Albanie
République d'Albanie Republika e Shqipërisë ( albanais ) | |
|---|---|
| Devise : Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar Toi Albanie, fais-moi honneur, tu me donnes le nom Albanais | |
| Hymne : Himni i Flamurit ( " Hymne au drapeau " ) | |
 | |
| Capitale et plus grande ville | Tirana 41°19′N 19°49′E / 41.317°N 19.817°E |
| Langues officielles | albanais |
| Langues minoritaires reconnues | |
| Démonyme(s) | albanais |
| Gouvernement | République constitutionnelle parlementaire unitaire |
| Ilir Méta | |
| Edi Rama | |
| Lindita Nicolas | |
| Corps législatif | Kuvendi |
| Historique de l'établissement | |
| 1190 | |
| février 1272 | |
| 1368 | |
| 2 mars 1444 | |
| 1515 | |
| 1757/1787 | |
• Proclamation d'indépendance de l' Empire ottoman | 28 novembre 1912 |
| 29 juillet 1913 | |
| 31 janvier 1925 | |
| 1er septembre 1928 | |
| 11 janvier 1946 | |
| 28 décembre 1976 | |
• 4ème République d'Albanie Constitution actuelle | 29 avril 1991 28 novembre 1998 |
| Zone | |
• Le total | 28 748 km 2 (11 100 milles carrés) ( 140e ) |
• L'eau (%) | 4.7 |
| Population | |
• Estimation janvier 2020 |  2.845.955 [1] |
• Recensement de 2011 | 2 821 977 [2] |
• Densité | 98/km 2 (253,8/mi carré) ( 63e ) |
| PIB ( PPA ) | Estimation 2020 |
• Le total | 42,594 milliards de dollars [3] |
• Par habitant | 14 866 $ [3] |
| PIB (nominal) | Estimation 2020 |
• Le total | 16,753 milliards de dollars [3] |
• Par habitant | 5 847 $ [3] |
| Gini (2019) |  34,3 [4] moyen |
| IDH (2019) |  0,795 [5] élevé · 69e |
| Monnaie | Lek ( TOUS ) |
| Fuseau horaire | UTC +1 ( CET ) |
• Été ( heure d'été ) | UTC +2 ( CEST ) |
| Format de date | jj/mm/aaaa |
| Côté conduite | droit |
| Indicatif d'appel | +355 |
| Code ISO 3166 | AL |
| TLD Internet | .Al |
Albanie ( / æ l b eɪ n i ə , ɔː l - / ( écouter ) 
a (w) l- BAY -neE-ə ; albanais : Shqipëri ou Shqipëria ), [a] officiellement la République d'Albanie ( Albanais : Republika e Shqipërisë ), [b] est un pays d'Europe du Sud-Est . Il est situé sur la mer Adriatique et la mer Ionienne dans la mer Méditerranéeet partage des frontières terrestres avec le Monténégro au nord-ouest, le Kosovo [c] au nord-est, la Macédoine du Nord à l'est, la Grèce au sud ; et des frontières maritimes avec la Grèce, le Monténégro et l' Italie à l'ouest. Tirana est sa capitale et sa plus grande ville, suivie de Durrës , Vlorë et Shkodër .
Géographiquement , l'Albanie présente des conditions climatiques, géologiques, hydrologiques et morphologiques variées, définies dans une superficie de 28 748 km 2 (11 100 milles carrés). Il possède une diversité significative avec le paysage allant des montagnes enneigées des Alpes albanaises ainsi que les montagnes Korab , Skanderbeg , Pinde et Ceraunian aux côtes chaudes et ensoleillées de l' Adriatique albanaise et de la mer Ionienne le long de la mer Méditerranée .
Historiquement , l'Albanie a été habitée par différentes civilisations au fil du temps, telles que les Illyriens , les Thraces , les Grecs , les Romains , les Byzantins , les Vénitiens et les Ottomans . Les Albanais ont établi la Principauté autonome d'Arbër au 12ème siècle. Le Royaume d'Albanie et la Principauté d'Albanie se sont formés entre le XIIIe et le XIVe siècle. Avant la conquête ottomane de l'Albanie au XVe siècle, la résistance albanaise à l'expansion ottomane en Europe menée parGjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg leur a valu d'être acclamé dans la majeure partie de l'Europe. Entre les XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, les développements culturels, largement attribués aux Albanais ayant rassemblé une force spirituelle et intellectuelle, ont conduit de manière concluante à la Renaissance albanaise . Après la défaite des Ottomans dans les guerres balkaniques , l' État-nation moderne d'Albanie a déclaré son indépendance en 1912. [7] Au 20ème siècle, le Royaume d'Albanie a été envahi par l' Italie qui a formé la Grande Albanie avant de devenir un protectorat de l'Allemagne nazie . [8] Enver Hoxhaa formé la République populaire socialiste d'Albanie après la Seconde Guerre mondiale , modelée selon les termes de Hoxhaism . Les révolutions de 1991 ont mis fin à la chute du communisme en Albanie et finalement à la création de l'actuelle République d'Albanie.
Politiquement , l'Albanie est une république constitutionnelle parlementaire unitaire et un pays en développement avec une économie à revenu intermédiaire de la tranche supérieure dominée par le secteur des services, suivi par le secteur manufacturier. [9] Elle est passée par un processus de transition après la fin du communisme en 1990, d' une planification centralisée à une économie de marché . [10] [11] [12] L' Albanie fournit des soins de santé universels et une éducation primaire et secondaire gratuite à ses citoyens. [5] L' Albanie est membre des Nations Unies, de la Banque mondiale ,UNESCO , OTAN , OMC , COE , OSCE et OCI . C'est un candidat officiel à l'adhésion à l' Union européenne . [13] C'est l'un des membres fondateurs de la Communauté de l' énergie , dont l' Organisation de coopération économique de la mer Noire et l' Union pour la Méditerranée .
Étymologie
Le terme Albanie est le nom latin médiéval du pays. Il peut être dérivé de la tribu illyrienne d' Albani ( albanais : Albanët ) enregistrée par Ptolémée , le géographe et astronome d' Alexandrie , qui a dressé une carte en 150 après JC qui montre la ville d' Albanopolis située au nord-est de Durrës . [14] [15] Le terme peut avoir une continuation au nom d'un règlement médiéval appelé Albanon ou Arbanon, bien qu'il ne soit pas certain qu'il s'agisse du même endroit. [16] Dans son histoire écrite au Xe siècle, leL' historien byzantin Michel Attaliates a été le premier à désigner Albanoi comme ayant pris part à une révolte contre Constantinople en 1043 et les Arbanitai comme sujets du duc de Dyrrachium . [17] Au Moyen Âge , les Albanais appelaient leur pays Arbëri ou Arbëni et s'appelaient eux-mêmes Arbëreshë ou Arbëneshë . [18] [19]
De nos jours, les Albanais appellent leur pays Shqipëri ou Shqipëria . Les mots Shqipëri et Shqiptar sont attestés à partir du XIVe siècle [20], mais ce n'est qu'à la fin du XVIIe et au début du XVIIIe siècle que le toponyme Shqipëria et le démonyme ethnique Shqiptarë ont progressivement remplacé Arbëria et Arbëreshë parmi les albanophones . [20] [21] Les deux termes sont communément interprétés comme "Terre des Aigles" et "Enfants des Aigles". [22] [23]
Histoire
Préhistoire
Les premières traces attestées de la présence néandertalienne sur le territoire albanais remontent au Paléolithique moyen et supérieur et ont été découvertes à Xarrë et au mont Dajt dans la région adjacente de Tirana . [24] Les sites archéologiques de cette période incluent le tumulus de Kamenica , la grotte de Konispol et la grotte de Pellumbas .
Les objets découverts dans une grotte près de Xarrë comprennent des objets en silex et en jaspe ainsi que des ossements d'animaux fossilisés, tandis que ces découvertes au mont Dajt comprennent des outils en os et en pierre similaires à ceux de la culture aurignacienne . Ils démontrent également des similitudes notables avec des objets de la période équivalente trouvés à Crvena Stijena au Monténégro et dans le nord-ouest de la Grèce . [24]
De multiples artefacts des âges du fer et du bronze à proximité de sépultures de tumulus ont été mis au jour dans le centre et le sud de l'Albanie, qui ont une affinité similaire avec les sites du sud-ouest de la Macédoine et de Lefkada . Les archéologues sont arrivés à la conclusion que ces régions étaient habitées dès le milieu du troisième millénaire avant notre ère par des peuples indo-européens qui parlaient une langue proto-grecque . Par conséquent, une partie de cette population historique a ensuite déménagé à Mycènes vers 1600 avant JC et a correctement établi la civilisation mycénienne . [25] [26] [27]
Antiquité
Dans les temps anciens, le territoire incorporé de l'Albanie était historiquement habité par des peuples indo-européens , parmi lesquels de nombreuses tribus illyriennes , des Grecs anciens et des Thraces . Compte tenu des tribus illyriennes, il n'y a aucune preuve que ces tribus aient utilisé une quelconque nomenclature collective pour elles-mêmes, alors qu'il est peu probable qu'elles aient utilisé un endonyme commun . [28] L'endonyme Illyriens semble être le nom appliqué à une tribu illyrienne spécifique, qui a été la première à entrer en liaison avec les Grecs anciens, ce qui a donné l'endonyme Illyriens à appliquer pars pro totoà toutes les personnes de langue et de coutumes similaires. [29] [30]
Le territoire appelé Illyrie correspondait approximativement à la zone à l'est de la mer Adriatique dans la mer Méditerranée s'étendant au sud jusqu'à l'embouchure de la Vjosë . [31] [32] Le premier récit des groupes illyriens vient de Périple du Pont-Euxin , un ancien texte grec écrit au milieu du IVe siècle av. [33] L'ouest était habité par la tribu thrace des Bryges tandis que le sud était habité par la tribu de langue grecque antique des Chaoniens , dont la capitale était à Phénicie . [33] [34] [35]D'autres colonies telles qu'Apollonia , Epidamnos et Amantia , ont été établies par les cités-états de la Grèce antique sur la côte au 7ème siècle avant JC. [33] [36] [37]
La tribu illyrienne Ardiaei , centrée au Monténégro, régnait sur la majeure partie du territoire albanais. Leur royaume ardien atteint son apogée sous le roi Agron , fils de Pleuratus II . Agron étendit également son règne sur d'autres tribus voisines. [38] Après la mort d'Agron en 230 av. J.-C., sa femme, Teuta , hérita du royaume ardien. Les forces de Teuta ont étendu leurs opérations plus au sud jusqu'à la mer Ionienne. [39] En 229 av. J.-C., Rome a déclaré la guerre [40] au royaume pour avoir largement pillé les navires romains. La guerre s'est terminée par la défaite illyrienne en 227 av. Teuta a finalement été remplacé par Gentius en 181 av.[41] Gentius s'est affronté avec les Romains en 168 avant JC, en lançant la Troisième Guerre Illyrienne . Le conflit a abouti à la conquête romaine de la région en 167 av. Les Romains divisèrent la région en trois divisions administratives. [42]
Moyen Âge
L' Empire romain a été divisé en 395 à la mort de Théodose Ier en un Empire romain d' Orient et d' Occident en partie à cause de la pression croissante des menaces pendant les invasions barbares . Du 6ème siècle au 7ème siècle, les Slaves ont traversé le Danube et ont largement absorbé les Grecs anciens indigènes, les Illyriens et les Thraces dans les Balkans ; ainsi, les Illyriens ont été mentionnés pour la dernière fois dans les documents historiques au 7ème siècle. [43] [44]
Au XIe siècle, le Grand Schisme a officialisé la rupture de la communion entre l' Église orthodoxe orientale et l'Église catholique occidentale qui se traduit en Albanie par l'émergence d'un nord catholique et d'un sud orthodoxe. Le peuple albanais habitait l'ouest du lac Ochrida et la haute vallée de la rivière Shkumbin et fonda la principauté d'Arbanon en 1190 sous la direction de Progon de Kruja . [45] Le royaume a été remplacé par ses fils Gjin et Dhimitri.
À la mort de Dhimiter, le territoire passa sous la domination de l'albano-grec Gregory Kamonas et par la suite sous le Golem de Kruja . [46] [47] [48] Au 13ème siècle, la principauté a été dissoute. [49] [50] [51] Arbanon est considéré comme la première esquisse d'un État albanais, qui a conservé un statut semi-autonome comme l'extrémité occidentale de l' Empire byzantin , sous le Doukai byzantin d' Épire ou Laskarids de Nicée . [52]
Vers la fin du XIIe et le début du XIIIe siècle, les Serbes et les Vénitiens ont commencé à prendre possession du territoire. [53] L' ethnogenèse des Albanais est incertaine ; cependant la première mention incontestée des Albanais remonte dans les archives historiques de 1079 ou 1080 dans un ouvrage de Michael Attaliates , qui faisait référence aux Albanoi comme ayant pris part à une révolte contre Constantinople . [54] À ce stade, les Albanais étaient pleinement christianisés.
Quelques années après la dissolution d'Arbanon, Charles d'Anjou conclut un accord avec les souverains albanais, promettant de les protéger ainsi que leurs anciennes libertés. En 1272, il établit le royaume d'Albanie et conquiert des régions du Despotat d'Épire . Le royaume revendiquait tout le territoire de l'Albanie centrale de Dyrrachium le long de la côte de la mer Adriatique jusqu'à Butrint . Une structure politique catholique était une base pour les plans papaux de propagation du catholicisme dans la péninsule balkanique. Ce plan trouva aussi l'appui d' Hélène d'Anjou, cousin de Charles d'Anjou. Environ 30 églises et monastères catholiques ont été construits pendant son règne, principalement dans le nord de l'Albanie. [55] Les luttes de pouvoir internes au sein de l'Empire byzantin au 14ème siècle ont permis au souverain médiéval le plus puissant des Serbes, Stefan Dusan , d'établir un empire de courte durée qui comprenait toute l'Albanie à l'exception de Durrës. [53] En 1367, divers dirigeants albanais ont établi le Despotat d'Arta . Pendant ce temps, plusieurs principautés albanaises ont été créées, notamment la Principauté d'Albanie , la Principauté de Kastrioti , la Seigneurie de Berat et la Principauté de Dukagjini.. Dans la première moitié du XVe siècle, l' Empire ottoman a envahi la majeure partie de l'Albanie et la Ligue de Lezhë a été dirigée par Skanderbeg en tant que souverain, qui est devenu le héros national de l'histoire médiévale albanaise.
Empire ottoman
Avec la chute de Constantinople , l'Empire ottoman a poursuivi une longue période de conquête et d'expansion, ses frontières s'enfonçant profondément dans l'Europe du Sud-Est . Ils ont atteint la côte de la mer Ionienne albanaise en 1385 et érigé leurs garnisons à travers l' Albanie du Sud en 1415, puis occupé la majeure partie de l' Albanie en 1431. [56] [57] Des milliers d'Albanais par conséquent fui vers l' Europe occidentale, en particulier pour la Calabre , Naples , Ragusa et Sicile , où d' autres ont cherché protection dans les montagnes souvent inaccessibles de l' Albanie . [58] [59]
Les Albanais, en tant que chrétiens, étaient considérés comme une classe inférieure et, en tant que tels, ils étaient soumis à de lourdes taxes, entre autres, par le système Devshirme qui permettait au sultan de collecter un pourcentage requis d'adolescents chrétiens de leurs familles pour composer le janissaire . [60] La conquête ottomane s'accompagna également du processus progressif d' islamisation et de la construction rapide de mosquées qui modifièrent en conséquence le tableau religieux de l'Albanie.
Une révolution prospère et de longue date a éclaté après la formation de l' Assemblée de Lezhë jusqu'au siège de Shkodër sous la direction de Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg , battant à plusieurs reprises les principales armées ottomanes dirigées par les sultans Murad II et Mehmed II . Skanderbeg a réussi à rassembler plusieurs des principaux albanais, parmi eux les Arianitis , les Dukagjinis , les Zaharias et les Thopias , et à établir une autorité centralisée sur la plupart des territoires non conquis, devenant le seigneur d'Albanie . [61]
Skanderbeg a toujours poursuivi sans relâche mais sans succès l'objectif de constituer une coalition européenne contre les Ottomans. Il a déjoué toutes les tentatives des Ottomans pour regagner l'Albanie, qu'ils considéraient comme un tremplin pour l'invasion de l'Italie et de l'Europe occidentale. Son combat inégal contre eux a gagné l'estime de l'Europe aussi entre autres l'aide financière et militaire de la papauté et de Naples , Venise et Raguse . [62]
Lorsque les Ottomans ont pris pied dans la région, les villes albanaises ont été organisées en quatre principaux sandjaks . Le gouvernement a favorisé le commerce en installant une importante colonie juive de réfugiés fuyant les persécutions en Espagne. La ville de Vlora a vu passer dans ses ports des marchandises importées d'Europe telles que des velours, des cotonnades, des mohairs, des tapis, des épices et du cuir de Bursa et de Constantinople . Certains citoyens de Vlorë avaient même des associés dans toute l'Europe. [63]
Le phénomène d'islamisation parmi les Albanais s'est principalement répandu à partir du XVIIe siècle et s'est poursuivi jusqu'au XVIIIe siècle. [64] L' Islam leur a offert des chances et une progression égales au sein de l'Empire ottoman. Cependant, les motifs de conversion étaient, selon certains chercheurs, divers selon le contexte, bien que le manque de matériel source n'aide pas à enquêter sur de telles questions. [64] En raison de la suppression croissante du catholicisme, la plupart des Albanais catholiques se sont convertis au XVIIe siècle, tandis que les Albanais orthodoxes ont emboîté le pas principalement au siècle suivant.
Étant donné que les Albanais étaient considérés comme stratégiquement importants, ils constituaient une proportion importante de l' armée et de la bureaucratie ottomanes . Quelques Albanais musulmans ont atteint des postes politiques et militaires importants qui ont contribué culturellement au monde musulman au sens large . [64] Bénéficiant de cette position privilégiée, ils ont occupé divers postes administratifs élevés avec plus de deux douzaines de grands vizirs albanais parmi d'autres membres de l'éminente famille Köprülü , Zagan Pacha , Muhammad Ali d'Egypte et Ali Pacha de Tepelena cependant, deux sultans tels que Bayezid II et Mehmed IIIavait deux mères d'origine albanaise. [63] [65] [66]
Rilindja
La Renaissance albanaise a été une période dont les racines remontent à la fin du XVIIIe siècle et se poursuit jusqu'au XIXe siècle, au cours de laquelle le peuple albanais a rassemblé sa force spirituelle et intellectuelle pour une vie culturelle et politique indépendante au sein d'une nation indépendante . La culture albanaise moderne a également prospéré, en particulier la littérature et les arts albanais , et était fréquemment liée aux influences des principes du romantisme et des Lumières . [67]
Avant la montée du nationalisme , l'Albanie était sous la domination de l'Empire ottoman pendant près de cinq siècles, et les autorités ottomanes ont supprimé toute expression d'unité ou de conscience nationale par le peuple albanais. A travers la littérature, les Albanais ont commencé à faire un effort conscient pour éveiller des sentiments de fierté et d'unité parmi leur peuple qui rappelleraient la riche histoire et les espoirs d'un avenir plus décent.
La victoire de la Russie sur l'Empire ottoman à la suite des guerres russo-ottomanes a entraîné l'exécution du traité de San Stefano qui a négligé d'attribuer les terres à population albanaise aux voisins slaves et grecs. Cependant, le Royaume-Uni et l' Empire austro-hongrois ont par conséquent bloqué l'arrangement et provoqué le traité de Berlin . À partir de ce moment, les Albanais ont commencé à s'organiser dans le but de protéger et d'unir les terres peuplées d'Albanais en une nation unitaire, conduisant à la formation de la Ligue de Prizren .
La ligue avait initialement l'assistance des autorités ottomanes dont la position était basée sur la solidarité religieuse des musulmans et des propriétaires terriens liés à l' administration ottomane . Ils favorisaient et protégeaient la solidarité musulmane et appelaient à la défense des terres musulmanes constituant en même temps la raison d'être du Comité de ligue des Vrais Musulmans . [69]
Environ 300 musulmans ont participé à l'assemblée composée de délégués de Bosnie, l' administrateur du Sandjak de Prizren en tant que représentants des autorités centrales et aucun délégué de Vilayet de Scutari . [70] [ vérifier la syntaxe des citations ] Signée par seulement 47 députés musulmans, la ligue a publié le Kararname qui contenait une proclamation selon laquelle les habitants du nord de l'Albanie, de l' Épire et de la Bosnie-Herzégovine sont prêts à défendre l' intégrité territoriale de l'Empire ottoman par tous les moyens possibles. moyens contre les troupes de Bulgarie , Serbieet Monténégro . [71]
Les autorités ottomanes ont annulé leur aide lorsque la ligue, dirigée par Abdyl Frashëri , s'est concentrée sur le travail vers l'autonomie albanaise et a demandé la fusion de quatre vilayets , dont Kosovo , Shkodër , Monastir et Ioannina , en un vilayet unifié, le Vilayet albanais . La ligue a utilisé la force militaire pour empêcher l'annexion des zones de Plav et de Gusinje attribuées au Monténégro. Après plusieurs batailles réussies avec les troupes monténégrines, comme la bataille de Novšiće, la ligue a été forcée de se retirer de leurs régions contestées. La ligue a ensuite été vaincue par l'armée ottomane envoyée par le sultan. [72]
Indépendance
L'Albanie a déclaré son indépendance de l'Empire ottoman le 28 novembre 1912, accompagnée de la création du Sénat et du Gouvernement par l' Assemblée de Vlorë le 4 décembre 1912. [73] [74] [75] [76] Sa souveraineté a été reconnue par la Conférence de Londres . Le 29 juillet 1913, le traité de Londres délimite les frontières du pays et de ses voisins, laissant de nombreux Albanais hors d'Albanie, majoritairement partagés entre le Monténégro , la Serbie et la Grèce . [77]
Basée à Vlorë, la Commission internationale de contrôle a été créée le 15 octobre 1913 pour s'occuper de l'administration de l'Albanie nouvellement créée, jusqu'à ce que ses propres institutions politiques soient en ordre. [78] [79] La Gendarmerie internationale a été établie en tant que premier organisme d'application de la loi de la Principauté d'Albanie . En novembre, les premiers membres de la gendarmerie sont arrivés dans le pays. Le prince d'Albanie Guillaume de Wied (Princ Vilhelm Vidi) a été choisi comme premier prince de la principauté. [80] Le 7 mars, il arrive dans la capitale provisoire de Durrës et commence à organiser son gouvernement en nommantTurhan Pasha Përmeti pour former le premier cabinet albanais.
En novembre 1913, les forces albanaises pro-ottomanes avaient offert le trône d'Albanie au ministre de la guerre ottoman d'origine albanaise, Ahmed Izzet Pacha . [81] Les paysans pro-ottomans croyaient que le nouveau régime était un outil des six grandes puissances chrétiennes et des propriétaires terriens locaux, qui possédaient la moitié des terres arables. [82]
En février 1914, la République autonome de l'Épire du Nord est proclamée à Gjirokastër par la population grecque locale contre l'incorporation à l'Albanie. Cette initiative fut de courte durée et, en 1921, les provinces du sud furent incorporées à la Principauté albanaise. [83] [84] Entre-temps, la révolte des paysans albanais contre le nouveau régime albanais éclate sous la houlette du groupe de religieux musulmans réunis autour d' Essad Pacha Toptani , qui se proclame sauveur de l'Albanie et de l'islam. [85] [86] Afin d'obtenir le soutien de la MirditaVolontaires catholiques du nord de l'Albanie, le prince Wied a nommé leur chef, Prênk Bibë Doda , ministre des Affaires étrangères de la Principauté d'Albanie. En mai et Juin 1914, la gendarmerie internationale a été rejoint par Isa Boletini et ses hommes, pour la plupart du Kosovo , [87] et dans le Nord Mirdita catholiques, ont été défaits par les rebelles qui ont capturé la plupart de l' Albanie centrale d' ici la fin d'Août 1914. [88 ] Le régime du prince Wied s'effondre et il quitte le pays le 3 septembre 1914. [89]
Première République
Après la fin du gouvernement de Fan Noli , le parlement a adopté une nouvelle constitution et proclamé le pays république parlementaire dans laquelle le roi Zog Ier d'Albanie (Ahmet Muhtar Zogu) a été chef de l'État pour un mandat de sept ans. Immédiatement après, Tirana a été officiellement reconnue comme capitale permanente du pays. [90]
La politique de Zogu était autoritaire et conservatrice avec pour objectif principal le maintien de la stabilité et de l'ordre. Il a été contraint d'adopter une politique de coopération avec l'Italie où un pacte avait été signé entre les deux pays, par lequel l'Italie a obtenu le monopole des concessions maritimes et commerciales. [91] Les Italiens exerçaient un contrôle sur presque tous les fonctionnaires albanais grâce à l'argent et au patronage. [92] En 1928, le pays a finalement été remplacé par une autre monarchie avec un fort soutien du régime fasciste d'Italie, cependant, les deux ont maintenu des relations étroites jusqu'à l' invasion italienne du pays. Zogu est resté un conservateur mais a lancé des réformes et a mis l'accent sur le développement des infrastructures.
Dans une tentative de modernisation sociale, la coutume d'ajouter sa région à son nom a été abandonnée. Il a également fait des dons de terrains à des organisations internationales pour la construction d'écoles et d'hôpitaux. Les forces armées étaient entraînées et supervisées par des instructeurs italiens, et en guise de contrepoids, il gardait des officiers britanniques dans la gendarmerie malgré les fortes pressions italiennes pour les retirer.
Après avoir été occupé militairement par l'Italie de 1939 à 1943, le Royaume d'Albanie était un protectorat et une dépendance du Royaume d'Italie gouverné par Victor Emmanuel III et son gouvernement. En octobre 1940, l'Albanie a servi de terrain d'étape à une invasion italienne infructueuse de la Grèce . Une contre-attaque a eu pour résultat qu'une partie importante du sud de l'Albanie est passée sous contrôle militaire grec jusqu'en avril 1941, date à laquelle la Grèce a capitulé lors de l' invasion allemande . En avril 1941, les territoires de la Yougoslavieavec une population albanaise substantielle ont été annexés à l'Albanie, y compris la Macédoine occidentale, une bande de l'est du Monténégro, la ville de Tutin en Serbie centrale et la majeure partie du Kosovo [c] . [93]
Les Allemands ont commencé à occuper le pays en septembre 1943 et ont par la suite annoncé qu'ils reconnaîtraient l'indépendance d'une Albanie neutre et se sont mis à organiser un nouveau gouvernement, une armée et des forces de l'ordre. Balli Kombëtar , qui avait combattu contre l'Italie, a formé un gouvernement neutre et, aux côtés des Allemands, a combattu le Mouvement de libération nationale d'Albanie dirigé par les communistes . [94]
Au cours des dernières années de la guerre, le pays est tombé dans un état semblable à une guerre civile entre les communistes et les nationalistes. Les communistes ont vaincu les dernières forces anticommunistes dans le sud en 1944. Avant la fin novembre, les principales troupes allemandes s'étaient retirées de Tirana, et les communistes ont pris le contrôle en l'attaquant. Les partisans libérèrent entièrement le pays de l'occupation allemande le 29 novembre 1944. Un gouvernement provisoire, que les communistes avaient formé à Berat en octobre, administra l'Albanie avec Enver Hoxha à la tête du gouvernement.
À la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale , principale force militaire et politique de la nation, le parti communiste envoya des forces dans le nord de l'Albanie contre les nationalistes pour éliminer ses rivaux. Ils ont fait face à une résistance ouverte à Nikaj-Mërtur , Dukagjin et Kelmend dirigée par Prek Cali . [la citation nécessaire ] Le 15 janvier 1945, un affrontement a eu lieu entre les partisans de la première brigade et les forces nationalistes au pont Tamara, entraînant la défaite des forces nationalistes. Environ 150 Kelmendi [95] personnes ont été tuées ou torturées. Cet événement a été le point de départ de nombreux autres problèmes qui ont eu lieu pendant Enver Hoxhala dictature de. La lutte des classes a été strictement appliquée, la liberté humaine et les droits de l'homme ont été niés. [96] La région de Kelmend était presque isolée à la fois par la frontière et par un manque de routes pendant encore 20 ans, l'institution des coopératives agricoles a entraîné le déclin économique. De nombreux Kelmendi ont fui et certains ont été exécutés alors qu'ils tentaient de franchir la frontière. [96]
communisme
Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et de la défaite des puissances de l' Axe , le pays est d'abord devenu un État satellite de l' Union soviétique , et Enver Hoxha est devenu le chef de la nouvelle République populaire d'Albanie . [97] Les relations soviéto-albanaises ont commencé à se détériorer après la mort de Staline en 1953. À ce stade, le pays a commencé à développer des relations étrangères avec d'autres pays communistes, entre autres avec la République populaire de Chine .
Au cours de cette période, le pays a connu une industrialisation et une urbanisation croissantes, une collectivisation rapide et une croissance économique qui ont conduit à un niveau de vie plus élevé. [96] Le gouvernement a appelé au développement des infrastructures et plus particulièrement à l'introduction d'un système ferroviaire qui a complètement réorganisé les transports.
Les nouvelles lois de réforme agraire ont été adoptées, accordant la propriété de la terre aux ouvriers et aux paysans qui la cultivaient. L'agriculture est devenue coopérative et la production a considérablement augmenté, conduisant le pays à devenir autosuffisant sur le plan agricole. Dans le domaine de l'éducation, l'analphabétisme a été éliminé parmi la population adulte du pays. [98] Le gouvernement a également supervisé l'émancipation des femmes et l'expansion des soins de santé et de l'éducation dans tout le pays. [99]
L'augmentation annuelle moyenne du revenu national du pays était respectivement de 29% et 56% supérieure à la moyenne mondiale et européenne. [100] [ échec de la vérification ] La nation a contracté d'importantes dettes d'abord avec la Yougoslavie jusqu'en 1948, puis l'Union soviétique jusqu'en 1961 et la Chine à partir du milieu des années 1950. [101] La constitution du régime communiste n'autorisait pas les impôts sur les individus, mais des impôts étaient imposés aux coopératives et autres organisations, avec à peu près le même effet. [102]
Aujourd'hui, un État laïc sans aucune religion officielle , les libertés et pratiques religieuses ont été sévèrement restreintes pendant l'ère communiste, toutes les formes de culte étant interdites. En 1945, la loi sur la réforme agraire a entraîné la nationalisation de vastes étendues de biens appartenant à des groupes religieux, principalement les waqfs ainsi que les domaines des mosquées, des tekkes, des monastères et des diocèses. De nombreux croyants, ainsi que les ulémas et de nombreux prêtres, ont été arrêtés et exécutés. En 1949, un nouveau décret sur les communautés religieuses exigeait que toutes leurs activités soient sanctionnées par l'État seul. [104]
Après la destruction de centaines de mosquées et de dizaines de bibliothèques islamiques contenant des manuscrits inestimables, Hoxha a proclamé l'Albanie le premier État athée du monde en 1967. [105] [106] Les églises n'avaient pas été épargnées non plus et beaucoup ont été converties en centres culturels pour les jeunes. Une loi de 1967 interdisait toute activité et propagande fascistes, religieuses et antisocialistes. La prédication de la religion était passible de trois à dix ans de prison.
Néanmoins, de nombreux Albanais ont continué à pratiquer leurs croyances en secret. La politique anti-religieuse de Hoxha a atteint son expression juridique et politique la plus fondamentale une décennie plus tard : « L'État ne reconnaît aucune religion », déclare la constitution de 1976, « et soutient et mène une propagande athée afin d'implanter une vision scientifique du monde matérialiste dans personnes". [106]
Quatrième République
Après quarante ans de communisme et d' isolement ainsi que les révolutions de 1989 , les gens, notamment les étudiants, sont devenus politiquement actifs et ont fait campagne contre le gouvernement qui a conduit à la transformation de l'ordre existant. Suite au soutien populaire lors des premières élections multipartites de 1991 , les communistes conservèrent un bastion au parlement jusqu'à la victoire aux élections législatives de 1992 conduites par le Parti démocrate . [107]
Des ressources économiques et financières considérables ont été consacrées à des systèmes pyramidaux largement soutenus par le gouvernement. Les régimes ont balayé quelque part entre un sixième et un tiers de la population du pays. [108] [109] Malgré les avertissements du Fonds monétaire international , Sali Berisha a défendu les stratagèmes en tant que grandes entreprises d'investissement, amenant davantage de personnes à rediriger leurs envois de fonds et à vendre leurs maisons et leur bétail contre de l'argent à déposer dans les stratagèmes. [110]
Les stratagèmes ont commencé à s'effondrer à la fin de 1996, amenant de nombreux investisseurs à se joindre à des manifestations initialement pacifiques contre le gouvernement, demandant le remboursement de leur argent. Les manifestations sont devenues violentes en février 1997 lorsque les forces gouvernementales ont riposté en tirant sur les manifestants. En mars, la police et la garde républicaine ont déserté, laissant leurs armureries ouvertes. Ceux-ci ont été rapidement vidés par les milices et les gangs criminels. La guerre civile qui en a résulté a provoqué une vague d'évacuations de ressortissants étrangers et de réfugiés. [111]
La crise a conduit Aleksandër Meksi et Sali Berisha à démissionner de leurs fonctions à la suite des élections législatives. En avril 1997, l' opération Alba , une force de maintien de la paix de l'ONU dirigée par l'Italie, est entrée dans le pays avec deux objectifs exclusivement d'aider à l'évacuation des expatriés et de sécuriser le terrain pour les organisations internationales. La principale organisation internationale qui a été impliqué était l' Union de l' Europe occidentale de » multinationale de police albanaise élément, qui a travaillé avec le gouvernement pour restructurer le système judiciaire et en même temps la police albanaise.
Contemporain
Suite à la désintégration du système communiste , l'Albanie s'est concentrée sur un processus actif d' occidentalisation dans le but d'adhérer à l' Union européenne (UE) et à l'Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN). [113] En 2009, le pays, avec la Croatie , est devenu membre actif pour l'adhésion à l'OTAN, devenant simultanément parmi les premiers pays d'Europe du Sud-Est à entrer dans le programme de partenariat pour la paix. [114] [115] En dehors de celui-ci, il a également déposé une demande d'adhésion à l'Union européenne le 28 avril 2009 bien qu'il ait reçu, sur sa demande, un statut de candidat officielle 24 juin 2014. [116] [117]
Entre 2013 et 2017, Edi Rama du Parti socialiste a remporté les élections législatives de 2013 et 2017 . En tant que Premier ministre , il a mis en œuvre de nombreuses réformes axées sur la modernisation de l' économie , ainsi que sur la démocratisation des institutions de l'État, notamment le système judiciaire et le maintien de l'ordre du pays . Le chômage a été régulièrement réduit tout en ayant le 4ème taux de chômage le plus bas des Balkans. [118] Rama a également placé l'égalité des sexesau centre de son agenda, depuis 2017, près de 50% des ministres sont des femmes, ce qui en fait le plus grand nombre de femmes siégeant dans l'histoire du pays. [119]
Le 26 novembre 2019, un séisme de magnitude 6,4 a ravagé l'Albanie avec l' épicentre situé à 16 km (10 mi) au sud-ouest de la ville de Mamurras . [120] La secousse a été ressentie à Tirana et dans des endroits aussi éloignés que Tarente , en Italie, et Belgrade , en Serbie, tandis que les zones les plus touchées étaient la ville côtière de Durrës et Kodër-Thumanë . [121] La réponse au tremblement de terre comprenait une aide humanitaire substantielle, conçue pour aider le peuple albanais, de la diaspora albanaise et de plusieurs pays du monde . [122]
Le 9 mars 2020, la propagation de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) a été confirmée en Albanie. [123] [124] De mars à juin 2020, le gouvernement a déclaré l' état d'urgence comme mesure visant à limiter la propagation rapide de la pandémie dans le pays. [125] [126] [127] La campagne de vaccination du pays contre le COVID-19 a commencé le 11 janvier 2021, cependant, au 11 août 2021, le nombre total de vaccins administrés à ce jour en Albanie s'élève à 1 280 239 doses. [128] [129]
Le 27 avril 2021 lors des élections législatives de 2021 , le Parti socialiste au pouvoir dirigé par Edi Rama a remporté sa troisième victoire consécutive, remportant près de la moitié des voix et suffisamment de sièges au parlement pour gouverner seul. [130] [131]
Géographie
L'Albanie a une superficie de 28 748 km 2 (11 100 milles carrés) et est située sur la péninsule balkanique en Europe du Sud et du Sud -Est . [132] Son littoral fait face à la mer Adriatique au nord-ouest et à la mer Ionienne au sud-ouest le long de la mer Méditerranée . L'Albanie se situe entre les latitudes 42° et 39° N , et les longitudes 21° et 19° E . Son point le plus au nord est Vërmosh à 42° 35' 34" de latitude nord; le plus au sud est Konispol à 39° 40' 0" de latitude nord; le point le plus à l'ouest estSazan à 19° 16' 50" de longitude est ; et le point le plus à l'est est Vërnik à 21° 1' 26" de longitude est. [133] Le point culminant est le mont Korab à 2 764 m (9 068,24 pi) au-dessus de l'Adriatique ; le point le plus bas est la mer Méditerranée à 0 m (0,00 pi). La distance d'est en ouest est de 148 km (92 mi) et du nord au sud d'environ 340 km (211 mi).
Pour un petit pays, une grande partie de l'Albanie s'élève dans des montagnes et des collines qui s'étendent dans des directions différentes sur toute la longueur et la largeur de son territoire. Les chaînes de montagnes les plus étendues sont les Alpes albanaises au nord, les montagnes de Korab à l'est, les montagnes du Pinde au sud-est, les montagnes Cérauniennes au sud-ouest et les montagnes Skanderbeg au centre.
La caractéristique la plus remarquable du pays est peut-être la présence de nombreux lacs importants. Le lac de Shkodër est le plus grand lac d' Europe du Sud et situé au nord-ouest. [134] Au sud - est s'élève le lac d'Ohrid , l'un des plus anciens lacs du monde. [135] [136] Plus au sud s'étend le Grand et le Petit Lac de Prespa, qui sont parmi les lacs les plus élevés des Balkans. Les rivières montent principalement à l'est de l'Albanie et se jettent dans la mer Adriatique, mais aussi dans la mer Ionienne dans une moindre mesure. Le plus long fleuve du pays, mesuré de son embouchure à sa source, est le Drin qui prend sa source au confluent de ses deux sources, le Drin Noir et le Drin Blanc . La Vjosë , qui représente l'un des derniers grands systèmes fluviaux intacts d'Europe, est particulièrement préoccupante .
Climat
Le climat du pays est extrêmement variable et diversifié en raison des différences de latitude, de longitude et d'altitude. [137] [138] L' Albanie connaît principalement un climat méditerranéen et continental , avec quatre saisons distinctes. [139] Définie par la classification de Köppen , elle accueille cinq grands types climatiques allant de méditerranéen et subtropical dans la moitié occidentale à océanique , continental et subarctique dans la moitié orientale de l'Albanie.
Les zones les plus chaudes du pays se situent immédiatement le long des côtes de l' Adriatique et de la mer Ionienne . Au contraire, les zones les plus froides se situent dans les hautes terres du nord et de l' est . [140] La température mensuelle moyenne varie entre -1 °C (30 °F ) en hiver et 21,8 °C (71,2 °F) en été. La température la plus élevée de 43,9 °C (111,0 °F) a été enregistrée à Kuçovë le 18 juillet 1973. La température la plus basse de −29 °C (−20 °F) a été enregistrée dans le village de Shtyllë, Librazhd le 9 janvier 2017. [ 141] [142]
Les précipitations varient naturellement d'une saison à l'autre et d'une année à l'autre. Le pays reçoit la plupart des précipitations pendant les mois d'hiver et moins pendant les mois d'été. [138] La précipitation moyenne est d'environ 1 485 millimètres (58,5 pouces). [140] Les précipitations annuelles moyennes varient entre 600 millimètres (24 pouces) et 3 000 millimètres (120 pouces) selon la situation géographique. [139] Les hautes terres du nord - ouest et du sud - est reçoivent la plus grande quantité de précipitations, tandis que les hautes terres du nord - est et du sud - ouest ainsi que les basses terres de l' ouest reçoivent la quantité la plus limitée. [140]
Les Alpes albanaises dans l'extrême nord du pays sont considérées comme l'une des régions les plus humides d'Europe, recevant au moins 3 100 mm (122,0 po) de pluie par an. [140] Une expédition de l' Université du Colorado a découvert quatre glaciers dans ces montagnes à une altitude relativement basse de 2 000 mètres (6 600 pieds), ce qui est extrêmement rare pour une telle latitude méridionale. [143] Les chutes de neige se produisent fréquemment en hiver dans les hautes terres du pays, en particulier sur les montagnes du nord et de l'est, y compris les Alpes albanaises et les montagnes de Korab . La neige tombe également sur les zones côtières du sud-ouest presque chaque hiver, comme dans leMontagnes Cérauniennes , où il peut se trouver même au-delà de mars.
Biodiversité
Un point chaud de la biodiversité , l' Albanie possède une richesse exceptionnelle et contrastant la biodiversité en raison de sa situation géographique au centre de la mer Méditerranée et la grande diversité de ses climatiques , géologiques et hydrologiques conditions. [144] [145] En raison de l'éloignement, les montagnes et les collines d'Albanie sont dotées de forêts, d'arbres et d'herbes essentielles à la vie d'une grande variété d'animaux, entre autres pour deux des espèces les plus menacées du pays, le lynx et l' ours brun , ainsi que le chat sauvage , le loup gris, renard roux , chacal doré , vautour percnoptère et aigle royal , ce dernier constituant l'animal national du pays. [146] [147] [148] [149]
Les estuaires, les zones humides et les lacs sont extrêmement importants pour le flamant rose , le cormoran pygmée et l'oiseau extrêmement rare et peut-être le plus emblématique du pays, le pélican dalmatien . [150] Le phoque moine méditerranéen , la tortue caouanne et la tortue verte qui nichent dans les eaux côtières et les côtes du pays sont d'une importance particulière .
En termes de phytogéographie , l' Albanie fait partie du royaume boréal et s'étend spécifiquement dans la province illyrienne de la région circumboréale et méditerranéenne . Son territoire peut être subdivisé en quatre terrestres écorégions du domaine Paléarctique à savoir dans les forêts de feuillus illyriennes , forêts mixtes des Balkans , Pinde Montagnes forêts mixtes et dinariques Montagnes forêts mixtes . [151] [152]
Approximately 3,500 different species of plants can be found in Albania which refers principally to a Mediterranean and Eurasian character. The country maintains a vibrant tradition of herbal and medicinal practices. At the minimum 300 plants growing locally are used in the preparation of herbs and medicines.[153] The trees within the forests are primarily made up of fir, oak, beech and pine.
Protected areas
The protected areas of Albania are areas designated and managed by the Albanian government. There are 15 national parks, 4 ramsar sites, 1 biosphere reserve and 786 other types of conservation reserves.[154] Albania has fifteen officially designated national parks scattered across its territory.[155] Encircled by numerous two-thousanders, Valbonë Valley National Park and Theth National Park cover a combined territory of 106.3 square kilometres (41.0 sq mi) within the rugged Albanian Alps in northern Albania. Shebenik-Jabllanicë National Park and Prespa National Park protect the mountainous scenery of eastern Albania as well as the country's sections of the Great and Small Lakes of Prespa.
Divjakë-Karavasta National Park extends along the central Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast and possesses one of the largest lagoons in the Mediterranean Sea, the Lagoon of Karavasta. The Ceraunian Mountains in southern Albania, rising immediately along the Albanian Ionian Sea Coast, characterises the topographical picture of Llogara National Park and continue on the Peninsula of Karaburun within the Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park. Further south sprawls the Butrint National Park on a peninsula that is surrounded by the Lake of Butrint and Channel of Vivari on the eastern half of the Straits of Corfu. Dajti National Park is equipped with a cable car and trails to some spectacular scenery is a popular retreat in the capital, Tirana.
Environmental issues
Environmental issues in Albania include air and water pollution, climate change, waste management, biodiversity loss and nature conservation.[156][157] Climate change is predicted to have serious effects on the living conditions in Albania.[158] The country is recognised as vulnerable to climate change impacts, ranked 80 among 181 countries in the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index of 2019.[159] Factors that account for the country's vulnerability to climate change risks include geological and hydrological hazards, including earthquakes, flooding, fires, landslides, torrential rains, river and coastal erosion.[160][161]
As a party to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, Albania is committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 45% and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 which, along with national policies, will help to mitigate the impacts of the climate change.[162] The country has a moderate and improving performance in the Environmental Performance Index with an overall ranking of 62 out of 180 countries in 2020.[163] Albania's ranking has however decreased since its highest placement at position 15 in the Environmental Performance Index of 2012.[164] In 2019, Albania had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.77 from 10, ranking it 64th globally out of 172 countries.[165]
Governance
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| Ilir Meta President |
Edi Rama Prime Minister |
Albania is a parliamentary constitutional republic and sovereign state whose politics operate under a framework laid out in the constitution wherein the president functions as the head of state and the prime minister as the head of government.[166] The sovereignty is vested in the Albanian people and exercised by the Albanian people through their representatives or directly.[166]
The government is based on the separation and balancing of powers among the legislative, judiciary and executive.[166] The legislative power is held by the parliament and is elected every four years by a system of party-list proportional representation by the Albanian people on the basis of free, equal, universal and periodic suffrage by secret ballot.[166]
The civil law, codified and based on the Napoleonic Code, is divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts. The judicial power is vested in the supreme court, constitutional court, appeal court and administrative court.[167] Law enforcement in the country is primarily the responsibility of the Albanian Police, the main and largest state law enforcement agency. It carries out nearly all general police duties including criminal investigation, patrol activity, traffic policing and border control.
The executive power is exercised by the president and prime minister whereby the power of the president is very limited. The president is the commander-in-chief of the military and the representative of the unity of the Albanian people.[168] The tenure of the president depends on the confidence of the parliament and is elected for a five-year term by the parliament by a majority of three-fifths of all its members. The prime minister, appointed by the president and approved by the parliament, is authorized to constitute the cabinet. The cabinet is composed primarily of the prime minister inclusively its deputies and ministers.[169]
Foreign relations
In the time since the end of communism and isolationism, Albania has extended its responsibilities and position in continental and international affairs, developing and establishing friendly relations with other countries around the world. The country's foreign policy priorities are its accession into the European Union (EU), the international recognition of Kosovo and the expulsion of Cham Albanians, as well as helping and protecting the rights of the Albanians in Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Greece, Serbia, Italy and the Diaspora.[171]
Albania's admission into the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) was considered by Albanian politicians to be a significant ambition for the country's foreign policy. The country has been extensively engaged with the NATO and has maintained its position as a stability factor and a strong ally of the United States and the European Union (EU) in the region of the Balkans. Albania maintains strong ties with the United States ever after it supported the Albania's independence and democracy.[172] Nowadays, both countries have signed a number of agreements and treaties. In 2007, Albania welcomed George W. Bush who became the first President of the United States ever to visit the country.
Albania and Kosovo are culturally, socially and economically very closely rooted due to the Albanian majority population in Kosovo. In 1998, the country contributed in supporting allied efforts to end the humanitarian tragedy in Kosovo and secure the peace after the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.
Albania has been an active member of the United Nations since 1955. They country took on membership for the United Nations Economic and Social Council from 2005 to 2007 as well as in 2012.[173] It served as vice president of the ECOSOC in 2006 and 2013.[173] In 2014, it also joined the United Nations Human Rights Council from 2015 to 2017 and was elected vice president in 2015.[174] Albania is a full member of numerous international organisations inclusively the Council of Europe, International Organisation for Migration, World Health Organization, Union for the Mediterranean, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization and La Francophonie.
Military
The Albanian Armed Forces consist of Land, Air and Naval Forces and constitute the military and paramilitary forces of the country. They are led by a commander-in-chief under the supervision of the Ministry of Defence and by the President as the supreme commander during wartime however, in times of peace its powers are executed through the Prime Minister and the Defence Minister.[175]
The chief purpose of the armed forces of Albania is the defence of the independence, the sovereignty and the territorial integrity of the country, as well as the participation in humanitarian, combat, non-combat and peace support operations.[175] Military service is voluntary since 2010 with the age of 19 being the legal minimum age for the duty.[176][177]
Albania has committed to increase the participations in multinational operations.[178] Since the fall of communism, the country has participated in six international missions but participated in only one United Nations mission in Georgia, where it sent 3 military observers. Since February 2008, Albania has participated officially in NATO's Operation Active Endeavor in the Mediterranean Sea.[179] It was invited to join NATO on 3 April 2008, and it became a full member on 2 April 2009.[180]
Albania reduced the number of active troops from 65,000 in 1988 to 14,500 in 2009.[181][182] The military now consists mainly of a small fleet of aircraft and sea vessels. In the 1990s, the country scrapped enormous amounts of obsolete hardware from China, such as tanks and SAM systems. Increasing the military budget was one of the most important conditions for NATO integration. Military spending has generally been low. As of 1996 military spending was an estimated 1.5% of the country's GDP, only to peak in 2009 at 2% and fall again to 1.5%.[183]
Administrative divisions
Albania is defined within a territorial area of 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi) in the Balkan Peninsula. The country is divided into three regions, the Northern, Central and Southern Region, which consist of a number of counties (qarqe) and municipalities (bashkia). The highest level of administrative divisions are the twelve constituent counties, all with the same status.[184] They are further subdivided into 61 municipalities with each of them being responsible for geographical, economic, social and cultural purposes inside the counties.[185]
The counties were created on 31 July 2000 to replace the 36 former districts.[186][187] The government introduced the new administrative divisions to be implemented in 2015, whereby municipalities were reduced to 61, while the rurals were abolished. The defunct municipalities are known as neighborhoods or villages.[188][189] There are overall 2980 villages or communities in the entire country, formerly known as localities. The municipalities are the first level of local governance, responsible for local needs and law enforcement.[190][191][192]
The largest county in Albania, by population, is Tirana County with over 800,000 people. The smallest county, by population, is Gjirokastër County with over 70,000 people. The largest in the county, by area, is Korçë County encompassing 3,711 square kilometres (1,433 sq mi) of the southeast of Albania. The smallest county, by area, is Durrës County with an area of 766 square kilometres (296 sq mi) in the west of Albania.
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Economy
The transition from a socialist planned economy to a capitalist mixed economy in Albania has been largely successful.[195] The country has a developing mixed economy classified by the World Bank as an upper-middle income economy. In 2016, it had the 4th lowest unemployment rate in the Balkans with an estimated value of 14.7%. Its largest trading partners are Italy, Greece, China, Spain, Kosovo and the United States. The lek (ALL) is the country's currency and is pegged at approximately 132,51 lek per euro.
The cities of Tirana and Durrës constitute the economic and financial heart of Albania due to their high population, modern infrastructure and strategic geographical location. The country's most important infrastructure facilities take course through both of the cities, connecting the north to the south as well as the west to the east. Among the largest companies are the petroleum Taçi Oil, Albpetrol, ARMO and Kastrati, the mineral AlbChrome, the cement Antea, the investment BALFIN Group and the technology Albtelecom, Vodafone, Telekom Albania and others.
In 2012, Albania's GDP per capita stood at 30% of the European Union average, while GDP (PPP) per capita was 35%.[196] Albania was one of three countries in Europe to record an economic growth in the first quarter of 2010 after the global financial crisis.[197][198] The International Monetary Fund predicted 2.6% growth for Albania in 2010 and 3.2% in 2011.[199] According to Forbes, as of December 2016[update], the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was growing at 2.8%. The country had a trade balance of −9.7% and unemployment rate of 14.7%.[200] The Foreign direct investment has increased significantly in recent years as the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The economy is expected to expand in the near term, driven by a recovery in consumption and robust investments. Growth is projected to be 3.2% in 2016, 3.5% in 2017, and 3.8% in 2018.
Primary sector
Agriculture in the country is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. It remains a significant sector of the economy of Albania. It employs 41%[201] of the population, and about 24.31% of the land is used for agricultural purposes. One of the earliest farming sites in Europe has been found in the southeast of the country.[202] As part of the pre-accession process of Albania to the European Union, farmers are being aided through IPA funds to improve Albanian agriculture standards.[203]
Albania produces significant amounts of fruits (apples, olives, grapes, oranges, lemons, apricots, peaches, cherries, figs, sour cherries, plums, and strawberries), vegetables (potatoes, tomatoes, maize, onions, and wheat), sugar beets, tobacco, meat, honey, dairy products, traditional medicine and aromatic plants. Further, the country is a worldwide significant producer of salvia, rosemary and yellow gentian.[204] The country's proximity to the Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea give the underdeveloped fishing industry great potential. The World Bank and European Community economists report that, Albania's fishing industry has good potential to generate export earnings because prices in the nearby Greek and Italian markets are many times higher than those in the Albanian market. The fish available off the coasts of the country are carp, trout, sea bream, mussels and crustaceans.
Albania has one of Europe's longest histories of viticulture.[205] The today's region was one of the few places where vine was naturally grown during the ice age. The oldest found seeds in the region are 4,000 to 6,000 years old.[206] In 2009, the nation produced an estimated 17,500 tonnes of wine.[207] During the communist era, the production area expanded to some 20,000 hectares (49,000 acres).[208]
Secondary sector
The secondary sector of Albania have undergone many changes and diversification, since the collapse of the communist regime in the country. It is very diversified, from electronics, manufacturing,[209] textiles, to food, cement, mining,[210] and energy. The Antea Cement plant in Fushë-Krujë is considered one of the largest industrial greenfield investments in the country.[211] Albanian oil and gas is represents of the most promising albeit strictly regulated sectors of its economy. Albania has the second largest oil deposits in the Balkan peninsula after Romania, and the largest oil reserves[212] in Europe. The Albpetrol company is owned by the Albanian state and monitors the state petroleum agreements in the country. The textile industry has seen an extensive expansion by approaching companies from the European Union (EU) in Albania. According to the Institute of Statistics (INSTAT) as of 2016[update], the textile production marked an annual growth of 5.3% and an annual turnover of around 1.5 billion euros.[213]
Albania is a significant minerals producer and is ranked among the world's leading chromium producers and exporters.[214] The nation is also a notable producer of copper, nickel and coal.[215] The Batra mine, Bulqizë mine, and Thekna mine are among the most recognised Albanian mines that are still in operation.
Tertiary sector
The tertiary sector represents the fastest growing sector of the country's economy. 36% of the population work in the service sector which contributes to 65% of the country's GDP.[216] Ever since the end of the 20th century, the banking industry is a major component of the tertiary sector and remains in good conditions overall due to privatization and the commendable monetary policy.[217][216]
Previously one of the most isolated and controlled countries in the world, telecommunication industry represents nowadays another major contributor to the sector. It developed largely through privatisation and subsequent investment by both domestic and foreign investors.[216] Eagle, Vodafone and Telekom Albania are the leading telecommunications service providers in the country.
Tourism is recognised as an industry of national importance and has been steadily increasing since the beginnings of the 21st century.[218][219] It directly accounted for 8.4% of GDP in 2016 though including indirect contributions pushes the proportion to 26%.[220] In the same year, the country received approximately 4.74 million visitors mostly from across Europe and the United States as well.[221]
The increase of foreign visitors has been dramatic. Albania had only 500,000 visitors in 2005, while in 2012 had an estimated 4.2 million, an increase of 740 percent in only 7 years. In 2015, tourism in summer increased by 25 percent in contrast the previous year according to the country's tourism agency.[222] In 2011, Lonely Planet named as a top travel destination,[223][failed verification] while The New York Times placed Albania as number 4 global touristic destination in 2014.[224]
The bulk of the tourist industry is concentrated along the Adriatic and Ionian Sea in the west of the country. However, the Albanian Riviera in the southwest has the most scenic and pristine beaches, and is often called the pearl of the Albanian coast. Its coastline has a considerable length of 446 kilometres (277 miles).[225] The coast has a particular character because it is rich in varieties of virgin beaches, capes, coves, covered bays, lagoons, small gravel beaches, sea caves and many landforms. Some parts of this seaside are very clean ecologically, which represent in this prospective unexplored areas, which are very rare within the Mediterranean.[226] Other attractions include the mountainous areas such as the Albanian Alps, Ceraunian Mountains and Korab Mountains but also the historical cities of Berat, Durrës, Gjirokastër, Sarandë, Shkodër and Korçë.
Transport
Transportation in Albania is managed within the functions of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy and entities such as the Albanian Road Authority (ARRSH), responsible for the construction and maintenance of the highways and motorways in Albania, as well as the Albanian Aviation Authority (AAC), with the responsibility of coordinating civil aviation and airports in the country.
The international airport of Tirana is the premier air gateway to the country, and is also the principal hub for Albania's national flag carrier airline, Air Albania. The airport carried more than 3.3 million passengers in 2019 with connections to many destinations in other countries around Europe, Africa and Asia.[227] The country plans to progressively increase the number of airports especially in the south with possible locations in Sarandë, Gjirokastër and Vlorë.[228]
The highways and motorways in Albania are properly maintained and often still under construction and renovation. The Autostrada 1 (A1) represents an integral transportation corridor in Albania and the longest motorway of the country. It will prospectively link Durrës on the Adriatic Sea across Pristina in Kosovo with the Pan-European Corridor X in Serbia.[229][230] The Autostrada 2 (A2) is part of the Adriatic–Ionian Corridor as well as the Pan-European Corridor VIII and connects Fier with Vlorë.[229] The Autostrada 3 (A3) is currently under construction and will connect, after its completion, Tirana and Elbasan with the Pan-European Corridor VIII. When all three corridors are completed, Albania will have an estimated 759 kilometres (472 mi) of highway linking it with all of its neighboring countries.
Durrës is the busiest and largest seaport in the country, followed by Vlorë, Shëngjin and Sarandë. As of 2014[update], it is as one of the largest passenger ports on the Adriatic Sea with annual passenger volume of approximately 1.5 million. The principal ports serve a system of ferries connecting Albania with numerous islands and coastal cities in Croatia, Greece and Italy.
The rail network is administered by the national railway company Hekurudha Shqiptare which was extensively promoted by the dictator Enver Hoxha. There has been a considerable increase in private car ownership and bus usage while rail use decreased since the end of communism. However, a new railway line from Tirana and its airport to Durrës is currently planned. The specific location of this railway, connecting the most populated urban areas in Albania, merely makes it an important economic development project.[231][232]
Infrastructure
Education
In the country, education is secular, free, compulsory and based on three levels of education segmented in primary, secondary and tertiary education.[233][234] The academic year is apportioned into two semesters beginning in September or October, and ending in June or July. Albanian serves as the primary language of instruction in all academic institutions across the country.[234] The study of a first foreign language is mandatory and taught most often at elementary and bilingual schools.[235] The languages taught in schools are English, Italian, French and German.[235] The country has a school life expectancy of 16 years and a literacy rate of 98.7%, with 99.2% for males and 98.3% for females.[236][7]
Compulsory primary education is divided into two levels, elementary and secondary school, from grade one to five and six to nine, respectively.[233] Pupils are required to attend school from the age of six until they turn 16. Upon successful completion of primary education, all pupils are entitled to attend high schools with specialising in any particular field including arts, sports, languages, sciences or technology.[233]
The country's tertiary education, an optional stage of formal learning following secondary education, has undergone a thorough reformation and restructuring in compliance with the principles of the Bologna Process. There is a significant number of private and public institutions of higher education well dispersed in the major cities of Albania.[237][234] Studies in tertiary education are organized at three successive levels which include the bachelor, master and doctorate.
Health
The constitution of Albania guarantees equal, free and universal health care for all its citizens.[239] The health care system of the country is currently organised in three levels, among others primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare, and is in a process of modernisation and development.[240][241] The life expectancy at birth in Albania is at 77.8 years and ranks 37th in the world outperforming several developed countries.[242] The average healthy life expectancy is at 68.8 years and ranks as well 37th in the world.[243] The country's infant mortality rate is estimated at 12 per 1,000 live births in 2015. In 2000, the country had the 55th best healthcare performance in the world, as defined by the World Health Organization.[244]
Cardiovascular disease remain the principal cause of death in the country accounting 52% of total deaths.[240] Accidents, injuries, malignant and respiratory diseases are other primary causes of death.[240] Neuropsychiatric disease has also increased due to recent demographic, social and economic changes in the country.[240]
In 2009, the country had a fruit and vegetable supply of 886 grams per capita per day, the fifth highest supply in Europe.[245] In comparison to other developed and developing countries, Albania has a relatively low rate of obesity probably thanks to the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet.[246][247] According to World Health Organization data from 2016, 21.7% of adults in the country are clinically overweight, with a Body mass index (BMI) score of 25 or more.[248]
Energy
Due to its geographical location and natural resources, Albania has a wide variety of energy resources ranging from gas, oil and coal, to wind, solar and water as well as other renewable sources.[249][250] Currently, the electricity generation sector of Albania is dependent on hydroelectricity simultaneously ranking fifth in the world in percentage terms.[251][252][253] The Drin, located in the north, hosts four hydroelectric power stations, including Fierza, Koman, Skavica and Vau i Dejës. Two other power stations, such as the Banjë and Moglicë, are located along the Devoll in the south.[254]
Albania has considerably large deposits of oil. It has the 10th largest oil reserves in Europe and the 58th in the world.[255] The country's main petroleum deposits are located around the Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast and Myzeqe Plain within the Western Lowlands, where the country's largest reserve is located. Patos-Marinza, also located within the area, is the largest onshore oil field in Europe.[256]
After the completion of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), Albania will be significantly connected to the planned Southern Gas Corridor, that will transport natural gas from the Caspian Sea through Albania to Europe.[257] Withal the TAP runs for 215 kilometres (134 miles) across Albania's territory before entering the Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast approximately 17 kilometres (11 miles) northwest of Fier.[258] In 2009, the company Enel announced plans to build an 800 MW coal-fired power plant in the country, to diversify electricity sources.[259]
The water resources of Albania are particularly abundant in all the regions of the country and comprise lakes, rivers, springs and groundwater aquifers.[260] The country's available average quantity of fresh water is estimated at 1,297 cubic metres (45,803 cubic feet) per inhabitant per year, which is one of the highest rates in Europe.[261] According to the data presented by the Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) in 2015, about 93% of the country's total population had access to improved sanitation.[262]
Technology
After the fall of communism in 1991, human resources in sciences and technology in Albania have drastically decreased. As of various reports, during 1991 to 2005 approximately 50% of the professors and scientists of the universities and science institutions in the country have left Albania.[263] In 2009, the government approved the National Strategy for Science, Technology and Innovation in Albania covering the period 2009 to 2015.[264] It aims to triple public spending on research and development to 0.6% of GDP and augment the share of GDE from foreign sources, including the framework programmes for research of the European Union, to the point where it covers 40% of research spending, among others. Albania was ranked 83rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2019 and 2020.[265][266][267][268]
Telecommunication represents one of the fastest growing and dynamic sectors in Albania.[269][270] Vodafone Albania, Telekom Albania and Albtelecom are the three large providers of mobile and internet in Albania.[269] As of the Electronic and Postal Communications Authority (AKEP) in 2018, the country had approximately 2.7 million active mobile users with almost 1.8 million active broadband subscribers.[271] Vodafone Albania alone served more than 931,000 mobile users, Telekom Albania had about 605,000 users and Albtelecom had more than 272,000 users.[271]
Demography
As defined by the Institute of Statistics (INSTAT), the population of Albania was estimated in 2020 at 2,845,955.[272] The country's total fertility rate of 1.51 children born per woman is one of the lowest in the world.[273] Its population density stands at 259 inhabitants per square kilometre. The overall life expectancy at birth is 78.5 years; 75.8 years for males and 81.4 years for females.[273] The country is the 8th most populous country in the Balkans and ranks as the 137th most populous country in the world. The country's population rose steadily from 2.5 million in 1979 until 1989, when it peaked at 3.1 million.[274] It is forecast that the population will continue shrinking for the next decade at least, depending on the actual birth rate and the level of net migration.[275]
The explanation for the recent population decrease is the fall of communism in Albania in the late twentieth century. That period was marked by economic mass emigration from Albania to Greece, Italy and the United States. Four decades of total isolation from the world, combined with its disastrous economic, social and political situation, had caused this exodus. The external migration was prohibited outright during the communist era, while internal migration was quite limited, hence this was a new phenomenon. At least 900,000 people left Albania during this period, with about 600,000 of them settling in Greece.[276] The migration affected the country's internal population distribution. It decreased particularly in the north and south, while it increased in the center within the cities of Tirana and Durrës.[citation needed]
About 53.4% of the country's population lives in cities. The three largest counties by population account for half of the total population. Almost 30% of the total population is found in Tirana County followed by Fier County with 11% and Durrës County with 10%.[277] Over 1 million people are concentrated in Tirana and Durrës, making it the largest urban area in Albania.[278] Tirana is one of largest cities in the Balkan Peninsula and ranks seventh with a population about 400,000. The second largest city in the country by population is Durrës, with a population of 113,000, followed by Vlorë with a population of 104,513.
| The country's largest urban areas by population as of 2011[update].[279] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | City | Population | # | City | Population | ||
| 1 | Tirana | 418,495 | 11 | Kavajë | 20,192 | ||
| 2 | Durrës | 113,249 | 12 | Gjirokastër | 19,836 | ||
| 3 | Vlorë | 79,513 | 13 | Sarandë | 17,233 | ||
| 4 | Elbasan | 78,703 | 14 | Laç | 17,086 | ||
| 5 | Shkodër | 77,075 | 15 | Kukës | 16,719 | ||
| 6 | Fier | 55,845 | 16 | Patos | 15,937 | ||
| 7 | Korçë | 51,152 | 17 | Lezhë | 15,510 | ||
| 8 | Berat | 32,606 | 18 | Peshkopi | 13,251 | ||
| 9 | Lushnjë | 31,105 | 19 | Kuçovë | 12,654 | ||
| 10 | Pogradec | 20,848 | 20 | Krujë | 11,721 | ||
Minorities
Issues of ethnicity are a delicate topic and subject to debate. Contrary to official statistics that show an over 97 per cent Albanian majority in the country, minority groups (such as Greeks, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Roma and Aromanians) have frequently disputed the official numbers, asserting a higher percentage of the country's population. According to the disputed 2011 census, ethnic affiliation was as follows: Albanians 2,312,356 (82.6% of the total), Greeks 24,243 (0.9%), Macedonians 5,512 (0.2%), Montenegrins 366 (0.01%), Aromanians 8,266 (0.30%), Romani 8,301 (0.3%), Balkan Egyptians 3,368 (0.1%), other ethnicities 2,644 (0.1%), no declared ethnicity 390,938 (14.0%), and not relevant 44,144 (1.6%).[2] On the quality of the specific data the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities stated that "the results of the census should be viewed with the utmost caution and calls on the authorities not to rely exclusively on the data on nationality collected during the census in determining its policy on the protection of national minorities.".[280]
Albania recognises nine national or cultural minorities: Aromanian, Greek, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serb, Roma, Egyptian, Bosnian and Bulgarian peoples.[281] Other Albanian minorities are the Gorani people and Jews.[282] Regarding the Greeks, "it is difficult to know how many Greeks there are in Albania". The estimates vary between 60,000 and 300,000 ethnic Greeks in Albania. According to Ian Jeffries, most of Western sources put the number at around 200,000. The 300,000 mark is supported by Greek government as well.[283][284][285][286][287] The CIA World Factbook estimates the Greek minority to constitute 0.9%[288] of the total population. The US State Department estimates that Greeks make up 1.17%, and other minorities 0.23%, of the population.[289] The latter questions the validity of the census data about the Greek minority, due to the fact that measurements have been affected by boycott.[290]
Macedonians and some Greek minority groups have sharply criticised Article 20 of the Census law, according to which a $1,000 fine will be imposed on anyone who will declare an ethnicity other than what is stated on his or her birth certificate. This is claimed to be an attempt to intimidate minorities into declaring Albanian ethnicity; according to them the Albanian government has stated that it will jail anyone who does not participate in the census or refuse to declare his or her ethnicity.[291] Genc Pollo, the minister in charge has declared that: "Albanian citizens will be able to freely express their ethnic and religious affiliation and mother tongue. However, they are not forced to answer these sensitive questions".[292] The amendments criticized do not include jailing or forced declaration of ethnicity or religion; only a fine is envisioned which can be overthrown by court.[293][294]
Greek representatives form part of the Albanian parliament and the government has invited Albanian Greeks to register, as the only way to improve their status.[295] On the other hand, nationalists, various organisations and political parties in Albania have expressed their concern that the census might artificially increase the numbers of the Greek minority, which might be then exploited by Greece to threaten Albania's territorial integrity.[295][296][297][298][299][300][301]
Language
The official language of the country is Albanian which is spoken by the vast majority of the country's population.[302] Its standard spoken and written form is revised and merged from the two main dialects, Gheg and Tosk, though it is notably based more on the Tosk dialect. The Shkumbin river is the rough dividing line between the two dialects. Also a dialect of Greek that preserves features now lost in standard modern Greek is spoken in areas inhabited by the Greek minority. Other languages spoken by ethnic minorities in Albania include Aromanian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Gorani, and Roma.[303] Macedonian is official in the Pustec Municipality in East Albania. According to the 2011 population census, 2,765,610 or 98.8% of the population declared Albanian as their mother tongue (mother tongue is defined as the first or main language spoken at home during childhood).[2]
In recent years, the shrinking number of pupils in schools dedicated to the Greek minority has caused problems for teachers.[304] The Greek language is spoken by an important percentage in the southern part of the country, due to cultural and economic links with adjacent Greece.[305] In a 2017 study carried out by Instat, the Albanian government statistical agency, 39.9% of the 25–64 years old is able to use at least one foreign language, with English first at 40.0%, followed by Italian with 27.8% and Greek with 22.9%.[306] Among young people aged 25 or less, English, German and Turkish have seen rising interest after 2000. Italian and French have had a stable interest, while Greek has lost much of its previous interest. The trends are linked with cultural and economic factors.[307]
Greek is the second most-spoken language in the country, with 0.5 to 3% of the population speaking it as first language,[308][309][310] and with two-thirds of mainly Albanian families having at least one member that speaks Greek, most having learned it in the post communist era (1992–present) due to private schools or migration to Greece.[310] Outside of the small designated "minority area" in the south the teaching of Greek was banned during the communist era.[311] As of 2003 Greek was offered at over 100 private tutoring centers all over Albania and at a private school in Tirana, the first of its kind outside Greece.[310]
Young people have shown a growing interest in German language in recent years. Some of them go to Germany for studying or various experiences. Albania and Germany have agreements for cooperating in helping young people of the two countries know both cultures better.[312] Due to a sharp rise in economic relations with Turkey, interest in learning Turkish, in particular among young people, has been growing on a yearly basis. Young people, attracted by economic importance of Turkish investments and common values between the two nations, gain from cultural and academic collaboration of universities.[313]
Religion
Religion in Albania as of the 2011 census conducted by the Institute of Statistics (INSTAT).[314]
As of the 2011 census, there were 1,587,608 (56.7%) Sunni Muslims, 280,921 (10.03%) Roman Catholics, 188,992 (6.75%) Eastern Orthodox, 58,628 (2.09%) Bektashi Muslims, 3,797 (0.14%) Evangelicals, 1,919 (0.07%) other Christians, 602 (0.02%) of other religions and 153,630 (5.49%) believers without denomination in Albania.[314] 69,995 people (2.5%) were irreligious while 386,024 (13.79%) did not declare their religion.[314] Albania is nevertheless ranked among the least religious countries in the world.[315] Religion constitute an important role in the lives of only 39% of the country's population.[316] In another report, 56% considered themselves religious, 30% considered themselves non-religious, while 9% defined themselves as convinced atheists. 80% believed in God and 40% believed in life after death. However, 40% believed in hell, while 42% believed in heaven.[317]
The preliminary results of the 2011 census seemed to give widely different results, with 70% of respondents refusing to declare belief in any of the listed faiths.[318][319] The Albanian Orthodox Church officially refused to recognize the results, claiming that 24% of the total population adhered to its faith.[320][321] Some Muslim Community officials expressed unhappiness with the data claiming that many Muslims were not counted and that the number of adherents numbered some 70% of the Albanian population.[322][323] The Albanian Catholic Bishops Conference also cast doubts on the census, complaining that many of its believers were not contacted.[324] The Muslim Albanians are spread throughout the country. Orthodox and Bektashis are mostly found in the south, whereas Catholics mainly live in the north.[325] In 2008, there were 694 Catholic churches and 425 orthodox churches, 568 mosques and 70 bektashi tekkes in the country.[326][327]
Albania is a secular and religiously diverse country with no official religion and thus, freedom of religion, belief and conscience are guaranteed under the country's constitution.[331]
During classical times, there are thought to have been about seventy Christian families in Durrës, as early as the time of the Apostles.[332] The Archbishopric of Durrës was purportedly founded by Paul the Apostle, while preaching in Illyria and Epirus.[333][334] Meanwhile, in medieval times, the Albanian people first appeared within historical records from the Byzantines. At this point, they were mostly Christianised. Islam arrived for the first time in the late 9th century to the region, when Arabs raided parts of the eastern banks of the Adriatic Sea.[335] It later emerged as the majority religion, during centuries of Ottoman rule,[336] though a significant Christian minority remained.
During modern times, the Albanian republican, monarchic and later communist regimes followed a systematic policy of separating religion from official functions and cultural life. The country has never had an official religion either as a republic or as a kingdom. In the 20th century, the clergy of all faiths was weakened under the monarchy and ultimately eradicated during the 1950s and 1960s, under the state policy of obliterating all organised religion from the territories of Albania. The communist regime persecuted and suppressed religious observance and institutions and entirely banned religion. The country was then officially declared to be the world's first atheist state. Religious freedom has returned, however, since the end of communism.
Islam survived communist era persecution and reemerged in the modern era as a practised religion in Albania.[336] Some smaller Christian sects in Albania include Evangelicals and several Protestant communities including Seventh-day Adventist Church, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses.[337][338][339][340] The first recorded Protestant of Albania was Said Toptani, who travelled around Europe and returned to Tirana in 1853, where he preached Protestantism. Due to that, he was arrested and imprisoned by the Ottoman authorities in 1864. The first evangelical Protestants appeared in the 19th century and the Evangelical Alliance was founded in 1892. Nowadays, it has 160 member congregations from different Protestant denominations. Following mass emigration to Israel after the fall of communism, there are only 200 Albanian Jews left in the country.[341][342]
Culture
Symbols
Albania shares many symbols associated with its history, culture and belief. These include the colours red and black, animals such as the golden eagle living across the country, costumes such as the fustanella, plis and opinga which are worn to special events and celebrations, plants such as the olive and red poppy growing as well across the country.
The flag of Albania is a red flag with a black double-headed eagle positioned in the centre.[343] The red colour used in the flag symbolises the bravery, strength and valour of the Albanian people, while the black colour appears as a symbol of freedom and heroism.[343] The eagle has been used by Albanians since the Middle Ages including the establishment of the Principality of Arbër and by numerous noble ruling families such as the Kastrioti, Muzaka, Thopia and Dukagjini.[344] Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu, who fought and began a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire which halted Ottoman advance into Europe for nearly 25 years, placed the double-headed eagle on his flag and seal.[345][346]
The country's national motto, Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar ("You Albania, you give me honour, you give me the name Albanian"), finds its origins in the Albanian National Awakening. The first to express this motto was Naim Frashëri in his poem Ti Shqipëri më jep nder.[347]
Arts
The artistic history of Albania has been particularly influenced by a multitude of ancient and medieval people, traditions and religions. It covers a broad spectrum with mediums and disciplines that include painting, pottery, sculpture, ceramics and architecture all of them exemplifying a great variety in style and shape, in different regions and period.
The rise of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empire in the Middle Ages was accompanied by a corresponding growth in Christian and Islamic art in the lands of Albania which are apparent in examples of architecture and mosaics throughout the country.[348] Centuries later, the Albanian Renaissance proved crucial to the emancipation of the modern Albanian culture and saw unprecedented developments in all fields of literature and art whereas artists sought to return to the ideals of Impressionism and Romanticism.[349] However, Onufri, Kolë Idromeno, David Selenica, Kostandin Shpataraku and the Zografi Brothers are the most eminent representatives of Albanian art.
The architecture of Albania reflects the legacy of various civilisations tracing back to the classical antiquity. Major cities in Albania have evolved from within the castle to include dwellings, religious and commercial structures, with constant redesigning of town squares and evolution of building techniques. Nowadays, the cities and towns reflect a whole spectrum of various architectural styles. In the 20th century, many historical as well as sacred buildings bearing the ancient influence were demolished during the communist era.[351]
Ancient architecture is found throughout Albania and most visible in Byllis, Amantia, Phoenice, Apollonia, Butrint, Antigonia, Shkodër and Durrës. Considering the long period of rule of the Byzantine Empire, they introduced castles, citadels, churches and monasteries with spectacular wealth of visible murals and frescos. Perhaps the best known examples can be found in the southern Albanian cities and surroundings of Korçë, Berat, Voskopojë and Gjirokastër. Involving the introduction of Ottoman architecture there was a development of mosques and other Islamic buildings, particularly seen in Berat and Gjirokastër.
A productive period of Historicism, Art Nouveau and Neoclassicism merged into the 19th century, best exemplified in Korçë. The 20th century brought new architectural styles such as the modern Italian style, which is present in Tirana such as the Skanderbeg Square and Ministries. It is also present in Shkodër, Vlorë, Sarandë and Durrës. Moreover, other towns received their present-day Albania-unique appearance through various cultural or economic influences.
Socialist classicism arrived during the communist era in Albania after the Second World War. At this period many socialist-styled complexes, wide roads and factories were constructed, while town squares were redesigned and numerous of historic and important buildings demolished. Notable examples of that style include the Mother Teresa Square, Pyramid of Tirana, Palace of Congresses and so on.
Three Albanian archaeological sites are included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These include the ancient remains of Butrint, the medieval Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastër, and Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region site shared with North Macedonia since 2019.[353][354] Furthermore, the royal Illyrian tombs, the remains of Apollonia, the ancient Amphitheatre of Durrës and the Fortress of Bashtovë has been included on the tentative list of Albania.
Cuisine
Throughout the centuries, Albanian cuisine has been widely influenced by Albanian culture, geography and history, and as such, different parts of the country enjoy specific regional cuisines. Cooking traditions especially vary between the north and the south, owing to differing topography and climate that essentially contribute to the excellent growth conditions for a wide array of herbs, fruits, and vegetables.[355]
Albanians produce and use many varieties of fruits such as lemons, oranges, figs, and most notably, olives, which are perhaps the most important element of Albanian cooking. Spices and other herbs such as basil, lavender, mint, oregano, rosemary, and thyme are widely used, as are vegetables such as garlic, onions, peppers, potatoes, tomatoes, as well as legumes of all types.
With a coastline along the Adriatic and Ionian in the Mediterranean Sea, fish, crustaceans, and seafood are a popular and an integral part of the Albanian diet. Otherwise, lamb is the traditional meat for different holidays and religious festivals for both Christians and Muslims, although poultry, beef, and pork are also in plentiful supply.
Tavë kosi ("soured milk casserole") is the national dish of Albania, consisting of lamb and rice baked under a thick, tart veil of yogurt. Fërgesë is another national dish, made up of peppers, tomatoes, and cottage cheese. Pite is also popular, a baked pastry with a filling of a mixture of spinach and gjizë (curd) or mish (ground meat).
Petulla, a traditional fried dough, is also a popular speciality, and is served with powdered sugar or feta cheese and different sorts of fruit jams. Flia consists of multiple crêpe-like layers brushed with cream and served with sour cream. Krofne, similar to Berliner doughnuts, are filled with jam, or chocolate and often eaten during cold winter months.
Coffee is an integral part of the Albanian lifestyle. The country has more coffee houses per capita than any other country in the world.[356] Tea is also enjoyed both at home or outside at cafés, bars, or restaurants. Çaj Mali (Sideritis tea) is enormously beloved, and a part of the daily routine for most Albanians. It is cultivated across Southern Albania and noted for its medicinal properties. Black tea with a slice of lemon and sugar, milk, or honey is also popular.
Albanian wine is also common throughout the country, and has been cultivated for thousands of years. Albania has a long and ancient history of wine production, and belongs to the Old World of wine producing countries.[357][358] Its wine is characterized by its sweet taste and traditionally indigenous varieties.
Media
The freedom of press and speech, and the right to free expression is guaranteed in the constitution of Albania.[359] Albania was ranked 84th on the Press Freedom Index of 2020 compiled by the Reporters Without Borders, with its score steadily declining since 2003.[360] Nevertheless, in the 2020 report of Freedom in the World, the Freedom House classified the freedoms of press and speech in Albania as partly free from political interference and manipulation.[361]
Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH) is the national broadcaster corporation of Albania operating numerous television and radio stations in the country.[362] The three major private broadcaster corporations are Top Channel, Televizioni Klan and Vizion Plus whose content are distributed throughout Albania and beyond its territory in Kosovo and other Albanian-speaking territories.[273]
Albanian cinema has its roots in the 20th century and developed after the country's declaration of independence.[363] The first movie theater exclusively devoted to showing motion pictures was built in 1912 in Shkodër by an Austrian distribution company with strong efforts by Albanian painter Kolë Idromeno.[363] The opening of other movie theaters followed by 1920 in Shkodër, Berat, Tirana and Vlorë.[363]
During the Peoples Republic of Albania, Albanian cinema developed rapidly with the inauguration of the Kinostudio Shqipëria e Re in Tirana.[363] In 1953, the Albanian-Soviet epic film, the Great Warrior Skanderbeg, was released chronicling the life and fight of the medieval Albanian hero Skanderbeg. It went on to win the international prize at the 1954 Cannes Film Festival. In 2003, the Tirana International Film Festival was established, the largest film festival in the country. Durrës is host to the Durrës International Film Festival, the second largest film festival, taking place at the Durrës Amphitheatre.
Music
Albanian folk music is a prominent part of the national identity, and continues to play a major part in overall Albanian music. Folk music can be divided into two stylistic groups, mainly the northern Gheg varieties, and southern Lab and Tosk varieties. Northern and southern traditions are contrasted by a rugged tone from the north, and the more relaxed southern form of music.
Many songs concern events from Albanian history and culture, including traditional themes of honour, hospitality, treachery, and revenge. The first compilation of Albanian folk music was made by two Himariot musicians, Neço Muka and Koço Çakali, in Paris, during their work with Albanian soprano Tefta Tashko-Koço. Several gramophone compilations were recorded at the time by the three artists, which eventually led to the recognition of Albanian iso-polyphony as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage.[365]
Festivali i Këngës is a traditional Albanian song contest organised by the national broadcaster Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH). The festival is celebrated annually since its inauguration in 1962 and has launched the careers of some of Albania's most successful singers including Vaçe Zela and Parashqevi Simaku.[366] It is significantly a music competition among Albanian performers presenting unreleased songs in premiere, composed by Albanian authors and voted by juries or by public.
Contemporary artists Rita Ora, Bebe Rexha, Era Istrefi, Dua Lipa, Ava Max, Bleona, Elvana Gjata, Ermonela Jaho, and Inva Mula have achieved international recognition for their music,[367] while soprano Ermonela Jaho has been described by some as the "world's most acclaimed soprano".[368] Albanian opera singer Saimir Pirgu was nominated for the 2017 Grammy Award.[369]
Traditional clothing
Every cultural and geographical region of Albania has its own specific variety of costume that vary in style, material, color, shape, detail, and form.[370] Presently, national costumes are most often worn during special events and celebrations, mostly at ethnic festivals, religious holidays, weddings, and by performing dance groups. Some elderly people continue to wear traditional clothing in their daily lives. Clothing was traditionally made mainly from local materials such as leather, wool, linen, hemp fibre, and silk; Albanian textiles are still embroidered in elaborate ancient patterns.
Literature
The Albanian language comprises an independent branch and is a language isolate within the Indo-European family of languages; it is not connected to any other known living language in Europe. Its origin is conclusively unknown, but it is believed to have descended from an ancient Paleo-Balkan language.[371][372][373]
The cultural renaissance was first of all expressed through the development of the Albanian language in the area of church texts and publications, mainly of the Catholic region in the northern of Albania, but also of the Orthodox in the south. The Protestant reforms invigorated hopes for the development of the local language and literary tradition, when cleric Gjon Buzuku translated the Catholic liturgy into Albanian, trying to do for Albanian what Martin Luther had done for German. Meshari (The Missal) written by Gjon Buzuku was published in 1555 and is considered one of the first literary work of written Albanian during the Middle Ages. The refined level of the language and the stabilised orthography must be the result of an earlier tradition of written Albanian, a tradition that is not well understood. However, there is some fragmented evidence, pre-dating Buzuku, which indicates that Albanian was written from at least the 14th century. The earliest evidence dates from 1332 AD with a Latin report from the French Dominican Guillelmus Adae, Archbishop of Antivari, who wrote that Albanians used Latin letters in their books although their language was quite different from Latin. Other significant examples include: a baptism formula (Unte paghesont premenit Atit et Birit et spertit senit) from 1462, written in Albanian within a Latin text by the Bishop of Durrës, Pal Engjëlli; a glossary of Albanian words of 1497 by Arnold von Harff, a German who had travelled through Albania, and a 15th-century fragment of the Bible from the Gospel of Matthew, also in Albanian, but written in Greek letters.
Albanian writings from these centuries must not have been religious texts only, but historical chronicles too. They are mentioned by the humanist Marin Barleti, who in his book Siege of Shkodër (Rrethimi i Shkodrës) from 1504, confirms that he leafed through such chronicles written in the language of the people (in vernacula lingua) as well as his famous biography of Skanderbeg Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi Epirotarum principis (History of Skanderbeg) from 1508. The History of Skanderbeg is still the foundation of Skanderbeg studies and is considered an Albanian cultural treasure, vital to the formation of Albanian national self-consciousness.
During the 16th and the 17th centuries, the catechism (E mbësuame krishterë) (Christian Teachings) from 1592 written by Lekë Matrënga, (Doktrina e krishterë) (The Christian Doctrine) from 1618 and (Rituale romanum) 1621 by Pjetër Budi, the first writer of original Albanian prose and poetry, an apology for George Castriot (1636) by Frang Bardhi, who also published a dictionary and folklore creations, the theological-philosophical treaty Cuneus Prophetarum (The Band of Prophets) (1685) by Pjetër Bogdani, the most universal personality of Albanian Middle Ages, were published in Albanian. The most famous Albanian writer in the 20th and 21st century is probably Ismail Kadare. He has been mentioned as a possible recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature several times.
Sports
Albania participated at the Olympic Games in 1972 for the first time. The country made their Winter Olympic Games debut in 2006. Albania missed the next four games, two of them due to the 1980 and 1984 boycotts, but returned for the 1992 games in Barcelona. Since then, Albania have participated in all games. Albania normally competes in events that include swimming, athletics, weightlifting, shooting and wrestling. The country have been represented by the National Olympic Committee of Albania since 1972. The nation has participated at the Mediterranean Games since the games of 1987 in Syria. The Albanian athletes have won a total of 43 (8 gold, 17 silver and 18 bronze) medals from 1987 to 2013.
Popular sports in Albania include Football, weightlifting, basketball, volleyball, tennis, swimming, rugby union and gymnastics. Football is by far the most popular sport in Albania. It is governed by the Football Association of Albania (Albanian: Federata Shqiptare e Futbollit, F.SH.F.), which was created in 1930 and has membership in FIFA and UEFA. Football arrived in Albania early in the 20th century when the inhabitants of the northern city of Shkodër were surprised to see a strange game being played by students at a Christian mission.
The Albania national football team, ranking 51st in the World in 2017 (highest 22nd on 22 August 2015) have won the 1946 Balkan Cup and the Malta Rothmans International Tournament 2000, but had never participated in any major UEFA or FIFA tournament, until UEFA Euro 2016, Albania's first ever appearance at the continental tournament and at a major men's football tournament. Albania scored their first ever goal in a major tournament and secured their first ever win in European Championship when they beat Romania by 1–0 in a UEFA Euro 2016 match on 19 June 2016.[374][375] The most successful football clubs in the country are Skënderbeu, KF Tirana, Dinamo Tirana, Partizani and Vllaznia.
Weightlifting is one of the most successful individual sport for the Albanians, with the national team winning medals at the European Weightlifting Championships and the rest international competitions. Albanian weightlifters have won a total of 16 medals at the European Championships with 1 of them being gold, 7 silver and 8 bronze. In the World Weightlifting Championships, the Albanian weightlifting team has won in 1972 a gold in 2002 a silver and in 2011 a bronze medal.
Diaspora
Historically, the Albanian people have established several communities in many regions throughout Southern Europe. The Albanian diaspora has been formed since the late Middle Ages, when they emigrated to places such as Italy, especially in Sicily and Calabria, and Greece to escape either various socio-political difficulties or the Ottoman conquest of Albania.[376] Following the fall of communism, large numbers of Albanians have migrated to countries such as Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Scandinavia, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States. Albanian minorities are present in the neighbouring territories such as the west of North Macedonia, the east of Montenegro, Kosovo in its entirety and southern Serbia. In Kosovo, Albanians make up the largest ethnic group in the country. Altogether, the number of ethnic Albanian living abroad its territory is estimated to be higher than the total population inside the territory of Albania.
See also
Notes
- ^ pronounced [ʃcipəˈɾi(a)]; Gheg Albanian: Shqipni or Shqipnia, also Shqypni or Shqypnia.[6]
- ^ pronounced [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾisə].
- ^ a b Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008. Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement. Kosovo is currently recognized as an independent state by 97 out of the 193 United Nations member states. In total, 112 UN member states are said to have recognized Kosovo at some point, of which 15 later withdrew their recognition.
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Albanian officials alleged that the priest was promoting irredentist sentiments among Albania's Greek minority – estimated at between 60,000 and 300,000.
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The Albanian government claimed that there were only 60,000, based on the biased 1989 census, whereas the Greek government claimed that there were upwards of 300,000. Most Western estimates were around the 200,000 mark ...
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It is difficult to know how many ethnic Greeks there are in Albania. The Greek government, it is typically claimed, says that there are around 300,000 ethnic Greeks in Albania, but most Western estimates are around 200,000.
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and Greece formally annulled claims to North Epirus (southern Albania), where there is a sizeable Greek minority. ... strained by concerns relating to the treatment of ethnic Greeks residing in Albania (numbering an estimated 300,000) ...
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Ethnic Greek minority groups had encouraged their members to boycott the census, affecting measurements of the Greek ethnic minority and membership in the Greek Orthodox Church.
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in line with Albanian nationalist sentiment alleging that the census poses a threat to Albanian territorial integrity
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nationalist critics are up in arms at efforts to provide an accurate picture of Albania's ethnic breakdown, seeing a plot to weaken the state ... The group has denounced the ethnicity section of the national census, and Spahiu warns the results could upset Albania's "good model" of ethnic and religious tolerance ...
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in the Albanian south... The Greek language is spoken by an important percentage of the Albanians of the south.
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Sic u permend me lart, per shkak te shkaqeve kulturore dhe ekonomike, trendet e mesimit te gjuheve nga te rinjte (grupmosha deri ne 25 vjec) ndryshojne. Keto trende jane percaktues i nje sere fenomeneve shoqerore, sic do te shohim me tej. Keshtu nga viti 2000 e ketej, gjuha angleze, gjermane dhe ajo turke kane pasur nje rritje te interest. Gjuha italiane, por edhe ajo franceze kane pasur nje stabilitet, pra as rritje dhe as ulje te interesit te pergjithshem nga ana e grupmoshes te siperpermendur. Vihet re se gjuha greke ka pesuar nje renie te forte te interesit. Ne fakt, shumica e interesit ka rene per kete gjuhe. Arsyet per kete gjuhe specifike do ti trajtojme me tej ne kapitulin e trete.
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.5% speak it as first language.
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The stalinist regime of Enver Hoxha imposed a ruthless dictatorship in the country the lasted with little respite ...
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An ancient language of Southern Balkans, belonging to the Satem group of Indo-European. This language is the most likely ancestor of modern Albanian (which is also a Satem language), though the evidence is scanty. 1st Millennium BC – 500 AD.
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Further reading
- History of the Party of Labor of Albania. Tirana: Institute of Marxist–Leninist Studies, 1971. 691 p.
- Abrahams, Fred (2015). Modern Albania: From Dictatorship to Democracy in Europe. NYU Press. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-8147-0511-7.
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary- Media from Wikimedia Commons
- News from Wikinews
- Quotations from Wikiquote
- Texts from Wikisource
- Textbooks from Wikibooks
- Travel guides from Wikivoyage
- Resources from Wikiversity
- Official website
- Albania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Albania from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Wikimedia Atlas of Albania
- Albania at Curlie
- Geographic data related to Albania at OpenStreetMap
- Key Development Forecasts for Albania from International Futures
Coordinates: 41°N 20°E / 41°N 20°E
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