . [13] À partir de la fin du XIIIe siècle, la Finlande est progressivement devenue une partie intégrante de la Suède à la suite des croisades du Nord . En 1809, à la suite de la guerre de Finlande, la Finlande fut annexée par la Russie en tant que Grand-Duché autonome de Finlande , au cours de laquelleL'art finlandais a prospéré et l'idée d' indépendance a commencé à prendre racine. En 1906, la Finlande est devenue le premier État européen à accorder le suffrage universel et le premier au monde à donner à tous les citoyens adultes le droit de se porter candidat à une fonction publique. [14] [15] Nicolas II , le dernier tsar de Russie, a tenté de russifier la Finlande et de mettre fin à son autonomie politique, mais après la Révolution russe de 1917 , la Finlande a déclaré son indépendance vis-à-vis de la Russie . En 1918, l'état naissant a été divisé par la guerre civile finlandaise . Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale , la Finlande a combattu l' Union soviétiquedans la guerre d'hiver et la guerre de continuation , et l'Allemagne nazie dans la guerre de Laponie . Après les guerres, la Finlande a perdu des parties de son territoire, y compris la ville culturellement et historiquement importante de Vyborg , [16] mais a maintenu son indépendance.
La Finlande est restée en grande partie un pays agraire jusque dans les années 1950. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le pays s'est rapidement industrialisé et a développé une économie avancée, tout en construisant un vaste État-providence basé sur le modèle nordique , entraînant une prospérité généralisée et un revenu par habitant élevé . [17] La Finlande a rejoint les Nations Unies en 1955 et a adopté une politique officielle de neutralité. La Finlande a rejoint l' OCDE en 1969, le Partenariat pour la paix de l' OTAN en 1994, [18] l'Union européenne en 1995, le Conseil de partenariat euro-atlantique en 1997 [18] et leZone euro à sa création en 1999. La Finlande est l'un des pays les plus performants dans de nombreux indicateurs de performance nationale , notamment l'éducation, la compétitivité économique, les libertés civiles, la qualité de vie et le développement humain. [19] [20] [21] [22] En 2015, la Finlande a été classée première dans le World Human Capital [23] et le Press Freedom Index et comme le pays le plus stable au monde entre 2011 et 2016 dans le Fragile States Index , [24] et deuxième dans le Global Gender Gap Report . [25] Il s'est également classé au premier rang du rapport World Happiness Report pour 2018, 2019, 2020 et 2021.[26] [27]
Étymologie
Finlande
On pense que la première apparition écrite du nom Finlande est sur trois pierres runiques . Deux ont été trouvés dans la province suédoise d' Uppland et portent l'inscription finlonti ( U 582 ). Le troisième a été trouvé à Gotland . Il porte l'inscription finlandi ( G 319 ) et remonte au XIIIe siècle. [28] On peut supposer que le nom est lié au nom de la tribu Finlandais , qui est mentionné au premier temps connu AD 98 (sens contesté).
Suomi
Le nom Suomi ( finnois pour « Finlande » ) a des origines incertaines, mais une étymologie commune avec saame (les Sami , les autochtones de la Laponie ) et Häme (une province de l'intérieur) a été suggérée ( proto- finnois *hämä de l'ancien *šämä , peut-être prêté aux proto- sâmes sous le nom de *sāmē ), dont la source pourrait être le mot proto-baltique *źemē , signifiant « terre (basse) ». [29] Selon l'hypothèse, *sāmē – ou *šämä directement – a été prêté à la Baltique sous le nom de *sāma-(comparez les sāms lettons « Finn, selian »), dont le finnois du Nord l'a réemprunté (peut-être via un intermédiaire germanique *sōma- ) en tant que *sōma- > *sōme- « Finlande ». [30] En plus des proches parents du finnois (les langues finnoises ), ce nom est également utilisé dans les langues baltes letton ( soms , Somija ) et lituanien ( suomis , Suomija ), bien qu'il s'agisse évidemment d'emprunts ultérieurs. Une hypothèse alternative de Petri Kallio suggère le mot proto-indo-européen *(dʰ)ǵʰm-on- 'humain' (cf. gothique guma , latin homo ), étant emprunté à l'ouralien comme * ćoma . [30]
Il a été suggéré que le mot finlandais Suomi est attesté pour la première fois dans l' annuelle des Annales royales franques pour 811, qui mentionne une personne appelée Suomi parmi la délégation danoise lors d'un traité de paix avec les Francs. [31] Si c'est le cas, c'est aussi la première preuve du changement de la monophtongue proto-finnoise /oː/ à la diphtongue finlandaise /uo/ . [32] [33] Cependant, certains linguistes historiques considèrent cette interprétation du nom comme improbable, supposant une autre étymologie ou que l'orthographe provient d'une erreur de scribe (auquel cas le changement de son /oː/ > /uo/aurait pu arriver bien plus tard). [34]
Concept
Dans les premières sources historiques, des XIIe et XIIIe siècles, le terme Finlande fait référence à la région côtière autour de Turku, de Perniö à Uusikaupunki . Cette région est devenue plus tard connue sous le nom de Finlande proprement dite par opposition au nom de pays Finlande. La Finlande est devenue un nom commun pour l'ensemble du pays au cours d'un processus de plusieurs siècles qui a commencé lorsque l' Église catholique a établi un diocèse missionnaire à Nousiainen dans la partie nord de la province de Suomi, peut-être au cours du XIIe siècle. [35]
La dévastation de la Finlande pendant la Grande Guerre du Nord (1714-1721) et pendant la guerre russo-suédoise (1741-1743) a poussé la Suède à déployer des efforts importants pour défendre sa moitié orientale contre la Russie. Ces expériences du XVIIIe siècle ont créé le sentiment d'un destin partagé qui, associé à la langue finnoise unique, a conduit à l'adoption d'un concept élargi de la Finlande. [36]
Histoire
Préhistoire
Si les découvertes archéologiques de Wolf Cave sont le résultat des activités des Néandertaliens , le premier peuple a habité la Finlande il y a environ 120 000 à 130 000 ans. [37] La région qui est maintenant la Finlande a été colonisée, au plus tard, vers 8 500 av. J.-C. pendant l' âge de pierre vers la fin de la dernière période glaciaire . Les artefacts laissés par les premiers colons présentent des caractéristiques communes à celles trouvées en Estonie , en Russie et en Norvège. [38] Les premiers habitants étaient des chasseurs-cueilleurs , utilisant des outils de pierre. [39]
La première poterie est apparue en 5200 avant JC, lorsque la culture Comb Ceramic a été introduite. [40] L'arrivée de la culture Corded Ware dans le sud de la Finlande côtière entre 3000 et 2500 BC peut avoir coïncidé avec le début de l'agriculture. [41] Même avec l'introduction de l'agriculture, la chasse et la pêche ont continué à être des parties importantes de l'économie de subsistance.
À l' âge du bronze, la culture et l'élevage permanents toute l'année se sont répandus, mais la phase froide du climat a ralenti le changement. [42] Les cultures en Finlande partageaient des caractéristiques communes dans la poterie et les axes avaient également des similitudes, mais des caractéristiques locales existaient. Le phénomène Seima-Turbino a apporté les premiers artefacts en bronze dans la région et peut-être aussi les langues finno-ougriennes . [42] [43] Les contacts commerciaux qui avaient été jusqu'ici principalement en Estonie ont commencé à s'étendre à la Scandinavie. La fabrication nationale d'objets en bronze a commencé 1300 avant JC avec des haches en bronze de type Maaninka . Le bronze a été importé de la région de la Volga et du sud de la Scandinavie. [44]
À l' âge du fer, la population a augmenté en particulier dans les régions de Häme et de Savo. La Finlande proprement dite était la région la plus densément peuplée. Les contacts culturels avec les pays baltes et la Scandinavie sont devenus plus fréquents. Les contacts commerciaux dans la région de la mer Baltique se sont développés et étendus au cours des VIIIe et IXe siècles.
Les principales exportations finlandaises étaient les fourrures, les esclaves, le castoréum et les faucons vers les cours européennes. Les importations comprenaient de la soie et d'autres tissus, des bijoux, des épées Ulfberht et, dans une moindre mesure, du verre. La production de fer a commencé environ en 500 avant JC. [45]
À la fin du IXe siècle, la culture des artefacts indigènes, en particulier les bijoux et les armes des femmes, avait des caractéristiques locales plus communes que jamais. Cela a été interprété comme exprimant l'identité finlandaise commune qui est née d'une image d'origine commune. [46]
Une première forme de langues finnoises s'est répandue dans la région de la mer Baltique vers 1900 avant JC avec le phénomène Seima-Turbino . La langue finnoise commune était parlée dans le golfe de Finlande il y a 2000 ans. Les dialectes à partir desquels la langue finnoise moderne a été développée sont apparus à l'âge du fer. [47] Bien que lointainement apparentés, les Sami ont conservé le style de vie de chasseur-cueilleur plus longtemps que les Finlandais. L'identité culturelle et la langue sami ont survécu en Laponie, la province la plus septentrionale, mais les Samis ont été déplacés ou assimilés ailleurs.
Les XIIe et XIIIe siècles ont été une période violente dans le nord de la mer Baltique. La croisade de Livonie était en cours et les tribus finlandaises telles que les Tavastians et les Caréliens étaient en conflit fréquent avec Novgorod et entre elles. En outre, au cours des XIIe et XIIIe siècles, plusieurs croisades des royaumes catholiques de la région de la mer Baltique ont été menées contre les tribus finlandaises. Selon des sources historiques, les Danois ont mené au moins trois croisades en Finlande, en 1187 ou un peu plus tôt, [48] en 1191 et en 1202, [49] et les Suédois , peut-être la soi-disant deuxième croisade en Finlande, en 1249 contre les Tavastiens et la troisième croisade en Finlande en 1293 contre les Caréliens. La soi-disant première croisade en Finlande , peut-être en 1155, est très probablement un événement irréel. De plus, il est possible que les Allemands aient converti violemment les païens finlandais au XIIIe siècle. [50] Selon une lettre papale de 1241, le roi de Norvège se battait aussi contre les « païens voisins » à cette époque. [51]
ère suédoise
Vert foncé : Suède proprement dite , telle que représentée dans le Riksdag des États . Autres greens : Dominations et possessions suédoises
À la suite des croisades et de la colonisation de certaines zones côtières finlandaises à population chrétienne suédoise au Moyen Âge, [52] dont l'ancienne capitale Turku , la Finlande est progressivement devenue une partie du royaume de Suède et de la sphère d'influence de l' Église catholique. . En raison de la conquête suédoise, la classe supérieure finlandaise a perdu sa position et ses terres au profit de la nouvelle noblesse suédoise et allemande et de l'Église catholique. [53] En Suède, même aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, il était clair que la Finlande était un pays conquis et que ses habitants pouvaient être traités de manière arbitraire. Les rois suédois visitaient rarement la Finlande et dans les textes suédois contemporains, les Finlandais étaient décrits comme primitifs et leur langue inférieure.[54]
Le suédois devint la langue dominante de la noblesse, de l'administration et de l'éducation ; Le finnois était principalement une langue pour la paysannerie , le clergé et les tribunaux locaux dans les régions à prédominance finnoise. Au cours de la Réforme protestante , les Finlandais se sont progressivement convertis au luthéranisme . [55]
Au XVIe siècle, Mikael Agricola publia les premières œuvres écrites en finnois, et la capitale actuelle de la Finlande, Helsinki , fut fondée par Gustave Ier de Suède . [56] La première université de Finlande, l' Académie royale de Turku , a été créée en 1640. Les Finlandais ont acquis une réputation lors de la guerre de Trente Ans (1618-1648) en tant que cavaliers bien entraînés appelés " Hakkapeliitta ", cette division a excellé dans des attaques soudaines et sauvages, des raids et des reconnaissances , dont le roi Gustave Adolphe a profité dans ses batailles importantes, comme dans leBataille de Breitenfeld (1631) et la bataille de la pluie (1632). [57] [58] La Finlande a subi une grave famine en 1696-1697 , au cours de laquelle environ un tiers de la population finlandaise est morte, [59] et une peste dévastatrice quelques années plus tard .
Au XVIIIe siècle, les guerres entre la Suède et la Russie ont conduit à deux reprises à l'occupation de la Finlande par les forces russes, époques connues des Finlandais sous le nom de Grande colère (1714-1721) et de Petite colère (1742-1743). [16] [59] On estime que presque une génération entière de jeunes hommes a été perdue pendant la Grande Colère, principalement en raison de la destruction de maisons et de fermes, et de l'incendie d'Helsinki. [60] À cette époque, la Finlande était le terme prédominant pour toute la région du golfe de Botnie à la frontière russe. [ citation nécessaire ]
Deux guerres russo-suédoises en vingt-cinq ans ont rappelé au peuple finlandais la position précaire entre la Suède et la Russie. [16] Une élite de plus en plus bruyante en Finlande a rapidement déterminé que les liens finlandais avec la Suède devenaient trop coûteux et après la guerre russo-suédoise (1788-1790), le désir de l'élite finlandaise de rompre avec la Suède n'a fait que s'intensifier. [61]
Même avant la guerre, il y avait des politiciens conspirateurs, parmi lesquels le colonel GM Sprengtporten , qui avait soutenu le coup d'État de Gustav III en 1772 . Sprengporten se brouilla avec le roi et démissionna de sa commission en 1777. Au cours de la décennie suivante, il tenta d'obtenir le soutien de la Russie pour une Finlande autonome, et devint plus tard conseiller de Catherine II. [61] Dans l'esprit de la notion d' Adolf Ivar Arwidsson (1791-1858), « nous ne sommes pas Suédois, nous ne voulons pas devenir Russes, soyons donc Finlandais », l'identité nationale finlandaise commence à s'affirmer. [62]
Malgré les efforts de l'élite et de la noblesse finlandaises pour rompre les liens avec la Suède, il n'y a pas eu de véritable mouvement indépendantiste en Finlande jusqu'au début du 20e siècle. En fait, à cette époque, la paysannerie finlandaise était indignée par les actions de son élite et soutenait presque exclusivement les actions de Gustav contre les conspirateurs. (La Haute Cour de Turku a condamné Sprengtporten comme traître vers 1793.) [61] L'ère suédoise a pris fin avec la guerre de Finlande en 1809.
ère russe
Le 29 mars 1809, après avoir été reprise par les armées d' Alexandre Ier de Russie lors de la guerre de Finlande, la Finlande devient un Grand-Duché autonome dans l' Empire russe avec la reconnaissance donnée à la Diète tenue à Porvoo . Cette situation dura jusqu'à la fin de 1917. [16] En 1811, Alexandre Ier incorpore la province russe de Vyborg au Grand-Duché de Finlande. En 1854, la Finlande s'est impliquée dans l'implication de la Russie dans la guerre de Crimée , lorsque les marines britannique et française ont bombardé la côte finlandaise et Åland pendant la soi-disant guerre d'Åland. À l'époque russe, la langue finnoise a commencé à être reconnue. À partir des années 1860, un fort mouvement nationaliste finlandais connu sous le nom de mouvement Fennoman s'est développé, et l'une de ses figures les plus en vue du mouvement était le philosophe JV Snellman , qui était strictement enclin à l'idéalisme de Hegel , et qui a poussé à la stabilisation de la statut de la langue finlandaise et de sa propre monnaie, le mark finlandais , au Grand-Duché de Finlande. [64] [65] Les jalons comprenaient la publication de ce qui allait devenir l' épopée nationale de la Finlande - le Kalevala – en 1835, et l'obtention du statut juridique de la langue finlandaise avec le suédois en 1892.
La famine finlandaise de 1866-1868 a tué environ 15 % de la population, ce qui en fait l'une des pires famines de l'histoire européenne. La famine a conduit l'Empire russe à assouplir les réglementations financières et les investissements ont augmenté au cours des décennies suivantes. Le développement économique et politique est rapide. [66] Le produit intérieur brut (PIB) par habitant était encore la moitié de celui des États-Unis et un tiers de celui de la Grande-Bretagne. [66]
En 1906, le suffrage universel est adopté au Grand-Duché de Finlande. Cependant, les relations entre le Grand-Duché et l'Empire russe se sont détériorées lorsque le gouvernement russe a pris des mesures pour restreindre l' autonomie finlandaise . Par exemple, le suffrage universel était, dans la pratique, pratiquement dénué de sens, puisque le tsar n'avait à approuver aucune des lois adoptées par le parlement finlandais. Le désir d'indépendance gagne du terrain, d'abord chez les libéraux radicaux [67] et les socialistes. L'affaire est connue sous le nom de « russification de la Finlande », conduite par le dernier tsar de l'empire russe, Nicolas II . [68]
Guerre civile et indépendance précoce
Après la Révolution de février 1917 , la position de la Finlande au sein de l'Empire russe est remise en cause, principalement par les sociaux-démocrates . Étant donné que le chef de l'État était le tsar de Russie, il n'était pas clair qui était le chef de l'exécutif de la Finlande après la révolution. Le Parlement, contrôlé par les sociaux-démocrates, a adopté la soi-disant loi sur le pouvoir pour donner la plus haute autorité au Parlement. Cela a été rejeté par le gouvernement provisoire russe qui a décidé de dissoudre le Parlement. [69]
De nouvelles élections ont été organisées, au cours desquelles les partis de droite ont gagné avec une faible majorité. Certains sociaux-démocrates ont refusé d'accepter le résultat et ont toujours affirmé que la dissolution du parlement (et donc les élections qui ont suivi) étaient extralégales. Les deux blocs politiques presque aussi puissants, les partis de droite et le parti social-démocrate, étaient fortement antagonisés.
La Révolution d'Octobre en Russie changea une fois de plus la situation géopolitique. Soudain, les partis de droite en Finlande ont commencé à reconsidérer leur décision de bloquer le transfert du plus haut pouvoir exécutif du gouvernement russe à la Finlande, alors que les bolcheviks prenaient le pouvoir en Russie. Plutôt que de reconnaître l'autorité du Power Act de quelques mois plus tôt, le gouvernement de droite, dirigé par le Premier ministre P. E. Svinhufvud , a présenté la Déclaration d'indépendance le 4 décembre 1917, qui a été officiellement approuvée deux jours plus tard, le 6 décembre, par le Parlement finlandais . La République socialiste fédérative soviétique de Russie (RSFSR), dirigée par Vladimir Lénine, a reconnu l'indépendance le 4 janvier 1918. [70]
Le 27 janvier 1918, les premiers coups de feu officiels de la guerre civile sont tirés lors de deux événements simultanés : d'une part le début du désarmement par le gouvernement des forces russes à Pohjanmaa , et d'autre part, un coup d'État lancé par le Parti social-démocrate . [ échec de la vérification ] Ces derniers ont pris le contrôle du sud de la Finlande et d'Helsinki, mais le gouvernement blanc a continué son exil de Vaasa . Cela a déclenché la brève mais amère guerre civile. Les Blancs , soutenus par l'Allemagne impériale , l'emportèrent sur les Rouges , [71] guidés par Kullervo Manner.le désir de faire du pays nouvellement indépendant une République socialiste ouvrière finlandaise (également connue sous le nom de « Finlande rouge ») et une partie de la RSFSR. [72] Après la guerre, des dizaines de milliers de rouges et de sympathisants présumés ont été internés dans des camps, où des milliers ont été exécutés ou sont morts de malnutrition et de maladie. Une profonde inimitié sociale et politique a été semée entre les rouges et les blancs et a duré jusqu'à la guerre d'hiver et au-delà. Aujourd'hui encore, la guerre civile reste un sujet sensible. [73] [74] La guerre civile et les expéditions militantes de 1918-1920 appelées " Guerres de parenté " en Russie soviétique ont tendu les relations orientales. A cette époque, l'idée d'une Grande Finlandeégalement émergé pour la première fois. [75] [76]
Après une brève expérimentation avec la monarchie , lorsqu'une tentative de faire du prince Frédéric Charles de Hesse roi de Finlande s'est avérée être un piètre succès, la Finlande est devenue une république présidentielle , avec KJ Ståhlberg élu comme premier président en 1919. En tant que nationaliste libéral et avec une formation juridique, Ståhlberg a ancré l'État dans la démocratie libérale , a gardé le filon fragile de l' État de droit , et s'est lancé dans des réformes internes. [77] La Finlande a également été l'un des premiers pays européens à viser fortement l' égalité pour les femmes , avec Miina Sillanpää servant dansLe cabinet de Väinö Tanner en tant que première femme ministre de l'histoire finlandaise en 1926-1927. [78] La frontière finno-russe a été définie en 1920 par le traité de Tartu , suivant en grande partie la frontière historique mais accordant Pechenga ( finnois : Petsamo ) et son port de la mer de Barents à la Finlande. [16] La démocratie finlandaise n'a connu aucune tentative de coup d'État soviétique et a également survécu au mouvement anticommuniste Lapua . Néanmoins, les relations entre la Finlande et l'Union soviétique sont restées tendues. Des officiers de l'armée ont été formés en France et les relations avec l'Europe occidentale et la Suède ont été renforcées.
En 1917, la population était de trois millions. Une réforme agraire basée sur le crédit a été adoptée après la guerre civile, augmentant la proportion de la population possédant des capitaux. [66] Environ 70 % des travailleurs étaient occupés dans l'agriculture et 10 % dans l'industrie. [79] Les principaux marchés d'exportation étaient le Royaume-Uni et l'Allemagne.
Seconde Guerre mondiale et après
La Finlande a combattu l' Union soviétique lors de la guerre d'hiver de 1939-1940 après que l'Union soviétique a attaqué la Finlande et lors de la guerre de continuation de 1941-1944, à la suite de l' opération Barbarossa , lorsque la Finlande s'est alignée sur l'Allemagne après l'invasion de l'Union soviétique par l'Allemagne. Pendant 872 jours, l'armée allemande, aidée indirectement par les forces finlandaises, assiège Leningrad , la deuxième ville d'URSS. [80] Après que la résistance finlandaise à une offensive soviétique majeure en juin et juillet 1944 ait conduit à un arrêt, les deux parties ont conclu un armistice. Cela a été suivi par la guerre de Laponiede 1944 à 1945, lorsque la Finlande a combattu les forces allemandes en retraite dans le nord de la Finlande. Peut-être que les héros de guerre les plus célèbres pendant les guerres susmentionnées étaient Simo Häyhä , [81] [82] Aarne Juutilainen , [83] et Lauri Törni . [84]
Les traités signés avec l'Union soviétique en 1947 et 1948 comprenaient des obligations, des restrictions et des réparations finlandaises, ainsi que d'autres concessions territoriales finlandaises en plus de celles du traité de paix de Moscou de 1940. À la suite des deux guerres, la Finlande a cédé le Petsamo , ainsi que des parties de la Carélie finlandaise et de Salla . Cela représentait 10 % de la superficie terrestre de la Finlande et 20 % de sa capacité industrielle, y compris les ports de Vyborg (Viipuri) et le Liinakhamari (Liinahamari) libre de glace. La quasi-totalité de la population finlandaise, quelque 400 000 personnes, a fui ces zones . L'ancien territoire finlandais fait désormais partie de la RussieRépublique de Carélie , oblast de Léningrad et oblast de Mourmansk . La Finlande n'a jamais été occupée par les forces soviétiques et elle a conservé son indépendance, mais avec une perte d'environ 97 000 soldats. Les réparations de guerre exigées par l'Union soviétique s'élevaient à 300 millions de dollars (5 516 millions en 2019).
La Finlande a rejeté l'aide de Marshall , par déférence apparente pour les désirs soviétiques . Cependant, dans l'espoir de préserver l'indépendance de la Finlande, les États-Unis ont fourni une aide secrète au développement et ont aidé le Parti social-démocrate. [85] L' établissement du commerce avec les puissances occidentales, telles que le Royaume-Uni, et le paiement de réparations à l'Union soviétique ont produit une transformation de la Finlande d'une économie principalement agraire à une économie industrialisée. Valmet a été fondée pour créer des matériaux pour les réparations de guerre. Une fois les réparations payées, la Finlande a continué à commercer avec l'Union soviétique dans le cadre du commerce bilatéral .
En 1950, 46 % des travailleurs finlandais travaillaient dans l'agriculture et un tiers vivaient dans des zones urbaines. [86] Les nouveaux emplois dans la fabrication, les services et le commerce ont rapidement attiré des gens vers les villes. Le nombre moyen de naissances par femme est passé d'un pic du baby-boom de 3,5 en 1947 à 1,5 en 1973. [86] Lorsque les baby-boomers sont entrés sur le marché du travail, l'économie n'a pas créé d'emplois assez rapidement, et des centaines de milliers la Suède industrialisée, avec un pic d'émigration en 1969 et 1970. [86] Les Jeux olympiques d'été de 1952 ont amené des visiteurs internationaux. La Finlande a participé à la libéralisation des échanges au sein de la Banque mondiale , du Fonds monétaire international et duAccord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce .
Se réclamant officiellement de sa neutralité , la Finlande se situe dans la zone grise entre les pays occidentaux et le bloc soviétique. Le traité YYA (Pacte finno-soviétique d'amitié, de coopération et d'assistance mutuelle) a donné à l'Union soviétique un certain poids dans la politique intérieure finlandaise. Cela a été largement exploité par le président Urho Kekkonen contre ses opposants. Il a maintenu un monopole effectif sur les relations soviétiques à partir de 1956, ce qui était crucial pour sa popularité continue. En politique, il y avait une tendance à éviter toute politique et déclaration pouvant être interprétée comme antisoviétique. Ce phénomène a reçu le nom de « finlandisation » par la presse ouest-allemande. Pendant la guerre froide, la Finlande est également devenue l'un des centres de l' espionnage Est-Ouest , dans lequel le KGB et la CIA ont joué leur rôle. [87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] Le Service finlandais de renseignement de sécurité ( SUPO, Suojelupoliisi ) créé en 1949 , une autorité de sécurité opérationnelle et une unité de police relevant du ministère de l' Intérieur , dont les principaux domaines d'activité sont contre-espionnage , contre-terrorisme et sécurité nationale , [93] ont également participé à cette activité dans certains endroits.[94] [95]
Malgré des relations étroites avec l'Union soviétique, la Finlande a maintenu une économie de marché. Diverses industries ont bénéficié de privilèges commerciaux avec les Soviétiques, ce qui explique le large soutien dont jouissaient les politiques pro-soviétiques parmi les intérêts commerciaux en Finlande. La croissance économique a été rapide dans l'ère d'après-guerre et, en 1975, le PIB par habitant de la Finlande était le 15e plus élevé au monde. Dans les années 1970 et 1980, la Finlande a construit l'un des États-providence les plus étendus au monde. La Finlande a négocié avec la Communauté économique européenne(CEE, un prédécesseur de l'Union européenne) un traité qui a pour la plupart aboli les droits de douane envers la CEE à partir de 1977, bien que la Finlande n'y ait pas pleinement adhéré. En 1981, la santé défaillante du président Urho Kekkonen l'oblige à prendre sa retraite après 25 ans de mandat.
La Finlande a réagi avec prudence à l'effondrement de l'Union soviétique, mais a rapidement commencé à augmenter son intégration avec l'Occident. Le 21 septembre 1990, la Finlande a déclaré unilatéralement le traité de paix de Paris obsolète, à la suite de la décision de réunification allemande neuf jours plus tôt. [96]
Des décisions macroéconomiques erronées, une crise bancaire , l'effondrement de son plus grand partenaire commercial (l'Union soviétique) et un ralentissement économique mondial ont provoqué une profonde récession au début des années 90 en Finlande . La dépression a atteint son point le plus bas en 1993 et la Finlande a connu une croissance économique régulière pendant plus de dix ans. [97] Comme d'autres pays nordiques, la Finlande a décentralisé son économie depuis la fin des années 1980. La réglementation des marchés financiers et des produits a été assouplie. Certaines entreprises d'État ont été privatisées et il y a eu de modestes réductions d'impôts. [ citation nécessaire ] La Finlande a rejoint l' Union européenne en 1995, et la zone euroen 1999. Une grande partie de la croissance économique de la fin des années 90 a été alimentée par le succès du fabricant de téléphones portables Nokia , qui détenait une position unique en représentant 80 % de la capitalisation boursière de la Bourse d'Helsinki .
Géographie
Située approximativement entre les latitudes 60° et 70° N , et les longitudes 20° et 32° E , la Finlande est l'un des pays les plus septentrionaux du monde. Parmi les capitales mondiales, seule Reykjavík se situe plus au nord qu'Helsinki. La distance entre le point le plus au sud - Hanko à Uusimaa - et le plus au nord - Nuorgam en Laponie - est de 1 160 kilomètres (720 mi).
La Finlande compte environ 168 000 lacs (d'une superficie supérieure à 500 m 2 ou 0,12 acres) et 179 000 îles. [98] Son plus grand lac, Saimaa , est le quatrième d'Europe. La région des lacs finlandais est la région avec le plus de lacs du pays ; bon nombre des grandes villes de la région, notamment Tampere , Jyväskylä et Kuopio , sont situées à proximité immédiate des grands lacs. La plus grande concentration d'îles se trouve dans le sud-ouest, dans la mer de l' archipel entre la Finlande continentale et l'île principale d'Åland.
Une grande partie de la géographie de la Finlande est le résultat de l'ère glaciaire. Les glaciers étaient plus épais et duraient plus longtemps en Fennoscandie que dans le reste de l'Europe. Leurs effets d'érosion ont laissé le paysage finlandais principalement plat avec peu de collines et moins de montagnes. Son point culminant, le Halti à 1 324 mètres (4 344 pieds), se trouve à l'extrême nord de la Laponie à la frontière entre la Finlande et la Norvège . La plus haute montagne dont le sommet est entièrement en Finlande est Ridnitšohkka à 1 316 m (4 318 pi), directement adjacente à Halti.
Le recul des glaciers a laissé au sol des dépôts morainiques en formations d' eskers . Ce sont des crêtes de gravier et de sable stratifiés, allant du nord-ouest au sud-est, là où se trouvait autrefois l'ancien bord du glacier. Parmi les plus grandes d'entre elles se trouvent les trois crêtes de Salpausselkä qui traversent le sud de la Finlande.
Après avoir été comprimé sous le poids énorme des glaciers, le relief finlandais s'élève en raison du rebond post-glaciaire . L'effet est le plus fort autour du golfe de Botnie, où les terres s'élèvent régulièrement d'environ 1 cm (0,4 po) par an. En conséquence, l'ancien fond marin se transforme peu à peu en terre ferme : la superficie du pays s'étend d'environ 7 kilomètres carrés (2,7 milles carrés) par an. [99] Relativement parlant, la Finlande sort de la mer. [100]
Le paysage est principalement couvert de forêts de taïga de conifères et de marais , avec peu de terres cultivées. Sur la superficie totale, 10 % sont des lacs, des rivières et des étangs, et 78 % des forêts. La forêt se compose de pins , d' épicéas , de bouleaux et d'autres espèces. [101] La Finlande est le plus gros producteur de bois d'Europe et l'un des plus gros au monde. Le type de roche le plus courant est le granit . C'est une partie omniprésente du paysage, visible partout où il n'y a pas de couverture de sol. La moraine ou le till est le type de sol le plus courant, recouvert d'une fine couche d' humus d'origine biologique. Podzolle développement du profil est observé dans la plupart des sols forestiers, sauf là où le drainage est médiocre. Les gleysols et les tourbières occupent des zones mal drainées.
Biodiversité
Phytogéographiquement , la Finlande est partagée entre les provinces arctiques, d'Europe centrale et d'Europe du Nord de la région circumboréale au sein du royaume boréal . Selon le WWF , le territoire de la Finlande peut être subdivisé en trois écorégions : la taïga scandinave et russe , les forêts mixtes sarmatiques et la forêt et les prairies de bouleau montagnard scandinave . [102] La taïga couvre la majeure partie de la Finlande depuis les régions du nord des provinces du sud jusqu'au nord de la Laponie. Sur la côte sud-ouest, au sud de l'Helsinki- Raumaligne, les forêts sont caractérisées par des forêts mixtes, plus typiques de la région baltique. Dans l'extrême nord de la Finlande, près de la limite des arbres et de l'océan Arctique, les forêts de bouleaux montagnards sont courantes. La Finlande avait un score moyen de 5,08/10 pour l' indice d'intégrité des paysages forestiers en 2018 , la classant au 109e rang mondial sur 172 pays. [103]
De même, la Finlande possède une faune diversifiée et étendue. Il existe aujourd'hui au moins soixante espèces de mammifères indigènes , 248 espèces d'oiseaux nicheurs, plus de 70 espèces de poissons et 11 espèces de reptiles et de grenouilles, dont beaucoup ont émigré des pays voisins il y a des milliers d'années. Les grands mammifères sauvages largement reconnus que l'on trouve en Finlande sont l' ours brun , le loup gris , le carcajou et le wapiti . L'ours brun, qui est également surnommé le "roi de la forêt" par les Finlandais, est l'animal national officiel du pays, [104] qui figure également sur les armoiries de la région de Satakunta est un ours noir à tête couronnée portant une épée, [105]se référant peut-être à la capitale régionale de Pori , dont le nom suédois Björneborg et le nom latin Arctopolis signifie littéralement "ville des ours" ou "forteresse des ours". [106] Trois des oiseaux les plus frappants sont le cygne chanteur , un grand cygne européen et l'oiseau national de la Finlande ; le grand tétras occidental , un grand membre à plumage noir de la famille des tétras ; et le hibou grand-duc d'Eurasie . Ce dernier est considéré comme un indicateur de la connectivité des forêts anciennes et a diminué en raison de la fragmentation du paysage. [107]Environ 24 000 espèces d'insectes sont répandues en Finlande, certaines des plus courantes étant les frelons, des tribus de coléoptères telles que les Onciderini étant également courantes. Les oiseaux nicheurs les plus courants sont la paruline des saules , le pinson des arbres et l' aile rouge . [108] Sur quelque soixante-dix espèces de poissons d'eau douce, le grand brochet , la perche et d'autres sont abondants. Le saumon atlantique reste le favori des amateurs de canne à mouche .
Le phoque annelé de Saimaa en voie de disparition ( Pusa hispida saimensis ), l'une des trois seules espèces de phoques lacustres au monde, n'existe que dans le système lacustre de Saimaa, dans le sud-est de la Finlande, et ne compte aujourd'hui que 390 phoques. [109] Depuis que l'espèce a été protégée en 1955, [110] elle est devenue l'emblème de l'Association finlandaise pour la conservation de la nature. [111] Le phoque annelé de Saimaa vit aujourd'hui principalement dans deux parcs nationaux finlandais, Kolovesi et Linnansaari , [112] mais des animaux errants ont été observés dans une zone beaucoup plus vaste, notamment près du centre-ville de Savonlinna .
Climat
Le principal facteur influençant le climat de la Finlande est la position géographique du pays entre les 60e et 70e parallèles nord dans la zone côtière du continent eurasien . Dans la classification climatique de Köppen , l'ensemble de la Finlande se situe dans la zone boréale , caractérisée par des étés chauds et des hivers glacials. A l'intérieur du pays, la température varie considérablement entre les régions côtières du sud et l'extrême nord, présentant des caractéristiques à la fois maritimes et continentales . La Finlande est suffisamment proche de l'océan Atlantique pour être continuellement réchauffée par le Gulf Stream. Le Gulf Stream se combine avec les effets modérateurs de la mer Baltique et de nombreux lacs intérieurs pour expliquer le climat exceptionnellement chaud par rapport à d'autres régions partageant la même latitude , comme l' Alaska , la Sibérie et le sud du Groenland . [113]
Les hivers dans le sud de la Finlande (lorsque la température quotidienne moyenne reste inférieure à 0 °C ou 32 °F) durent généralement environ 100 jours, et à l'intérieur des terres, la neige recouvre généralement la terre de fin novembre à avril, et sur les zones côtières telles que À Helsinki, la neige recouvre souvent les terres de fin décembre à fin mars. [114] Même dans le sud, les nuits d'hiver les plus rudes peuvent voir les températures chuter à -30 °C (-22 °F) bien que sur les zones côtières comme Helsinki, les températures inférieures à -30 °C (-22 °F) soient rares. Les étés climatiques (lorsque la température quotidienne moyenne reste supérieure à 10 °C ou 50 °F) dans le sud de la Finlande durent environ de la fin mai à la mi-septembre, et à l'intérieur des terres, les jours les plus chauds de juillet peuvent atteindre plus de 35 °C (95 °F ). [113] Bien que la majeure partie de la Finlande se trouve sur la taïgaceinture, les régions côtières les plus méridionales sont parfois classées comme hémiboréales . [115]
Dans le nord de la Finlande, en particulier en Laponie, les hivers sont longs et froids, tandis que les étés sont relativement chauds mais courts. Les jours d'hiver les plus rigoureux en Laponie peuvent voir la température chuter jusqu'à -45 °C (-49 °F). L'hiver du nord dure environ 200 jours avec une couverture neigeuse permanente de la mi-octobre au début mai environ. Les étés dans le nord sont assez courts, seulement deux à trois mois, mais peuvent toujours voir des températures quotidiennes maximales supérieures à 25 °C (77 °F) pendant les vagues de chaleur. [113] Aucune partie de la Finlande n'a de toundra arctique , mais la toundra alpine peut être trouvée dans les collines de Laponie. [115]
Le climat finlandais ne convient à la culture céréalière que dans les régions les plus méridionales, tandis que les régions septentrionales sont propices à l'élevage . [116]
Un quart du territoire finlandais se situe dans le cercle polaire arctique et le soleil de minuit peut être ressenti pendant plus de jours que l'on se déplace plus au nord. Au point le plus septentrional de la Finlande, le soleil ne se couche pas pendant 73 jours consécutifs en été et ne se lève pas du tout pendant 51 jours en hiver. [113]
Régions
La Finlande se compose de 19 régions , appelées maakunta en finnois et landskap en suédois. Les régions sont régies par des conseils régionaux qui servent de forums de coopération pour les municipalités d'une région. Les principales tâches des régions sont la planification régionale et le développement de l'entreprise et de l'éducation. De plus, les services de santé publique sont généralement organisés sur la base des régions. Actuellement, la seule région où une élection populaire est organisée pour le conseil est Kainuu. Les autres conseils régionaux sont élus par les conseils communaux, chaque commune envoyant des représentants au prorata de sa population.
En plus de la coopération intercommunale, qui relève des conseils régionaux, chaque région dispose d'un Centre national pour l'emploi et le développement économique qui est chargé de l'administration locale du travail, de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de la foresterie et des affaires entrepreneuriales. Les bureaux régionaux des Forces de défense finlandaises sont responsables des préparatifs de la défense régionale et de l'administration de la conscription dans la région.
Les régions représentent mieux les variations dialectales, culturelles et économiques que les anciennes provinces , qui étaient des divisions purement administratives du gouvernement central. Historiquement, les régions sont des divisions des provinces historiques de la Finlande , des zones qui représentent plus précisément les dialectes et la culture.
Six agences administratives d'État régionales ont été créées par l'État de Finlande en 2010, chacune d'entre elles étant responsable de l'une des régions appelées alue en finnois et région en suédois ; en outre, Åland a été désignée septième région. Celles-ci reprennent certaines des tâches des anciennes provinces de Finlande ( lääni / län ), qui ont été abolies. [117]
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La région d' Uusimaa orientale (Itä-Uusimaa) a été consolidée avec Uusimaa le 1er janvier 2011. [120]
divisions administratives
Les divisions administratives fondamentales du pays sont les municipalités , qui peuvent également s'appeler villes ou cités. Ils représentent la moitié des dépenses publiques. Les dépenses sont financées par l'impôt municipal sur le revenu, les subventions de l'État et d'autres recettes. En 2021 [update], on dénombre 309 communes [121] et la plupart comptent moins de 6 000 habitants.
En plus des communes, deux niveaux intermédiaires sont définis. Les communes coopèrent dans soixante - dix sous-régions et dix-neuf régions . Celles-ci sont régies par les communes membres et n'ont que des pouvoirs limités. La province autonome d'Åland a un conseil régional permanent élu démocratiquement. Le peuple sami a une région d'origine sami semi-autonome en Laponie pour les problèmes de langue et de culture.
Dans le graphique suivant, le nombre d'habitants comprend ceux qui vivent dans l'ensemble de la commune ( kunta/kommun ), et pas seulement dans la zone bâtie. La superficie est donnée en km 2 , et la densité en habitants par km 2 (superficie). Les chiffres sont au 31 mars 2021. La région de la capitale – comprenant Helsinki, Vantaa , Espoo et Kauniainen – forme une conurbation continue de plus de 1,1 million d'habitants. Cependant, l'administration commune est limitée à la coopération volontaire de toutes les municipalités, par exemple au Conseil de la région métropolitaine d'Helsinki .
| Ville | Population [122] | Superficie du terrain [123] | Densité | Carte régionale | Carte de densité de population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Helsinki |
656 250 | 213,75 | 3 070,18 | ||
 Espoo |
293 576 | 312.26 | 940.17 | ||
 Tampere |
241 672 | 525.03 | 460,3 | ||
 Vantaa |
238 033 | 238.37 | 998,59 | ||
 Oulu |
207 717 | 1 410,17 | 147,3 | ||
 Turku |
194 244 | 245,67 | 790,67 | ||
 Jyväskylä |
143 400 | 1 170,99 | 122,46 | ||
 Kuopio |
120 248 | 1 597,39 | 75,28 | ||
 Lahti |
120 112 | 459.47 | 261.41 | ||
 Pori |
83 676 | 834.06 | 100.32 | ||
 Kouvola |
81 141 | 2 558,24 | 31,72 | ||
 Joensuu |
76 833 | 2 381,76 | 32.26 | ||
 Lappeenranta |
72 591 | 1 433,36 | 50,64 | ||
 Hämeenlinna |
67 864 | 1 785,76 | 38 | ||
 Vaasa |
67 447 | 188.81 | 357.22 |
Gouvernement et politique
Constitution
La Constitution de la Finlande définit le système politique ; La Finlande est une république parlementaire dans le cadre d'une démocratie représentative . Le Premier ministre est la personne la plus puissante du pays. La version actuelle de la constitution a été promulguée le 1er mars 2000 et a été amendée le 1er mars 2012. Les citoyens peuvent se présenter et voter aux élections législatives, municipales, présidentielles et européennes .
Président
Le chef de l'État finlandais est le président de la République de Finlande (en finnois : Suomen tasavallan presidentti ; en suédois : Republiken Finlands president ). La Finlande a eu pendant la majeure partie de son indépendance un système semi-présidentiel , mais au cours des dernières décennies, les pouvoirs du président ont été réduits. Les amendements constitutionnels, entrés en vigueur en 1991 et 1992, ainsi qu'un nouveau projet de constitution de 2000 (amendé en 2012), ont fait de la présidence un bureau principalement cérémoniel. Cependant, le président dirige toujours la politique étrangère du pays avec le Conseil d'État et est le commandant en chef des forces de défense. [4]Le poste comporte encore certains pouvoirs, notamment la responsabilité de la politique étrangère (à l'exclusion des affaires liées à l' Union européenne ) en coopération avec le cabinet , étant le chef des forces armées , certains pouvoirs de décret et de grâce, et certains pouvoirs de nomination. Des élections directes en une ou deux étapes sont utilisées pour élire le président pour un mandat de six ans et pour un maximum de deux mandats consécutifs de 6 ans. Le président actuel est Sauli Niinistö ; il a pris ses fonctions le 1er mars 2012. Les anciens présidents étaient KJ Ståhlberg (1919-1925), LK Relander (1925-1931), PE Svinhufvud (1931-1937), Kyösti Kallio(1937-1940), Risto Ryti (1940-1944), CGE Mannerheim (1944-1946), JK Paasikivi (1946-1956), Urho Kekkonen (1956-1982), Mauno Koivisto (1982-1994), Martti Ahtisaari (1994 –2000) et Tarja Halonen (2000–2012).
L'actuel président a été élu dans les rangs du Parti de la coalition nationale pour la première fois depuis 1946. La présidence entre 1946 et aujourd'hui était plutôt assurée par un membre du Parti social-démocrate ou du Parti du centre .
Parlement
Le Parlement finlandais monocaméral de 200 membres ( finnois : Eduskunta , suédois : Riksdag ) exerce l'autorité législative suprême dans le pays. Il peut modifier la constitution et les lois ordinaires, révoquer le cabinet et passer outre les veto présidentiels. Ses actes ne sont pas soumis au contrôle juridictionnel ; la constitutionnalité des nouvelles lois est évaluée par la commission parlementaire des lois constitutionnelles . Le parlement est élu pour un mandat de quatre ans selon la méthode proportionnelle D'Hondt au sein d'un certain nombre de circonscriptions plurinominales sur la liste la plus ouvertecirconscriptions plurinominales. Diverses commissions parlementaires écoutent des experts et préparent la législation.
Depuis l' introduction du suffrage universel en 1906, le parlement est dominé par le Parti du centre (ancienne Union agraire), le Parti de la coalition nationale et les Sociaux-démocrates . Ces partis ont bénéficié d'un soutien à peu près égal et leur vote combiné a totalisé environ 65 à 80 % de tous les votes. Leur plus faible total commun de députés, 121, a été atteint lors des élections de 2011. Pendant quelques décennies après 1944, les communistesétaient un fort quatrième parti. En raison du système électoral de représentation proportionnelle et de la relative réticence des électeurs à changer leur soutien entre les partis, les forces relatives des partis n'ont généralement varié que légèrement d'une élection à l'autre. Cependant, il y a eu quelques tendances à long terme, telles que la montée et la chute des communistes pendant la guerre froide ; le déclin constant dans l'insignifiance des libéraux et de leurs prédécesseurs de 1906 à 1980; et la montée de la Ligue verte depuis 1983.
Le Cabinet Marin est le 76e gouvernement sortant de Finlande . Il a été formé à la suite de la chute du cabinet Rinne et a officiellement pris ses fonctions le 10 décembre 2019. [124] [125] Le cabinet est constitué d'une coalition formée par le Parti social-démocrate , le Parti du centre , la Ligue verte , l' Alliance de gauche , et le Parti populaire suédois . [126]
Cabinet
Après les élections législatives, les partis négocient entre eux sur la formation d'un nouveau cabinet (le gouvernement finlandais ), qui doit ensuite être approuvé par un vote à la majorité simple au parlement. Le cabinet peut être révoqué par un vote de défiance parlementaire, bien que cela se produise rarement (la dernière fois en 1957), car les partis représentés dans le cabinet constituent généralement la majorité au parlement. [127] [ référence circulaire ]
Le cabinet exerce la plupart des pouvoirs exécutifs et est à l'origine de la plupart des projets de loi que le parlement débat et vote ensuite. Il est dirigé par le Premier ministre finlandais et se compose de lui, d'autres ministres et du chancelier de la justice . L'actuel Premier ministre est Sanna Marin (Parti social-démocrate). Chaque ministre dirige son ministère ou, dans certains cas, est responsable d'un sous-ensemble de la politique d'un ministère. Après le Premier ministre, le ministre le plus puissant est le ministre des Finances . Le ministre des Finances en fonction est Matti Vanhanen .
Comme aucun parti ne domine jamais le parlement, les cabinets finlandais sont des coalitions multipartites. En règle générale, le poste de Premier ministre revient au chef du plus grand parti et celui de ministre des Finances au chef du deuxième plus grand parti.
Loi
Le système judiciaire de la Finlande est un système de droit civil divisé entre les tribunaux compétents en matière civile et pénale et les tribunaux administratifs compétents pour connaître des litiges entre les particuliers et l'administration publique. Le droit finlandais est codifié et basé sur le droit suédois et dans un sens plus large, le droit civil ou le droit romain . Le système judiciaire de juridiction civile et pénale se compose de tribunaux locaux ( käräjäoikeus , tingsrätt ), de cours d'appel régionales ( hovioikeus , hovrätt ) et de la Cour suprême ( korkein oikeus ,högsta domstolen ). La branche administrative de la justice se compose des tribunaux administratifs ( hallinto-oikeus , förvaltningsdomstol ) et de la Cour administrative suprême ( korkein hallinto-oikeus , högsta förvaltningsdomstolen ). En plus des tribunaux ordinaires, il existe quelques tribunaux spéciaux dans certaines branches de l'administration. Il existe également une Haute Cour de mise en accusation pour les accusations criminelles contre certains hauts fonctionnaires.
Around 92% of residents have confidence in Finland's security institutions.[128] The overall crime rate of Finland is not high in the EU context. Some crime types are above average, notably the high homicide rate for Western Europe.[129] A day fine system is in effect and also applied to offenses such as speeding.
Finland has successfully fought against government corruption, which was more common in the 1970s and 1980s.[130][verification needed] For instance, economic reforms and EU membership introduced stricter requirements for open bidding and many public monopolies were abolished.[130] Today, Finland has a very low number of corruption charges; Transparency International ranks Finland as one of the least corrupt countries in Europe.
In 2008, Transparency International criticized the lack of transparency of the system of Finnish political finance.[131] According to GRECO in 2007, corruption should be taken into account in the Finnish system of election funds better.[132] A scandal revolving around campaign finance of the 2007 parliamentary elections broke out in spring 2008. Nine cabinet ministers submitted incomplete funding reports and even more of the members of parliament. The law includes no punishment of false funds reports of the elected politicians.
Foreign relations
According to the 2012 constitution, the president (currently Sauli Niinistö) leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government, except that the president has no role in EU affairs.[133]
In 2008, president Martti Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[134] Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy.[135] This was reversed in the 2000s, when Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland's official policy to resist other EU members' plans for common defence.[135]
Military
The Finnish Defence Forces consist of a cadre of professional soldiers (mainly officers and technical personnel), currently serving conscripts, and a large reserve. The standard readiness strength is 34,700 people in uniform, of which 25% are professional soldiers. A universal male conscription is in place, under which all male Finnish nationals above 18 years of age serve for 6 to 12 months of armed service or 12 months of civilian (non-armed) service. Voluntary post-conscription overseas peacekeeping service is popular, and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO, and EU missions. Approximately 500 women choose voluntary military service every year.[136] Women are allowed to serve in all combat arms including front-line infantry and special forces. The army consists of a highly mobile field army backed up by local defence units. The army defends the national territory and its military strategy employs the use of the heavily forested terrain and numerous lakes to wear down an aggressor, instead of attempting to hold the attacking army on the frontier.
Finnish defence expenditure per capita is one of the highest in the European Union.[137] The Finnish military doctrine is based on the concept of total defence. The term total means that all sectors of the government and economy are involved in the defence planning. The armed forces are under the command of the Chief of Defence (currently General Jarmo Lindberg), who is directly subordinate to the president in matters related to military command. The branches of the military are the army, the navy, and the air force. The border guard is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required for defence readiness.
Even while Finland hasn't joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the country has joined the NATO Response Force, the EU Battlegroup,[138] the NATO Partnership for Peace and in 2014 signed a NATO memorandum of understanding,[139][140] thus forming a practical coalition.[18] In 2015, the Finland-NATO ties were strengthened with a host nation support agreement allowing assistance from NATO troops in emergency situations.[141] Finland has been an active participant in the Afghanistan and Kosovo.[142][143]
Social security
Finland has one of the world's most extensive welfare systems, one that guarantees decent living conditions for all residents: Finns, and non-citizens. Since the 1980s the social security has been cut back, but still the system is one of the most comprehensive in the world. Created almost entirely during the first three decades after World War II, the social security system was an outgrowth of the traditional Nordic belief that the state was not inherently hostile to the well-being of its citizens, but could intervene benevolently on their behalf. According to some social historians, the basis of this belief was a relatively benign history that had allowed the gradual emergence of a free and independent peasantry in the Nordic countries and had curtailed the dominance of the nobility and the subsequent formation of a powerful right wing. Finland's history has been harsher than the histories of the other Nordic countries, but not harsh enough to bar the country from following their path of social development.[144]
Human rights
§ 6 in two sentences of the Finnish Constitution states: "No one shall be placed in a different position on situation of sex, age, origin, language, religion, belief, opinion, state of health, disability or any other personal reason without an acceptable reason."[145]
Finland has been ranked above average among the world's countries in democracy,[146] press freedom,[147] and human development.[148]
Amnesty International has expressed concern regarding some issues in Finland, such as alleged permitting of stopovers of CIA rendition flights, the imprisonment of conscientious objectors, and societal discrimination against Romani people and members of other ethnic and linguistic minorities.[149][150]
Economy
The economy of Finland has a per capita output equal to that of other European economies such as those of France, Germany, Belgium, or the UK. The largest sector of the economy is the service sector at 66% of GDP, followed by manufacturing and refining at 31%. Primary production represents 2.9%.[151] With respect to foreign trade, the key economic sector is manufacturing. The largest industries in 2007[152] were electronics (22%); machinery, vehicles, and other engineered metal products (21.1%); forest industry (13%); and chemicals (11%). The gross domestic product peaked in 2008. As of 2015[update], the country's economy is at the 2006 level.[153][154]
Finland has significant timber, mineral (iron, chromium, copper, nickel, and gold), and freshwater resources. Forestry, paper factories, and the agricultural sector (on which taxpayers spend[clarification needed] around €3 billion annually) are important for rural residents so any policy changes affecting these sectors are politically sensitive for politicians dependent on rural votes. The Greater Helsinki area generates around one third of Finland's GDP. In a 2004 OECD comparison, high-technology manufacturing in Finland ranked second largest after Ireland. Knowledge-intensive services have also resulted in the smallest and slow-growth sectors – especially agriculture and low-technology manufacturing – being ranked the second largest after Ireland.[155]
Finland's climate and soils make growing crops a particular challenge. The country lies between the latitudes 60°N and 70°N, and it has severe winters and relatively short growing seasons that are sometimes interrupted by frost. However, because the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Current moderate the climate, Finland contains half of the world's arable land north of 60° north latitude. Annual precipitation is usually sufficient, but it occurs almost exclusively during the winter months, making summer droughts a constant threat. In response to the climate, farmers have relied on quick-ripening and frost-resistant varieties of crops, and they have cultivated south-facing slopes as well as richer bottomlands to ensure production even in years with summer frosts. Most farmland was originally either forest or swamp, and the soil has usually required treatment with lime and years of cultivation to neutralize excess acid and to improve fertility. Irrigation has generally not been necessary, but drainage systems are often needed to remove excess water. Finland's agriculture has been efficient and productive—at least when compared with farming in other European countries.[144]
Forests play a key role in the country's economy, making it one of the world's leading wood producers and providing raw materials at competitive prices for the crucial wood-processing industries. As in agriculture, the government has long played a leading role in forestry, regulating tree cutting, sponsoring technical improvements, and establishing long-term plans to ensure that the country's forests continue to supply the wood-processing industries. To maintain the country's comparative advantage in forest products, Finnish authorities moved to raise lumber output toward the country's ecological limits. In 1984, the government published the Forest 2000 plan, drawn up by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The plan aimed at increasing forest harvests by about 3% per year, while conserving forestland for recreation and other uses.[144]
Private sector employees amount to 1.8 million, out of which around a third with tertiary education. The average cost of a private sector employee per hour was €25.10 in 2004.[156] As of 2008[update], average purchasing power-adjusted income levels are similar to those of Italy, Sweden, Germany, and France.[157] In 2006, 62% of the workforce worked for enterprises with less than 250 employees and they accounted for 49% of total business turnover and had the strongest rate of growth.[158] The female employment rate is high. Gender segregation between male-dominated professions and female-dominated professions is higher than in the US.[159] The proportion of part-time workers was one of the lowest in OECD in 1999.[159] In 2013, the 10 largest private sector employers in Finland were Itella, Nokia, OP-Pohjola, ISS, VR, Kesko, UPM-Kymmene, YIT, Metso, and Nordea.[160]
The unemployment rate was 9.4% in 2015, having risen from 8.7% in 2014.[161] Youth unemployment rate rose from 16.5% in 2007 to 20.5% in 2014.[162] A fifth of residents are outside the job market at the age of 50 and less than a third are working at the age of 61.[163] In 2014, nearly one million people were living with minimal wages or unemployed not enough to cover their costs of living.[164]
As of 2006[update], 2.4 million households reside in Finland. The average size is 2.1 persons; 40% of households consist of a single person, 32% two persons and 28% three or more persons. Residential buildings total 1.2 million, and the average residential space is 38 square metres (410 sq ft) per person. The average residential property without land costs €1,187 per sq metre and residential land €8.60 per sq metre. 74% of households had a car. There are 2.5 million cars and 0.4 million other vehicles.[165]
Around 92% have a mobile phone and 83.5% (2009) Internet connection at home. The average total household consumption was €20,000, out of which housing consisted of about €5,500, transport about €3,000, food and beverages (excluding alcoholic beverages) at around €2,500, and recreation and culture at around €2,000.[166] According to Invest in Finland, private consumption grew by 3% in 2006 and consumer trends included durables, high-quality products, and spending on well-being.[167]
In 2017, Finland's GDP reached €224 billion. However, second quarter of 2018 saw a slow economic growth. Unemployment rate fell to a near one-decade low in June, marking private consumption growth much higher.[168]
Finland has the highest concentration of cooperatives relative to its population.[169] The largest retailer, which is also the largest private employer, S-Group, and the largest bank, OP-Group, in the country are both cooperatives.
Energy
The free and largely privately owned financial and physical Nordic energy markets traded in NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe and Nord Pool Spot exchanges, have provided competitive prices compared with other EU countries. As of 2007[update], Finland has roughly the lowest industrial electricity prices in the EU-15 (equal to France).[171]
In 2006, the energy market was around 90 terawatt hours and the peak demand around 15 gigawatts in winter. This means that the energy consumption per capita is around 7.2 tons of oil equivalent per year. Industry and construction consumed 51% of total consumption, a relatively high figure reflecting Finland's industries.[172][173] Finland's hydrocarbon resources are limited to peat and wood. About 10–15% of the electricity is produced by hydropower,[174] which is low compared with more mountainous Sweden or Norway. In 2008, renewable energy (mainly hydropower and various forms of wood energy) was high at 31% compared with the EU average of 10.3% in final energy consumption.[175] Russia supplies more than 75% of Finland's oil imports and 100% of total gas imports.[176][177]
Finland has four privately owned nuclear reactors producing 18% of the country's energy[179] and one research reactor (decommissioned 2018 [180]) at the Otaniemi campus. The fifth AREVA-Siemens-built reactor – the world's largest at 1600 MWe and a focal point of Europe's nuclear industry – has faced many delays and is currently scheduled to be operational by 2018–2020, a decade after the original planned opening.[181] A varying amount (5–17%) of electricity has been imported from Russia (at around 3 gigawatt power line capacity), Sweden and Norway.
The Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository is currently under construction at the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in the municipality of Eurajoki, on the west coast of Finland, by the company Posiva.[182] Energy companies are about to increase nuclear power production, as in July 2010 the Finnish parliament granted permits for additional two new reactors.
Transport
Finland's road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic. The annual state operated road network expenditure of around €1 billion is paid for with vehicle and fuel taxes which amount to around €1.5 billion and €1 billion, respectively. Among the Finnish highways, the most significant and busiest main roads include the Turku Highway (E18), the Tampere Highway (E12), the Lahti Highway (E75), and the ring roads (Ring I and Ring III) of the Helsinki metropolitan area and the Tampere Ring Road of the Tampere urban area.[183]
The main international passenger gateway is Helsinki Airport, which handled about 17 million passengers in 2016. Oulu Airport is the second largest, whilst another 25 airports have scheduled passenger services.[184] The Helsinki Airport-based Finnair, Blue1, and Nordic Regional Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle sell air services both domestically and internationally. Helsinki has an optimal location for great circle (i.e. the shortest and most efficient) routes between Western Europe and the Far East.
Despite having a low population density, the Government annually spends around €350 million to maintain the 5,865-kilometre-long (3,644 mi) network of railway tracks. Rail transport is handled by the state owned VR Group, which has a 5% passenger market share (out of which 80% are from urban trips in Greater Helsinki) and 25% cargo market share.[185] Since 12 December 2010, Karelian Trains, a joint venture between Russian Railways and VR Group, has been running Alstom Pendolino operated high-speed services between Saint Petersburg's Finlyandsky and Helsinki's Central railway stations. These services are branded as "Allegro" trains. The journey from Helsinki to Saint Petersburg takes only three and a half hours. A high-speed rail line is planned between Helsinki and Turku, with a line from the capital to Tampere also proposed.[186] Helsinki opened the world's northernmost metro system in 1982, which also serves the neighbouring city of Espoo since 2017.
The majority of international cargo shipments are handled at ports. Vuosaari Harbour in Helsinki is the largest container port in Finland; others include Kotka, Hamina, Hanko, Pori, Rauma, and Oulu. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn, Stockholm and Travemünde. The Helsinki-Tallinn route – one of the busiest passenger sea routes in the world – has also been served by a helicopter line, and the Helsinki-Tallinn Tunnel has been proposed to provide railway services between the two cities.[187] Largely following the example of the Øresund Bridge between Sweden and Denmark, the Kvarken Bridge connecting Umeå in Sweden and Vaasa in Finland to cross the Gulf of Bothnia has also been planned for decades.[188]
Industry
Finland rapidly industrialized after World War II, achieving GDP per capita levels comparable to that of Japan or the UK in the beginning of the 1970s. Initially, most of the economic development was based on two broad groups of export-led industries, the "metal industry" (metalliteollisuus) and "forest industry" (metsäteollisuus). The "metal industry" includes shipbuilding, metalworking, the automotive industry, engineered products such as motors and electronics, and production of metals and alloys including steel, copper and chromium. Many of the world's biggest cruise ships, including MS Freedom of the Seas and the Oasis of the Seas have been built in Finnish shipyards.[189] [190] The "forest industry" includes forestry, timber, pulp and paper, and is often considered a logical development based on Finland's extensive forest resources, as 73% of the area is covered by forest. In the pulp and paper industry, many major companies are based in Finland; Ahlstrom-Munksjö, Metsä Board, and UPM are all Finnish forest-based companies with revenues exceeding €1 billion. However, in recent decades, the Finnish economy has diversified, with companies expanding into fields such as electronics (Nokia), metrology (Vaisala), petroleum (Neste), and video games (Rovio Entertainment), and is no longer dominated by the two sectors of metal and forest industry. Likewise, the structure has changed, with the service sector growing, with manufacturing declining in importance; agriculture remains a minor part. Despite this, production for export is still more prominent than in Western Europe, thus making Finland possibly more vulnerable to global economic trends.
In 2017, the Finnish economy was estimated to consist of approximately 2.7% agriculture, 28.2% manufacturing and 69.1% services.[191] In 2019, the per-capita income of Finland was estimated to be $48,869. In 2020, Finland was ranked 20th on the ease of doing business index, among 190 jurisdictions.
Public policy
Finnish politicians have often emulated the Nordic model.[192] Nordics have been free-trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century, though in Finland immigration is relatively new. The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products.[192]
Finland has top levels of economic freedom in many areas.[clarification needed] Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global Index of Economic Freedom and 9th in Europe.[193] While the manufacturing sector is thriving, the OECD points out that the service sector would benefit substantially from policy improvements.[194]
The 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most competitive.[195] The World Economic Forum 2008 index ranked Finland the 6th most competitive.[196] In both indicators, Finland's performance was next to Germany, and significantly higher than most European countries. In the Business competitiveness index 2007–2008 Finland ranked third in the world.
Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets. According to the OECD, only four EU-15 countries have less regulated product markets (UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden) and only one has less regulated financial markets (Denmark). Nordic countries were pioneers in liberalizing energy, postal, and other markets in Europe.[192] The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries.[193] Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured.[193] Finland is rated the least corrupt country in the world in the Corruption Perceptions Index[197] and 13th in the Ease of doing business index. This indicates exceptional ease in cross-border trading (5th), contract enforcement (7th), business closure (5th), tax payment (83rd), and low worker hardship (127th).[198]
In Finland, collective labour agreements are universally valid. These are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level, with only few jobs outside the system. The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50% of the employees support it, in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union. The unionization rate is high (70%), especially in the middle class (AKAVA, mostly for university-educated professionals: 80%).[155][192]
Tourism
In 2017, tourism in Finland grossed approximately €15.0 billion with a 7% increase from the previous year. Of this, €4.6 billion (30%) came from foreign tourism.[203] In 2017, there were 15.2 million overnight stays of domestic tourists and 6.7 million overnight stays of foreign tourists.[204] Much of the sudden growth can be attributed to the globalisation of the country as well as a rise in positive publicity and awareness. While Russia remains the largest market for foreign tourists, the biggest growth came from Chinese markets (35%).[204] Tourism contributes roughly 2.7% to Finland's GDP, making it comparable to agriculture and forestry.[205]
Commercial cruises between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region, including Helsinki, Turku, Mariehamn, Tallinn, Stockholm, and Travemünde, play a significant role in the local tourism industry. There are also separate ferry connections dedicated to tourism in the vicinity of Helsinki and its region, such as the connection to the fortress island of Suomenlinna[206] or the connection to the old town of Porvoo.[207] By passenger counts, the Port of Helsinki is the busiest port in the world after the Port of Dover in the United Kingdom and the Port of Tallinn in Estonia.[208] The Helsinki-Vantaa International Airport is the fourth busiest airport in the Nordic countries in terms of passenger numbers,[209] and about 90% of Finland's international air traffic passes through the airport.[210]
Lapland has the highest tourism consumption of any Finnish region.[205] Above the Arctic Circle, in midwinter, there is a polar night, a period when the sun does not rise for days or weeks, or even months, and correspondingly, midnight sun in the summer, with no sunset even at midnight (for up to 73 consecutive days, at the northernmost point). Lapland is so far north that the aurora borealis, fluorescence in the high atmosphere due to solar wind, is seen regularly in the fall, winter, and spring. Finnish Lapland is also locally regarded as the home of Saint Nicholas or Santa Claus, with several theme parks, such as Santa Claus Village and Santa Park in Rovaniemi.[211] Other significant tourist destinations in Lapland also include ski resorts (such as Levi, Ruka and Ylläs)[212] and sleigh rides led by either reindeer or huskies.[213][214]
Tourist attractions in Finland include the natural landscape found throughout the country as well as urban attractions. Finland is covered with thick pine forests, rolling hills, and lakes. Finland contains 40 national parks (such as the Koli National Park in North Karelia), from the Southern shores of the Gulf of Finland to the high fells of Lapland. Outdoor activities range from Nordic skiing, golf, fishing, yachting, lake cruises, hiking, and kayaking, among many others. Bird-watching is popular for those fond of avifauna, however hunting is also popular. Elk and hare are common game in Finland.
Finland also has urbanised regions with many cultural events and activities. The most famous tourist attractions in Helsinki include the Helsinki Cathedral and the Suomenlinna sea fortress. The most well-known Finnish amusement parks include Linnanmäki in Helsinki, Särkänniemi in Tampere, PowerPark in Kauhava, Tykkimäki in Kouvola and Nokkakivi in Laukaa.[215] St. Olaf's Castle (Olavinlinna) in Savonlinna hosts the annual Savonlinna Opera Festival,[216] and the medieval milieus of the cities of Turku, Rauma and Porvoo also attract curious spectators.[217]
Demographics
The population of Finland is currently about 5.5 million. The current birth rate is 10.42 per 1,000 residents, for a fertility rate of 1.49 children born per woman,[218] one of the lowest in the world, significantly below the replacement rate of 2.1. In 1887 Finland recorded its highest rate, 5.17 children born per woman.[219] Finland has one of the oldest populations in the world, with a median age of 42.6 years.[220] Approximately half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old.[221][86][222][223] Finland has an average population density of 18 inhabitants per square kilometre. This is the third-lowest population density of any European country, behind those of Norway and Iceland, and the lowest population density of any European Union member country. Finland's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, a phenomenon that became even more pronounced during 20th-century urbanisation. Two of the three largest cities in Finland are situated in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area—Helsinki and Espoo, and some municipalities in the metropolitan area have also shown clear growth of population year after year, the most notable being Järvenpää, Nurmijärvi, Kirkkonummi, Kerava and Sipoo.[224] In the largest cities of Finland, Tampere holds the third place after Helsinki and Espoo while also Helsinki-neighbouring Vantaa is the fourth. Other cities with population over 100,000 are Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Kuopio, and Lahti. On the other hand, Sottunga of the Åland Islands is the smallest municipality in Finland in terms of population (Luhanka in mainland Finland),[225] and Savukoski of Lapland is sparsely populated in terms of population density.[226]
As of 2019[update], there were 423,494 people with a foreign background living in Finland (7.7% of the population), most of whom are from the former Soviet Union, Estonia, Somalia, Iraq and former Yugoslavia.[227][228] The children of foreigners are not automatically given Finnish citizenship, as Finnish nationality law practices and maintain jus sanguinis policy where only children born to at least one Finnish parent are granted citizenship. If they are born in Finland and cannot get citizenship of any other country, they become citizens.[229] Additionally, certain persons of Finnish descent who reside in countries that were once part of Soviet Union, retain the right of return, a right to establish permanent residency in the country, which would eventually entitle them to qualify for citizenship.[230] 387,215 people in Finland in 2018 were born in another country, representing 7% of the population. The 10 largest foreign born groups are (in order) from Russia, Estonia, Sweden, Iraq, Somalia, China, Thailand, Serbia, Vietnam and Turkey.[231]
Finland's immigrant population is growing. By 2035, the three largest cities in Finland are projected to have over a quarter of residents of a foreign-speaking background: in Helsinki, they are projected to form 26% of the population; in Espoo, 30%; and in Vantaa, 34%. The Helsinki region is projected to have 437,000 people of a foreign linguistic background, compared to 201,000 in 2019.[232]
Language
Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south (with towns such as Ekenäs,[233] Pargas,[234] Närpes,[234] Kristinestad,[235] Jakobstad[236] and Nykarleby.[237]) and in the autonomous region of Åland, which is the only monolingual Swedish-speaking region in Finland.[238] The native language of 87.3% of the population is Finnish,[239][240] which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic language. The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin, and has no relation through descent to the other national languages of the Nordics. Conversely, Finnish is closely related to Estonian and Karelian, and more distantly to Hungarian and the Sámi languages.
Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population (Swedish-speaking Finns).[241] Finnish is dominant in all the country's larger cities; though Helsinki, Turku and Vaasa were once predominantly Swedish-speaking, they have undergone a language shift since the 19th century, getting a Finnish-speaking majority.
Swedish is a compulsory school subject and general knowledge of the language is good among many non-native speakers: in 2005, a total of 47% of Finnish citizens reported the ability to speak Swedish, either as primary or a secondary language.[242] Likewise, a majority of Swedish-speaking non-Ålanders are able to speak Finnish. However, most Swedish speaking youth reported seldom using Finnish: 71% reported always or mostly speaking Swedish in social settings outside of their households.[243] The Finnish side of the land border with Sweden is unilingually Finnish-speaking. The Swedish across the border is distinct from the Swedish spoken in Finland. There is a sizeable pronunciation difference between the varieties of Swedish spoken in the two countries, although their mutual intelligibility is nearly universal.[244]
Finnish Romani is spoken by some 5,000–6,000 people; Romani and Finnish Sign Language are also recognized in the constitution. There are two sign languages: Finnish Sign Language, spoken natively by 4,000–5,000 people,[245] and Finland-Swedish Sign Language, spoken natively by about 150 people. Tatar is spoken by a Finnish Tatar minority of about 800 people whose ancestors moved to Finland mainly during Russian rule from the 1870s to the 1920s.[246]
The Sámi languages have an official status in parts of Lapland, where the Sámi, numbering around 7,000,[247] are recognized as an indigenous people. About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue.[248] The Sami languages that are spoken in Finland are Northern Sami, Inari Sami, and Skolt Sami.[note 2]
The rights of minority groups (in particular Sami, Swedish speakers, and Romani people) are protected by the constitution.[249]
The Nordic languages and Karelian are also specially recognized in parts of Finland.
The largest immigrant languages are Russian (1.5%), Estonian (0.9%), Arabic (0.6%), Somali (0.4%) and English (0.4%).[241] English is studied by most pupils as a compulsory subject from the first grade (at seven years of age), formerly from the 3rd or 5th grade, in the comprehensive school (in some schools other languages can be chosen instead),[250][251] as a result of which Finns' English language skills have been significantly strengthened over several decades.[252][253] German, French, Spanish and Russian can be studied as second foreign languages from the fourth grade (at 10 years of age; some schools may offer other options).[254]
About 93% of Finns can speak a second language.[255] The figures in this section should be treated with caution, as they come from the official Finnish population register.[clarification needed] People can only register one language and so bilingual or multilingual language users' language competencies are not properly included. A citizen of Finland that speaks bilingually Finnish and Swedish will often be registered as a Finnish only speaker in this system. Similarly "old domestic language" is a category applied to some languages and not others for political not linguistic reasons, for example Russian.[256]
Largest cities
Largest cities or towns in Finland
| |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Name | Region | Pop. | Rank | Name | Region | Pop. | ||
 Helsinki  Espoo |
1 | Helsinki | Uusimaa | 643 272 | 11 | Pori | Satakunta | 84 587 |  Tampere  Vantaa |
| 2 | Espoo | Uusimaa | 279 044 | 12 | Joensuu | North Karelia | 76 067 | ||
| 3 | Tampere | Pirkanmaa | 231 853 | 13 | Lappeenranta | South Karelia | 72 909 | ||
| 4 | Vantaa | Uusimaa | 223 027 | 14 | Hämeenlinna | Tavastia Proper | 67 662 | ||
| 5 | Oulu | Northern Ostrobothnia | 201 801 | 15 | Vaasa | Ostrobothnia | 67 392 | ||
| 6 | Turku | Finland Proper | 189 669 | 16 | Rovaniemi | Lapland | 62 420 | ||
| 7 | Jyväskylä | Central Finland | 140 188 | 17 | Seinäjoki | Southern Ostrobothnia | 62 676 | ||
| 8 | Lahti | Päijänne Tavastia | 119 573 | 18 | Mikkeli | Southern Savonia | 54 261 | ||
| 9 | Kuopio | Northern Savonia | 118 209 | 19 | Kotka | Kymenlaakso | 53 539 | ||
| 10 | Kouvola | Kymenlaakso | 84 196 | 20 | Salo | Finland Proper | 52 984 | ||
Religion
Religions in Finland (2019)[257]
With 3.9 million members,[258] the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world and is also by far Finland's largest religious body; at the end of 2019, 68.7% of Finns were members of the church.[259] The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has seen its share of the country's population declining by roughly one percent annually in recent years.[259] The decline has been due to both church membership resignations and falling baptism rates.[260][261] The second largest group, accounting for 26.3% of the population[259] in 2017, has no religious affiliation. The irreligious group rose quickly from just below 13% in the year 2000. A small minority belongs to the Finnish Orthodox Church (1.1%). Other Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church are significantly smaller, as are the Jewish and other non-Christian communities (totalling 1.6%); for example, in the Protestant trend, there are about 1,500 Baptists concentrated in the region of Central Finland,[262] and there are only about 2,000 Methodists who are scattered around the country.[263] The Pew Research Center estimated the Muslim population at 2.7% in 2016.[264] The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are national churches of Finland with special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools.[265]
In 1869, Finland was the first Nordic country to disestablish its Evangelical Lutheran church by introducing the Church Act, followed by the Church of Sweden in 2000. Although the church still maintains a special relationship with the state, it is not described as a state religion in the Finnish Constitution or other laws passed by the Finnish Parliament.[266] Finland's state church was the Church of Sweden until 1809. As an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia 1809–1917, Finland retained the Lutheran State Church system, and a state church separate from Sweden, later named the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, was established. It was detached from the state as a separate judicial entity when the new church law came to force in 1869. After Finland had gained independence in 1917, religious freedom was declared in the constitution of 1919 and a separate law on religious freedom in 1922. Through this arrangement, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland lost its position as a state church but gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the Finnish Orthodox Church, whose position however is not codified in the constitution.
In 2016, 69.3% of Finnish children were baptized[267] and 82.3% were confirmed in 2012 at the age of 15,[268] and over 90% of the funerals are Christian. However, the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 1.8% of its members attend church services weekly.[269] The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two.[270]
According to a 2010 Eurobarometer poll, 33% of Finnish citizens responded that they "believe there is a God"; 42% answered that they "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"; and 22% that they "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".[271] According to ISSP survey data (2008), 8% consider themselves "highly religious", and 31% "moderately religious". In the same survey, 28% reported themselves as "agnostic" and 29% as "non-religious".[272]
Health
Life expectancy has increased from 71 years for men and 79 years for women in 1990 to 79 years for men and 84 years for women in 2017.[273] The under-five mortality rate has decreased from 51 per 1,000 live births in 1950 to 2.3 per 1,000 live births in 2017, ranking Finland's rate among the lowest in the world.[274] The fertility rate in 2014 stood at 1.71 children born/per woman and has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 since 1969.[275] With a low birth rate women also become mothers at a later age, the mean age at first live birth being 28.6 in 2014.[275] A 2011 study published in The Lancet medical journal found that Finland had the lowest stillbirth rate out of 193 countries, including the UK, France and New Zealand.[276]
There has been a slight increase or no change in welfare and health inequalities between population groups in the 21st century. Lifestyle-related diseases are on the rise. More than half a million Finns suffer from diabetes, type 1 diabetes being globally the most common in Finland. Many children are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The number of musculoskeletal diseases and cancers are increasing, although the cancer prognosis has improved. Allergies and dementia are also growing health problems in Finland. One of the most common reasons for work disability are due to mental disorders, in particular depression.[277] Treatment for depression has improved and as a result the historically high suicide rates have declined to 13 per 100 000 in 2017, closer to the North European average.[278] Suicide rates are still among the highest among developed countries in the OECD.[279]
There are 307 residents for each doctor.[280] About 19% of health care is funded directly by households and 77% by taxation.
In April 2012, Finland was ranked 2nd in Gross National Happiness in a report published by The Earth Institute.[281] Since 2012, Finland has every time ranked at least in the top 5 of world's happiest countries in the annual World Happiness Report by the United Nations,[282][283][284] as well as ranking as the happiest country in 2018.[285]
Education and science
Most pre-tertiary education is arranged at municipal level. Even though many or most schools were started as private schools, today only around 3 percent of students are enrolled in private schools (mostly specialist language and international schools), much less than in Sweden and most other developed countries.[287] Pre-school education is rare compared with other EU countries and formal education is usually started at the age of 7. Primary school takes normally six years and lower secondary school three years. Most schools are managed by municipal officials.
The flexible curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Education Board. Education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 16. After lower secondary school, graduates may either enter the workforce directly, or apply to trade schools or gymnasiums (upper secondary schools). Trade schools offer a vocational education: approximately 40% of an age group choose this path after the lower secondary school.[288] Academically oriented gymnasiums have higher entrance requirements and specifically prepare for Abitur and tertiary education. Graduation from either formally qualifies for tertiary education.
In tertiary education, two mostly separate and non-interoperating sectors are found: the profession-oriented polytechnics and the research-oriented universities. Education is free and living expenses are to a large extent financed by the government through student benefits. There are 15 universities and 24 Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) in the country.[289][290] The University of Helsinki is ranked 75th in the Top University Ranking of 2010.[291] The World Economic Forum ranks Finland's tertiary education No. 1 in the world.[292] Around 33% of residents have a tertiary degree, similar to Nordics and more than in most other OECD countries except Canada (44%), United States (38%) and Japan (37%).[293] The proportion of foreign students is 3% of all tertiary enrollments, one of the lowest in OECD, while in advanced programs it is 7.3%, still below OECD average 16.5%.[294] Other reputable universities of Finland include Aalto University in Espoo, both University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University in Turku, University of Jyväskylä, University of Oulu, LUT University in Lappeenranta and Lahti, University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio and Joensuu, and Tampere University.[295]
More than 30% of tertiary graduates are in science-related fields. Forest improvement, materials research, environmental sciences, neural networks, low-temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology, genetic technology, and communications showcase fields of study where Finnish researchers have had a significant impact.[296]
Finland has a long tradition of adult education, and by the 1980s nearly one million Finns were receiving some kind of instruction each year. Forty percent of them did so for professional reasons. Adult education appeared in a number of forms, such as secondary evening schools, civic and workers' institutes, study centres, vocational course centres, and folk high schools. Study centres allowed groups to follow study plans of their own making, with educational and financial assistance provided by the state. Folk high schools are a distinctly Nordic institution. Originating in Denmark in the 19th century, folk high schools became common throughout the region. Adults of all ages could stay at them for several weeks and take courses in subjects that ranged from handicrafts to economics.[144]
Finland is highly productive in scientific research. In 2005, Finland had the fourth most scientific publications per capita of the OECD countries.[297] In 2007, 1,801 patents were filed in Finland.[298]
In addition, 38 percent of Finland's population has a university or college degree, which is among the highest percentages in the world.[299][300]
In 2010 a new law was enacted considering the universities, which defined that there are 16 of them as they were excluded from the public sector to be autonomous legal and financial entities, however enjoying special status in the legislation.[301] As result many former state institutions were driven to collect funding from private sector contributions and partnerships. The change caused deep rooted discussions among the academic circles.[302]
English language is important in Finnish education. There are a number of degree programs that are taught in English, which attracts thousands of degree and exchange students every year.
In December 2017 the OECD reported that Finnish fathers spend an average of eight minutes a day more with their school-aged children than mothers do.[303][304]
Culture
Sauna
The Finns' love for saunas is generally associated with Finnish cultural tradition in the world. Sauna is a type of dry steam bath practiced widely in Finland, which is especially evident in the strong tradition around Midsummer and Christmas. In Finland, the sauna has been a traditional cure or part of the treatment for many different diseases, thanks to the heat, which is why the sauna has been a very hygienic place. There is an old Finnish saying: "Jos sauna, terva ja viina ei auta, on tauti kuolemaksi." ("If sauna, tar and booze doesn't help you, then a disease is deadly").[305] The word is of Proto-Finnish origin (found in Finnic and Sámi languages) dating back 7,000 years.[306] Steam baths have been part of European tradition elsewhere as well, but the sauna has survived best in Finland, in addition to Sweden, the Baltic States, Russia, Norway, and parts of the United States and Canada. Moreover, nearly all Finnish houses have either their own sauna or in multistory apartment houses, a timeshare sauna. Public saunas were previously common, but the tradition has declined when saunas have been built nearly everywhere (private homes, municipal swimming halls, hotels, corporate headquarters, gyms, etc.). At one time, the World Sauna Championships were held in Heinola, Finland, but the death of a Russian competitor in 2010 finally stopped organizing the competitions as too dangerous.[307]
The Finnish sauna culture was inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists at the 17 December 2020 meeting of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. As authorized by the state, the Finnish Heritage Agency commits, together with Finnish sauna communities and promoters of the sauna culture, to safeguard the vitality of the sauna tradition and to highlight its importance as part of customs and wellbeing.[308][309]
Literature
Written Finnish could be said to have existed since Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament into Finnish during the Protestant Reformation, but few notable works of literature were written until the 19th century and the beginning of a Finnish national Romantic Movement. This prompted Elias Lönnrot to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as the Kalevala, the Finnish national epic. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably Aleksis Kivi (The Seven Brothers), Minna Canth (Anna Liisa), Eino Leino (Helkavirsiä), Johannes Linnankoski (The Song of the Blood-Red Flower) and Juhani Aho (The Railroad and Juha). Many writers of the national awakening wrote in Swedish, such as the national poet J. L. Runeberg (The Tales of Ensign Stål) and Zachris Topelius (The Tomten in Åbo Castle).
After Finland became independent, there was a rise of modernist writers, most famously the Finnish-speaking Mika Waltari and Swedish-speaking Edith Södergran. Frans Eemil Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939. World War II prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized by Väinö Linna with his The Unknown Soldier and Under the North Star trilogy. Besides Lönnrot's Kalevala and Waltari, the Swedish-speaking Tove Jansson, best known as the creator of The Moomins, is the most translated Finnish writer;[310] her books have been translated into more than 40 languages.[311] Popular modern writers include Arto Paasilinna, Veikko Huovinen, Antti Tuuri, Ilkka Remes, Kari Hotakainen, Sofi Oksanen, Tuomas Kyrö, and Jari Tervo, while the best novel is annually awarded the prestigious Finlandia Prize.
Visual arts, design, and architecture
The visual arts in Finland started to form their individual characteristics in the 19th century, when Romantic nationalism was rising in autonomic Finland. The best known of Finnish painters, Akseli Gallen-Kallela, started painting in a naturalist style, but moved to national romanticism. Other notable world-famous Finnish painters include Magnus Enckell, Pekka Halonen, Eero Järnefelt, Helene Schjerfbeck and Hugo Simberg. Finland's best-known sculptor of the 20th century was Wäinö Aaltonen, remembered for his monumental busts and sculptures. Finns have made major contributions to handicrafts and industrial design: among the internationally renowned figures are Timo Sarpaneva, Tapio Wirkkala and Ilmari Tapiovaara. Finnish architecture is famous around the world, and has contributed significantly to several styles internationally, such as Jugendstil (or Art Nouveau), Nordic Classicism and Functionalism. Among the top 20th-century Finnish architects to gain international recognition are Eliel Saarinen and his son Eero Saarinen. Architect Alvar Aalto is regarded as among the most important 20th-century designers in the world;[312] he helped bring functionalist architecture to Finland, but soon was a pioneer in its development towards an organic style.[313] Aalto is also famous for his work in furniture, lamps, textiles and glassware, which were usually incorporated into his buildings.
Music
- Classical
Much of Finland's classical music is influenced by traditional Karelian melodies and lyrics, as comprised in the Kalevala. Karelian culture is perceived as the purest expression of the Finnic myths and beliefs, less influenced by Germanic influence than the Nordic folk dance music that largely replaced the kalevaic tradition. Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival in recent decades, and has become a part of popular music.
The people of northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway, the Sami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called joik. The same word sometimes refers to lavlu or vuelie songs, though this is technically incorrect.
The first Finnish opera was written by the German-born composer Fredrik Pacius in 1852. Pacius also wrote the music to the poem Maamme/Vårt land (Our Country), Finland's national anthem. In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread, and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo. He soon received a grant to study runo singers in Karelia and continued his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician. In 1899 he composed Finlandia, which played its important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures and is a symbol of the nation. Another one of the most significant and internationally best-known Finnish-born classical composers long before Sibelius was Bernhard Crusell.[314]
- Modern
Iskelmä (coined directly from the German word Schlager, meaning "hit") is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song.[315] Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music; tango, a style of Argentine music, is also popular.[316] The light music in Swedish-speaking areas has more influences from Sweden. Modern Finnish popular music includes a number of prominent rock bands, jazz musicians, hip hop performers, dance music acts, etc.[317][additional citation(s) needed] Also, at least a couple of Finnish polkas are known worldwide, such as Säkkijärven polkka[318] and Ievan polkka.[319]
During the early 1960s, the first significant wave of Finnish rock groups emerged, playing instrumental rock inspired by groups such as The Shadows. Around 1964, Beatlemania arrived in Finland, resulting in further development of the local rock scene. During the late 1960s and '70s, Finnish rock musicians increasingly wrote their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish. During the decade, some progressive rock groups such as Tasavallan Presidentti and Wigwam gained respect abroad but failed to make a commercial breakthrough outside Finland. This was also the fate of the rock and roll group Hurriganes. The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally acknowledged names including Terveet Kädet in the 1980s. Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering 1980s glam rock act that inspired the American hard rock group Guns N' Roses, among others.[320]
Many Finnish metal bands have gained international recognition; Finland has been often called the "Promised Land of Heavy Metal", because there are more than 50 metal Bands for every 100,000 inhabitants – more than any other nation in the world.[321][322]
Cinema and television
In the film industry, notable directors include brothers Mika and Aki Kaurismäki, Dome Karukoski, Antti Jokinen, Jalmari Helander, Mauritz Stiller, Edvin Laine, Teuvo Tulio, Spede Pasanen, and Hollywood film director and producer Renny Harlin. Internationally well-known Finnish actors and actresses include Jasper Pääkkönen, Peter Franzén, Laura Birn, Irina Björklund, Samuli Edelmann, Krista Kosonen, Ville Virtanen and Joonas Suotamo. Around twelve feature films are made each year.[323]
One of the most internationally successful Finnish films are The White Reindeer, directed by Erik Blomberg in 1952, which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film in 1956, five years after its limited release in the United States;[324][325] The Man Without a Past, directed by Aki Kaurismäki in 2002, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2002 and won the Grand Prix at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival;[326] and The Fencer, directed by Klaus Härö in 2015, which was nominated for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards in the Best Foreign Language Film category as a Finnish/German/Estonian co-production.[327]
In Finland, the most significant films include The Unknown Soldier, directed by Edvin Laine in 1955, which is shown on television every Independence Day.[328] Here, Beneath the North Star from 1968, also directed by Laine, which includes the Finnish Civil War from the perspective of the Red Guards, is also one of the most significant works in Finnish history.[329] A 1960 crime comedy film Inspector Palmu's Mistake, directed by Matti Kassila, was voted in 2012 the best Finnish film of all time by Finnish film critics and journalists in a poll organized by Yle Uutiset,[330] but the 1984 comedy film Uuno Turhapuro in the Army, the ninth film in the Uuno Turhapuro film series, remains Finland's most seen domestic film made since 1968 by Finnish audience.[331]
Although Finland's television offerings are largely known for their domestic dramas, such as the long-running soap opera series Salatut elämät,[332][333] there are also internationally known drama series, such as Syke and Bordertown.[334] One of Finland's most internationally successful TV shows are the backpacking travel documentary series Madventures and the reality TV show The Dudesons.
Media and communications
Thanks to its emphasis on transparency and equal rights, Finland's press has been rated the freest in the world.[335]
Today, there are around 200 newspapers, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, 67 commercial radio stations, three digital radio channels and one nationwide and five national public service radio channels.
Each year, around 12,000 book titles are published and 12 million records are sold.[323]
Sanoma publishes the newspapers Helsingin Sanomat (its circulation of 412,000[336] making it the largest) and Aamulehti, the tabloid Ilta-Sanomat, the commerce-oriented Taloussanomat and the television channel Nelonen. The other major publisher Alma Media publishes over thirty magazines, including the tabloid Iltalehti and commerce-oriented Kauppalehti. Worldwide, Finns, along with other Nordic peoples and the Japanese, spend the most time reading newspapers.[337]
Yle, the Finnish Broadcasting Company, operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels in both national languages. Yle is funded through a mandatory television license and fees for private broadcasters. All TV channels are broadcast digitally, both terrestrially and on cable. The commercial television channel MTV3 and commercial radio channel Radio Nova are owned by Nordic Broadcasting (Bonnier and Proventus).
In regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Finland is the highest ranked country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Finland ranked 1st overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, unchanged from the year before.[338] This is shown in its penetration throughout the country's population. Around 79% of the population use the Internet (2007).[339] Finland had around 1.52 million broadband Internet connections by the end of June 2007 or around 287 per 1,000 inhabitants.[340] All Finnish schools and public libraries have Internet connections and computers and most residents have a mobile phone.[341]
Cuisine
Finnish cuisine is notable for generally combining traditional country fare and haute cuisine with contemporary style cooking. Fish and meat play a prominent role in traditional Finnish dishes from the western part of the country, while the dishes from the eastern part have traditionally included various vegetables and mushrooms. Refugees from Karelia contributed to foods in eastern Finland. Many regions have strongly branded traditional delicacies, such as Tampere has mustamakkara[342] and Kuopio has kalakukko.[343]
Finnish foods often use wholemeal products (rye, barley, oats) and berries (such as bilberries, lingonberries, cloudberries, and sea buckthorn). Milk and its derivatives like buttermilk are commonly used as food, drink, or in various recipes. Various turnips were common in traditional cooking, but were replaced with the potato after its introduction in the 18th century.
According to the statistics, red meat consumption has risen, but still Finns eat less beef than many other nations, and more fish and poultry. This is mainly because of the high cost of meat in Finland.
Finland has the world's second highest per capita consumption of coffee.[344] Milk consumption is also high, at an average of about 112 litres (25 imp gal; 30 US gal), per person, per year,[345] even though 17% of the Finns are lactose intolerant.[346]
Public holidays
There are several holidays in Finland, of which perhaps the most characteristic of Finnish culture include Christmas (joulu), Midsummer (juhannus), May Day (vappu) and Independence Day (itsenäisyyspäivä). Of these, Christmas and Midsummer are special in Finland because the actual festivities take place on eves, such as Christmas Eve (jouluaatto)[347][348] and Midsummer's Eve (juhannusaatto),[349][350] while Christmas Day (joulupäivä) and Midsummer's Day (juhannuspäivä) are more consecrated to rest. Other public holidays in Finland are New Year's Day (uudenvuodenpäivä), Epiphany (loppiainen), Good Friday (pitkäperjantai), Easter Sunday (pääsiäissunnuntai) and Easter Monday (pääsiäismaanantai), Ascension Day (helatorstai), All Saints' Day (pyhäinpäivä) and Saint Stephen's Day (tapaninpäivä). All official holidays in Finland are established by Acts of Parliament. On the other hand, laskiainen that is strongly part of the Finnish tradition is not defined as a public holiday in relation to the above-mentioned holidays.[351]
Sports
Various sporting events are popular in Finland. Pesäpallo, resembling baseball, is the national sport of Finland, although the most popular sport in terms of spectators is ice hockey. The Ice Hockey World Championships 2016 final, Finland-Canada, was watched by 69% of Finnish people on TV.[352] Other popular sports include athletics, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, football, volleyball and basketball.[353] While ice hockey is the most popular sport when it comes to attendance at games, association football is the most played team sport in terms of the number of players in the country and is also the most appreciated sport in Finland.[354][355]
In terms of medals and gold medals won per capita, Finland is the best performing country in Olympic history.[356] Finland first participated as a nation in its own right at the Olympic Games in 1908, while still an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. At the 1912 Summer Olympics, great pride was taken in the three gold medals won by the original "Flying Finn" Hannes Kolehmainen.
Finland was one of the most successful countries at the Olympic Games before World War II. At the 1924 Summer Olympics, Finland, a nation then of only 3.2 million people, came second in the medal count. In the 1920s and '30s, Finnish long-distance runners dominated the Olympics, with Paavo Nurmi winning a total of nine Olympic gold medals between 1920 and 1928 and setting 22 official world records between 1921 and 1931. Nurmi is often considered the greatest Finnish sportsman and one of the greatest athletes of all time.
For over 100 years, Finnish male and female athletes have consistently excelled at the javelin throw. The event has brought Finland nine Olympic gold medals, five world championships, five European championships, and 24 world records.
The 1952 Summer Olympics were held in Helsinki. Other notable sporting events held in Finland include the 1983 and 2005 World Championships in Athletics.
Finland also has a notable history in figure skating. Finnish skaters have won 8 world championships and 13 junior world cups in synchronized skating, and Finland is considered one of the best countries at the sport.
Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include floorball, Nordic walking, running, cycling, and skiing (alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, and ski jumping). Floorball, in terms of registered players, occupies third place after football and ice hockey. According to the Finnish Floorball Federation, floorball is the most popular school, youth, club and workplace sport.[357] As of 2016[update], the total number of licensed players reaches 57,400.[358]
Especially since the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup, Finland's national basketball team has received widespread public attention. More than 8,000 Finns travelled to Spain to support their team. Overall, they chartered more than 40 airplanes.[359]
See also
Notes
- ^ "Republic of Finland", or Suomen tasavalta in Finnish, Republiken Finland in Swedish, and Suoma dásseváldi in Sami, is the long protocol name, which is however not defined by law. Legislation recognises only the short name.
- ^ The names for Finland in its Sami languages are: Suopma (Northern Sami), Suomâ (Inari Sami) and Lää'ddjânnam (Skolt Sami). See Geonames.de.
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Further reading
- Chew, Allen F. The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War (ISBN 0-87013-167-2).
- Engle, Eloise and Paananen, Pauri. The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939–1940 (ISBN 0-8117-2433-6).
- Insight Guide: Finland (ISBN 981-4120-39-1).
- Jakobson, Max. Finland in the New Europe (ISBN 0-275-96372-1).
- Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko. A History of Finland (ISBN 0-88029-260-1).
- Klinge, Matti. Let Us Be Finns: Essays on History (ISBN 951-1-11180-9).
- Lavery, Jason. The History of Finland, Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations, Greenwood Press, 2006 (ISBN 0-313-32837-4, ISSN 1096-2905).
- Lewis, Richard D. Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf (ISBN 1-931930-18-X).
- Lonely Planet: Finland (ISBN 1-74059-791-5)
- Mann, Chris. Hitler's Arctic War: The German Campaigns in Norway, Finland, and the USSR 1940–1945 (ISBN 0-312-31100-1).
- Rusama, Jaakko. Ecumenical Growth in Finland (ISBN 951-693-239-8).
- Singleton, Fred. A Short History of Finland (ISBN 0-521-64701-0).
- Subrenat, Jean-Jacques. Listen, there's music from the forest; a brief presentation of the Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival (ISBN 952-92-0564-3).
- Swallow, Deborah. Culture Shock! Finland: A Guide to Customs and Etiquette (ISBN 1-55868-592-8).
- Trotter, William R. A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940 (ISBN 1-56512-249-6).
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary- Media from Wikimedia Commons
- News from Wikinews
- Quotations from Wikiquote
- Texts from Wikisource
- Textbooks from Wikibooks
- Travel guides from Wikivoyage
- Resources from Wikiversity
- Finland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Finland at Curlie
- Finland profile from the BBC News
- Key Development Forecasts for Finland from International Futures
- Population in Finland 1750–2010
- Appendix figure 2. The largest groups by native language 2001 and 2011 (Statistics Finland)
- Official statistical information about Finland from Findicator.
Government
- This is Finland, the official English-language online portal (administered by the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs)
- Finland (University of Colorado Boulder Libraries Government Publications)
Maps
- Geographic data related to Finland at OpenStreetMap
- Wikimedia Atlas of Finland
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