Japón

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Japón
日本国 ( japonés )
Nippon-koku o Nihon-koku
Himno:  " Kimigayo " (君 が 代)
"Reinado de Su Majestad Imperial"
Sello del gobierno
Seal of the Office of the Prime Minister and the Government of Japan
Projection of Asia with Japan's Area colored green
Territorio japonés en verde oscuro; territorio reclamado pero no controlado en verde claro
Capital
y ciudad más grande
Tokio
35 ° 41'N 139 ° 46'E / 35.683°N 139.767°E / 35.683; 139.767
idioma nacionaljaponés
Demonym (s)japonés
Gobierno Monarquía constitucional parlamentaria unitaria
•  Emperador
Naruhito
Fumio Kishida
LegislaturaDieta Nacional
•  Cámara alta
Cámara de Consejeros
•  Cámara baja
Cámara de los Representantes
Formación
11 de febrero de 660 a.C.
29 de noviembre de 1890
3 de mayo de 1947
Zona
• Total
377,975 km 2 (145,937 millas cuadradas) [1] ( 62º )
• Agua (%)
1.4 (a partir de 2015) [2]
Población
• Estimación 2021
Neutral decrease125,360,000 [3] ( undécimo )
• censo de 2020
126,226,568 [4]
• Densidad
334 / km 2 (865.1 / millas cuadradas) ( 24 ° )
PIB  ( PPA )Estimación 2021
• Total
Increase$ 5.586 billones [5] ( cuarto )
• Per cápita
Increase$ 44,585 ( 27º )
PIB  (nominal)Estimación 2021
• Total
Increase$ 5.378 billones [5] ( 3.º )
• Per cápita
Increase$ 42,928 ( 23º )
Gini  (2018)Positive decrease 33,4 [6]
medio  ·  78º
IDH  (2019)Increase 0,919 [7]
muy alto  ·  19 °
DivisaYenes japoneses (¥)
Zona horariaUTC +09: 00 ( JST )
Lado de conducciónizquierda
Código de llamada+81
Código ISO 3166JP
TLD de Internet.jp

Japón ( japonés :日本, Nippon o Nihon , [nb 1] y formalmente日本国[nb 2] ) es un país insular en el este de Asia , ubicado en el noroeste del Océano Pacífico . Limita al oeste con el Mar de Japón y se extiende desde el Mar de Okhotsk en el norte hacia el Mar de China Oriental y Taiwán en el sur. Parte del Anillo de Fuego , Japón se extiende por un archipiélago de 6852 islascubriendo 377,975 kilómetros cuadrados (145,937 millas cuadradas); las cinco islas principales son Hokkaido , Honshu , Shikoku , Kyushu y Okinawa . Tokio es la capital y ciudad más grande de Japón ; otras ciudades importantes incluyen Yokohama , Osaka , Nagoya , Sapporo , Fukuoka , Kobe y Kioto .

Japón es el undécimo país más poblado del mundo, así como uno de los más densamente poblados y urbanizados . Aproximadamente las tres cuartas partes del terreno del país es montañoso y concentra su población de 125,36 millones en llanuras costeras estrechas . Japón está dividido en 47 prefecturas administrativas y ocho regiones tradicionales . El área metropolitana de Tokio es el área metropolitana más poblada del mundo, con más de 37,4 millones de residentes.

Japón ha estado habitado desde el período Paleolítico superior (30.000 a. C.), aunque la primera mención escrita del archipiélago aparece en una crónica china terminada en el siglo II d. C. Entre los siglos IV y IX, los reinos de Japón se unificaron bajo un emperador y la corte imperial con sede en Heian-kyō . A partir del siglo XII, el poder político estaba en manos de una serie de dictadores militares ( shōgun ) y señores feudales ( daimyō ), y lo imponía una clase de nobleza guerrera ( samuráis ). Después de un siglo de guerra civil , el país se reunificó en 1603 bajo elShogunato Tokugawa , que promulgó una política exterior aislacionista . En 1854, una flota de los Estados Unidos obligó a Japón a abrir el comercio con Occidente , lo que provocó el fin del shogunato y la restauración del poder imperial en 1868. En el período Meiji , el Imperio de Japón adoptó una constitución de modelo occidental y persiguió un programa de industrialización y modernización . En 1937, Japón invadió China ; en 1941, entró en la Segunda Guerra Mundial como potencia del Eje . Después de sufrir la derrota en elGuerra del Pacífico y dos bombardeos atómicos , Japón se rindió en 1945 y quedó bajo una ocupación aliada de siete años , durante la cual adoptó una nueva constitución . Según la constitución de 1947, Japón ha mantenido una monarquía constitucional parlamentaria unitaria con una legislatura bicameral , la Dieta Nacional .

Japón es una gran potencia y miembro de numerosas organizaciones internacionales, incluidas las Naciones Unidas (desde 1956), la OCDE y el Grupo de los Siete . Aunque ha renunciado a su derecho a declarar la guerra , el país mantiene Fuerzas de Autodefensa que se ubican como uno de los ejércitos más fuertes del mundo. Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Japón experimentó un crecimiento récord en un milagro económico , convirtiéndose en la segunda economía más grande del mundo en 1990. A partir de 2021, la economía del país es la tercera más grande por PIB nominal y la cuarta más grande por PPA . Un líder mundial en elindustrias automotriz y electrónica , Japón ha hecho contribuciones significativas a la ciencia y la tecnología . Japón, clasificado como "muy alto" en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano , tiene una de las expectativas de vida más altas del mundo , aunque está experimentando una disminución de la población . La cultura de Japón es bien conocida en todo el mundo, incluido su arte , cocina , música y cultura popular , que abarca industrias prominentes del cómic , la animación y los videojuegos .

Etimología

Japón
Nombre japonés
Kanji日本国
Hiraganaに っ ぽ ん こ く
に ほ ん こ く
Katakanaニ ッ ポ ン コ ク
ニ ホ ン コ ク
Kyūjitai日本國

El nombre de Japón en japonés se escribe usando el kanji 日本y se pronuncia Nippon o Nihon . [9] Antes de que se adoptara日本a principios del siglo VIII, el país era conocido en China como Wa (倭) y en Japón por el endónimo Yamato . [10] Nippon , la lectura chino-japonesa original de los caracteres, se prefiere para usos oficiales, incluso en billetes de banco y sellos postales. [9] Nihon se usa típicamente en el habla cotidiana y refleja cambios en la fonología japonesa.durante el período Edo . [10] Los caracteres日本significan "origen del sol", [9] que es la fuente del popular epíteto occidental "Tierra del sol naciente". [11]

El nombre Japón se basa en la pronunciación china de日本y se introdujo en los idiomas europeos a través del comercio temprano. En el siglo XIII, Marco Polo registró la pronunciación de los caracteres日本國en mandarín o chino antiguo como Cipangu . [12] El antiguo nombre malayo para Japón, Japang o Japun , fue tomado de un dialecto chino de la costa sur y lo encontraron los comerciantes portugueses en el sudeste asiático, quienes llevaron la palabra a Europa a principios del siglo XVI. [13]La primera versión del nombre en inglés aparece en un libro publicado en 1577, que deletreaba el nombre como Giapan en una traducción de una carta portuguesa de 1565. [14] [15]

Historia

De la prehistoria a la historia clásica

Emperador legendario Jimmu (神 武天皇, Jinmu-tennō )

Una cultura paleolítica de alrededor del 30.000 a. C. constituye la primera habitación conocida de las islas de Japón . [16] Esto fue seguido alrededor del 14.500 a. C. (el comienzo del período Jōmon ) por una cultura de cazadores-recolectores semisedentarios del Mesolítico al Neolítico caracterizada por la vivienda en pozos y la agricultura rudimentaria. [17] Las vasijas de barro de la época se encuentran entre los ejemplos de cerámica más antiguos que se conservan. [18] Alrededor del año 1000 a. C., la gente Yayoi comenzó a ingresar al archipiélago desde Kyushu, mezclándose con los Jōmon ; [19] el período Yayoi vio la introducción de prácticas que incluían el cultivo de arroz húmedo , [20] un nuevo estilo de cerámica , [21] y la metalurgia de China y Corea. [22] Según la leyenda, el emperador Jimmu (nieto de Amaterasu ) fundó un reino en el centro de Japón en el 660 a. C., comenzando una línea imperial continua . [23]

Japón aparece por primera vez en la historia escrita en el Libro chino de Han , completado en 111 d. C. El budismo se introdujo en Japón desde Baekje (un reino coreano) en 552, pero el desarrollo del budismo japonés fue influenciado principalmente por China. [24] A pesar de la resistencia inicial, el budismo fue promovido por la clase dominante, incluidas figuras como el príncipe Shōtoku , y obtuvo una amplia aceptación a partir del período Asuka (592–710). [25]

Las reformas Taika de gran alcance en 645 nacionalizaron todas las tierras en Japón, para ser distribuidas por igual entre los cultivadores, y ordenaron la compilación de un registro de hogares como base para un nuevo sistema de impuestos. [26] La Guerra Jinshin de 672, un sangriento conflicto entre el príncipe Ōama y su sobrino, el príncipe Ōtomo , se convirtió en un catalizador importante para nuevas reformas administrativas. [27] Estas reformas culminaron con la promulgación del Código Taihō , que consolidó los estatutos existentes y estableció la estructura de los gobiernos locales centrales y subordinados. [26] Estas reformas legales crearon el ritsuryōEstado, un sistema de gobierno centralizado al estilo chino que se mantuvo vigente durante medio milenio. [27]

El período de Nara (710–784) marcó el surgimiento de un estado japonés centrado en la Corte Imperial en Heijō-kyō (la moderna Nara ). El período se caracteriza por la aparición de una cultura literaria naciente con la finalización de Kojiki (712) y Nihon Shoki (720), así como el desarrollo de obras de arte y arquitectura de inspiración budista . [28] [29] Se cree que una epidemia de viruela en 735-737 mató a un tercio de la población de Japón. [29] [30] En 784, el emperador Kanmu trasladó la capital y se estableció en Heian-kyō.(Kyoto moderno) en 794. [29] Esto marcó el comienzo del período Heian (794-1185), durante el cual emergió una cultura japonesa claramente indígena. Murasaki Shikibu 's La historia de Genji y la letra del himno nacional de Japón ' Kimigayo ' fueron escritas durante este tiempo. [31]

Era feudal

Guerreros samuráis que luchan contra los mongoles durante las invasiones mongoles de Japón , representados en el Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba.

La era feudal de Japón se caracterizó por el surgimiento y el dominio de una clase gobernante de guerreros, los samuráis . [32] En 1185, tras la derrota del clan Taira en la Guerra de Genpei , el samurái Minamoto no Yoritomo estableció un gobierno militar en Kamakura . [33] Después de la muerte de Yoritomo, el clan Hōjō llegó al poder como regente de los shōguns . [29] La escuela zen del budismo se introdujo desde China en el período Kamakura (1185-1333) y se hizo popular entre la clase samurái. [34]El shogunato de Kamakura repelió las invasiones mongolas en 1274 y 1281, pero finalmente fue derrocado por el emperador Go-Daigo . [29] Go-Daigo fue derrotado por Ashikaga Takauji en 1336, comenzando el período Muromachi (1336-1573). [35] El siguiente shogunato Ashikaga no pudo controlar a los señores de la guerra feudales ( daimyōs ) y una guerra civil comenzó en 1467 , abriendo el período de un siglo de Sengoku ("Estados en Guerra "). [36]

Durante el siglo XVI, los comerciantes portugueses y los misioneros jesuitas llegaron a Japón por primera vez, iniciando un intercambio comercial y cultural directo entre Japón y Occidente. [29] [37] Oda Nobunaga usó tecnología y armas de fuego europeas para conquistar muchos otros daimyōs ; [38] su consolidación del poder dio comienzo a lo que se conoció como el período Azuchi-Momoyama . [39] Después de la muerte de Nobunaga en 1582, su sucesor Toyotomi Hideyoshi unificó la nación a principios de la década de 1590 y lanzó dos invasiones fallidas de Corea en 1592 y 1597.. [29]

Tokugawa Ieyasu se desempeñó como regente del hijo de Hideyoshi, Toyotomi Hideyori, y usó su puesto para obtener apoyo político y militar. [40] Cuando estalló la guerra abierta, Ieyasu derrotó a los clanes rivales en la Batalla de Sekigahara en 1600. Fue nombrado shōgun por el emperador Go-Yōzei en 1603 y estableció el shogunato Tokugawa en Edo (la actual Tokio). [41] El shogunato promulgó medidas que incluían el buke shohatto , como un código de conducta para controlar a los daimyōs autónomos , [42] y en 1639 el sakoku aislacionista("país cerrado") política que abarcó los dos siglos y medio de tenue unidad política conocida como el período Edo (1603-1868). [41] [43] El crecimiento económico del Japón moderno comenzó en este período, lo que resultó en carreteras y rutas de transporte por agua, así como en instrumentos financieros como contratos de futuros , banca y seguros de los corredores de arroz de Osaka . [44] El estudio de las ciencias occidentales ( rangaku ) continuó a través del contacto con el enclave holandés en Nagasaki . [41] El período Edo dio lugar a kokugaku ("estudios nacionales"), el estudio de Japón por los japoneses.[45]

Era moderna

Emperador Meiji (明治天皇, Meiji-tennō ; 1852-1912)

En 1854, el comodoro Matthew Perry y los " Barcos Negros " de la Armada de los Estados Unidos forzaron la apertura de Japón al mundo exterior con la Convención de Kanagawa . [41] Los tratados similares posteriores con otros países occidentales provocaron crisis económicas y políticas. [41] La renuncia del shōgun condujo a la Guerra Boshin y al establecimiento de un estado centralizado nominalmente unificado bajo el emperador (la Restauración Meiji ). [46] Adoptando instituciones políticas, judiciales y militares occidentales, el Gabinete organizó laPrivy Council , introdujo la Constitución Meiji y reunió la Dieta Imperial . [47] Durante la era Meiji (1868-1912), el Imperio de Japón emergió como la nación más desarrollada de Asia y como una potencia mundial industrializada que persiguió el conflicto militar para expandir su esfera de influencia. [48] [49] [50] Después de las victorias en la Primera Guerra Sino-Japonesa (1894-1895) y la Guerra Ruso-Japonesa (1904-1905), Japón ganó el control de Taiwán, Corea y la mitad sur de Sajalín . [51] [47]La población japonesa se duplicó de 35 millones en 1873 a 70 millones en 1935, con un cambio significativo hacia la urbanización. [52] [53]

El comienzo del siglo XX vio un período de democracia Taishō (1912-1926) eclipsado por el creciente expansionismo y militarización . [54] [55] La Primera Guerra Mundial permitió a Japón, que se unió al bando de los aliados victoriosos , capturar posesiones alemanas en el Pacífico y en China. [55] La década de 1920 vio un cambio político hacia el estatismo , un período de anarquía después del Gran Terremoto de Tokio de 1923 , la aprobación de leyes contra la disidencia política y una serie de intentos de golpe de Estado . [53] [56] [57]Este proceso se aceleró durante la década de 1930, dando lugar a una serie de grupos nacionalistas radicales que compartían una hostilidad hacia la democracia liberal y una dedicación a la expansión en Asia. En 1931, Japón invadió y ocupó Manchuria ; tras la condena internacional de la ocupación , dimitió de la Sociedad de Naciones dos años más tarde. [58] En 1936, Japón firmó el Pacto Anti-Comintern con la Alemania nazi ; el Pacto Tripartito de 1940 lo convirtió en una de las Potencias del Eje . [53]

El imperio japonés de los siglos XIX al XX en su máxima extensión en 1942

El Imperio de Japón invadió otras partes de China en 1937, precipitando la Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa (1937-1945). [59] En 1940, el Imperio invadió la Indochina francesa , después de lo cual Estados Unidos impuso un embargo de petróleo a Japón. [53] [60] Del 7 al 8 de diciembre de 1941, las fuerzas japonesas llevaron a cabo ataques sorpresa contra Pearl Harbor , así como contra las fuerzas británicas en Malaya , Singapur y Hong Kong , entre otros, comenzando la Segunda Guerra Mundial en el Pacífico . [61]En todas las áreas ocupadas por Japón durante la guerra, se cometieron numerosos abusos contra los habitantes locales, muchos de los cuales fueron forzados a la esclavitud sexual . [62] Después de las victorias aliadas durante los siguientes cuatro años, que culminaron con la invasión soviética de Manchuria y los bombardeos atómicos de Hiroshima y Nagasaki en 1945, Japón acordó una rendición incondicional . [63] La guerra le costó a Japón sus colonias y millones de vidas. [53] Los aliados (liderados por Estados Unidos) repatriaron a millones de colonos japoneses.de sus antiguas colonias y campamentos militares en toda Asia, eliminando en gran medida el imperio japonés y su influencia sobre los territorios que conquistó. [64] [65] Los Aliados convocaron al Tribunal Militar Internacional para el Lejano Oriente para enjuiciar a los líderes japoneses por crímenes de guerra . [sesenta y cinco]

En 1947, Japón adoptó una nueva constitución que enfatizaba las prácticas democráticas liberales. [65] La ocupación aliada terminó con el Tratado de San Francisco en 1952, [66] y a Japón se le concedió la membresía en las Naciones Unidas en 1956. [65] Un período de crecimiento récord impulsó a Japón a convertirse en la segunda economía más grande del país. mundo; [65] esto terminó a mediados de la década de 1990 después del estallido de una burbuja de precios de activos , comenzando la "Década Perdida" . [67] El 11 de marzo de 2011, Japón sufrió uno de los terremotos más grandes de su historia registrada., provocando el desastre nuclear de Fukushima Daiichi . [68] El 1 de mayo de 2019, después de la histórica abdicación del emperador Akihito , su hijo Naruhito se convirtió en emperador, comenzando la era Reiwa . [69]

Geografía

El archipiélago japonés

Japón comprende 6852 islas que se extienden a lo largo de la costa del Pacífico de Asia . Se extiende a lo largo de 3000 km (1900 mi) noreste-suroeste desde el Mar de Okhotsk hasta el Mar de China Oriental . [70] [71] Las cinco islas principales del país, de norte a sur, son Hokkaido , Honshu , Shikoku , Kyushu y Okinawa . [72] Las islas Ryukyu , que incluyen a Okinawa, son una cadena al sur de Kyushu. Las islas Nanpō están al sur y al este de las islas principales de Japón. Juntos a menudo se conocen como losArchipiélago japonés . [73] A partir de 2019 , el territorio de Japón es 377,975.24 km 2 (145,937.06 millas cuadradas). [1] Japón tiene la sexta línea costera más larga del mundo con 29,751 km (18,486 mi). Debido a sus islas periféricas lejanas, Japón tiene la sexta Zona Económica Exclusiva más grande del mundo, que cubre 4.470.000 km 2 (1.730.000 millas cuadradas). [74] [75]

Debido a su terreno montañoso, aproximadamente el 67% de la tierra de Japón es inhabitable. [76] Las zonas habitables, principalmente en las zonas costeras, tienen densidades de población extremadamente altas: Japón es uno de los países más densamente poblados . [77] [78] A partir de 2014 , aproximadamente el 0,5% de la superficie total de Japón es tierra recuperada ( umetatechi ). [79]

Japón es sustancialmente propenso a terremotos, tsunamis y volcanes debido a su ubicación a lo largo del Anillo de Fuego del Pacífico. [80] Tiene el decimoséptimo mayor riesgo de desastres naturales según lo medido en el Índice Mundial de Riesgo de 2016. [81] Japón tiene 111 volcanes activos. [82] Los terremotos destructivos, que a menudo resultan en tsunamis, ocurren varias veces cada siglo; [83] El terremoto de Tokio de 1923 mató a más de 140.000 personas. [84] Los terremotos importantes más recientes son el gran terremoto de Hanshin de 1995 y el terremoto de Tōhoku de 2011 , que provocó un gran tsunami. [68]

Clima

Sakurajima

El clima de Japón es predominantemente templado, pero varía mucho de norte a sur. La región más al norte, Hokkaido, tiene un clima continental húmedo con inviernos largos y fríos y veranos muy cálidos a frescos. Las precipitaciones no son fuertes, pero las islas suelen desarrollar profundos bancos de nieve en invierno. [85]

En la región del Mar de Japón en la costa oeste de Honshu, los vientos invernales del noroeste traen fuertes nevadas durante el invierno. En el verano, la región a veces experimenta temperaturas extremadamente altas debido al foehn . [86] El Altiplano Central tiene un clima continental húmedo interior típico, con grandes diferencias de temperatura entre el verano y el invierno. Las montañas de las regiones de Chūgoku y Shikoku protegen el mar interior de Seto de los vientos estacionales, lo que trae un clima templado durante todo el año. [85]

La costa del Pacífico presenta un clima subtropical húmedo que experimenta inviernos más suaves con nevadas ocasionales y veranos calurosos y húmedos debido al viento estacional del sureste. Las islas Ryukyu y Nanpō tienen un clima subtropical , con inviernos cálidos y veranos calurosos. Las precipitaciones son muy fuertes, especialmente durante la temporada de lluvias. [85] La principal temporada de lluvias comienza a principios de mayo en Okinawa, y el frente de lluvias se desplaza gradualmente hacia el norte. A finales del verano y principios del otoño, los tifones suelen traer fuertes lluvias. [87] Según el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, las fuertes lluvias y el aumento de las temperaturas han causado problemas en la industria agrícola y en otros lugares. [88]La temperatura más alta jamás medida en Japón, 41,1 ° C (106,0 ° F), se registró el 23 de julio de 2018, [89] y se repitió el 17 de agosto de 2020. [90]

La biodiversidad

Japón tiene nueve ecorregiones forestales que reflejan el clima y la geografía de las islas. Varían desde bosques latifoliados subtropicales húmedos en las islas Ryūkyū y Bonin , hasta bosques latifoliados templados y mixtos en las regiones de clima templado de las islas principales, hasta bosques de coníferas templados en las partes frías e invernales de las islas del norte. [91] Japón tiene más de 90,000 especies de vida silvestre a partir de 2019 , [92] incluido el oso pardo , el macaco japonés , el perro mapache japonés y el pequeño ratón de campo japonés.y la salamandra gigante japonesa . [93]

Se ha establecido una gran red de parques nacionales para proteger áreas importantes de flora y fauna, así como 52 humedales Ramsar . [94] [95] Cuatro sitios han sido inscritos en la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO por su excepcional valor natural. [96]

Medio ambiente

Hojas de arce otoñal ( momiji ) en Kongōbu-ji en el monte Kōya , declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO

En el período de rápido crecimiento económico posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el gobierno y las corporaciones industriales restaron importancia a las políticas ambientales; como resultado, la contaminación ambiental se generalizó en las décadas de 1950 y 1960. En respuesta a la creciente preocupación, el gobierno introdujo leyes de protección ambiental en 1970. [97] La crisis del petróleo en 1973 también alentó el uso eficiente de la energía debido a la falta de recursos naturales de Japón. [98]

A partir de 2020 , se prevé la construcción de más de 22 centrales eléctricas de carbón en Japón, tras el corte de la flota nuclear japonesa tras el desastre nuclear de Fukushima en 2011. [99] Japón ocupa el puesto 20 en el Índice de Desempeño Ambiental de 2018 , que mide el compromiso de una nación con la sostenibilidad ambiental. [100] Japón es el quinto mayor emisor de dióxido de carbono del mundo . [88] Como anfitrión y signatario del Protocolo de Kioto de 1997 , Japón tiene la obligación de reducir sus emisiones de dióxido de carbono y tomar otras medidas para frenar el cambio climático. [101] En 2020, el gobierno de Japón anunció un objetivo decarbono neutralidad para 2050. [102] Los problemas ambientales incluyen la contaminación del aire urbano ( NOx , partículas en suspensión y tóxicos), la gestión de desechos , la eutrofización del agua , la conservación de la naturaleza , el cambio climático , la gestión de sustancias químicas y la cooperación internacional para la conservación. [103]

Política

Japón es un estado unitario y una monarquía constitucional en la que el poder del Emperador se limita a un papel ceremonial. [104] En cambio, el poder ejecutivo lo ejerce el Primer Ministro de Japón y su Gabinete , cuya soberanía recae en el pueblo japonés. [105] Naruhito es el Emperador de Japón, después de haber sucedido a su padre Akihito en su acceso al Trono del Crisantemo en 2019. [104]

El edificio de la dieta nacional

El órgano legislativo de Japón es la Dieta Nacional , un parlamento bicameral . [104] Consiste en una Cámara Baja de Representantes con 465 escaños, elegida por voto popular cada cuatro años o cuando se disuelva, y una Cámara Alta de Consejeros con 245 escaños, cuyos miembros elegidos popularmente sirven términos de seis años. [106] Existe el sufragio universal para los adultos mayores de 18 años, [107] con voto secreto para todos los cargos electos. [105] El primer ministro como jefe de gobierno tiene el poder de nombrar y destituir a los ministros de Estado., y es nombrado por el emperador después de haber sido designado entre los miembros de la Dieta. [106] Fumio Kishida es el primer ministro de Japón; asumió el cargo después de ganar las elecciones de liderazgo del Partido Liberal Democrático de 2021 . [108]

Históricamente influenciado por la ley china , el sistema legal japonés se desarrolló de forma independiente durante el período Edo a través de textos como Kujikata Osadamegaki . [109] Desde finales del siglo XIX, el sistema judicial se ha basado en gran medida en el derecho civil de Europa, especialmente Alemania. En 1896, Japón estableció un código civil basado en el Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch alemán , que permanece en vigor con las modificaciones posteriores a la Segunda Guerra Mundial. [110] La Constitución de Japón , adoptada en 1947, es la constitución sin modificaciones más antigua del mundo. [111]La ley estatutaria se origina en la legislatura y la constitución requiere que el emperador promulgue la legislación aprobada por la Dieta sin darle el poder de oponerse a la legislación. El cuerpo principal de la ley estatutaria japonesa se llama Seis Códigos . [109] El sistema judicial de Japón se divide en cuatro niveles básicos: el Tribunal Supremo y tres niveles de tribunales inferiores. [112]

divisiones administrativas

Japan is divided into 47 prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor and legislature.[104] In the following table, the prefectures are grouped by region:[113]

Prefectures of Japan with colored regions
  Hokkaido

1. Hokkaido

  Tōhoku

2. Aomori
3. Iwate
4. Miyagi
5. Akita
6. Yamagata
7. Fukushima

  Kantō

8. Ibaraki
9. Tochigi
10. Gunma
11. Saitama
12. Chiba
13. Tokyo
14. Kanagawa

  Chūbu

15. Niigata
16. Toyama
17. Ishikawa
18. Fukui
19. Yamanashi
20. Nagano
21. Gifu
22. Shizuoka
23. Aichi

  Kansai

24. Mie
25. Shiga
26. Kyoto
27. Osaka
28. Hyōgo
29. Nara
30. Wakayama

  Chūgoku

31. Tottori
32. Shimane
33. Okayama
34. Hiroshima
35. Yamaguchi

  Shikoku

36. Tokushima
37. Kagawa
38. Ehime
39. Kōchi

  Kyūshū

40. Fukuoka
41. Saga
42. Nagasaki
43. Kumamoto
44. Ōita
45. Miyazaki
46. Kagoshima
47. Okinawa

Foreign relations

Japan is a member of both the G7 and the G20.

A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan is one of the G4 nations seeking reform of the Security Council.[114] Japan is a member of the G7, APEC, and "ASEAN Plus Three", and is a participant in the East Asia Summit.[115] It is the world's fifth largest donor of official development assistance, donating US$9.2 billion in 2014.[116] In 2017, Japan had the fifth largest diplomatic network in the world.[117]

Japan has close economic and military relations with the United States, with which it maintains a security alliance.[118] The United States is a major market for Japanese exports and a major source of Japanese imports, and is committed to defending the country, with military bases in Japan.[118] Japan signed a security pact with Australia in March 2007[119] and with India in October 2008.[120]

Japan's relationship with South Korea had historically been strained because of Japan's treatment of Koreans during Japanese colonial rule, particularly over the issue of comfort women. In 2015, Japan agreed to settle the comfort women dispute with South Korea by issuing a formal apology and paying money to the surviving comfort women.[121] As of 2019 Japan is a major importer of Korean music (K-pop), television (K-dramas), and other cultural products.[122][123]

Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors. Japan contests Russia's control of the Southern Kuril Islands, which were occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945.[124] South Korea's control of the Liancourt Rocks is acknowledged but not accepted as they are claimed by Japan.[125] Japan has strained relations with China and Taiwan over the Senkaku Islands and the status of Okinotorishima.[126]

Military

JMSDF Kongō class destroyer

Japan is the second-highest-ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index 2020.[127] Japan maintains one of the largest military budgets of any country in the world.[128] The country's military (the Japan Self-Defense Forces) is restricted by Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use military force in international disputes.[129] The military is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. The deployment of troops to Iraq and Afghanistan marked the first overseas use of Japan's military since World War II.[130]

The Government of Japan has been making changes to its security policy which include the establishment of the National Security Council, the adoption of the National Security Strategy, and the development of the National Defense Program Guidelines.[131] In May 2014, Prime Minister Shinzō Abe said Japan wanted to shed the passiveness it has maintained since the end of World War II and take more responsibility for regional security.[132] Recent tensions, particularly with North Korea and China, have reignited the debate over the status of the JSDF and its relation to Japanese society.[133][134][135]

Domestic law enforcement

Domestic security in Japan is provided mainly by the prefectural police departments, under the oversight of the National Police Agency.[136] As the central coordinating body for the Prefectural Police Departments, the National Police Agency is administered by the National Public Safety Commission.[137] The Special Assault Team comprises national-level counter-terrorism tactical units that cooperate with territorial-level Anti-Firearms Squads and Counter-NBC Terrorism Squads.[138] The Japan Coast Guard guards territorial waters surrounding Japan and uses surveillance and control countermeasures against smuggling, marine environmental crime, poaching, piracy, spy ships, unauthorized foreign fishing vessels, and illegal immigration.[139]

The Firearm and Sword Possession Control Law strictly regulates the civilian ownership of guns, swords and other weaponry.[140][141] According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, among the member states of the UN that report statistics as of 2018, the incidence rates of violent crimes such as murder, abduction, sexual violence and robbery are very low in Japan.[142][143][144][145]

Economy

The Tokyo Stock Exchange

Japan is the third largest national economy in the world, after the United States and China, in terms of nominal GDP,[146] and the fourth largest national economy in the world, after the United States, China and India, in terms of purchasing power parity as of 2019.[147] As of 2019, Japan's labor force consisted of 67 million workers.[106] Japan has a low unemployment rate of around 2.4 percent.[106] Around 16 percent of the population were below the poverty line in 2017.[148] Japan today has the highest ratio of public debt to GDP of any developed nation,[149][150] with national debt at 236% relative to GDP as of 2017.[151][152]

Japan's exports amounted to 18.5% of GDP in 2018.[153] As of 2019, Japan's main export markets were the United States (19.8 percent) and China (19.1 percent).[106] Its main exports are motor vehicles, iron and steel products, semiconductors and auto parts.[74] Japan's main import markets as of 2019 were China (23.5 percent), the United States (11 percent), and Australia (6.3 percent).[106] Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals, and raw materials for its industries.[106]

Japan ranks 29th of 190 countries in the 2019 ease of doing business index.[154] The Japanese variant of capitalism has many distinct features: keiretsu enterprises are influential, and lifetime employment and seniority-based career advancement are common in the Japanese work environment.[155][156] Japan has a large cooperative sector, with three of the ten largest cooperatives in the world, including the largest consumer cooperative and the largest agricultural cooperative in the world as of 2018.[157] Japan ranks highly for competitiveness and economic freedom. It is ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report for 2015–2016.[158][159]

Agriculture and fishery

A rice paddy in Aizu, Fukushima Prefecture

The Japanese agricultural sector accounts for about 1.2% of the total country's GDP as of 2018.[106] Only 11.5% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation.[160] Because of this lack of arable land, a system of terraces is used to farm in small areas.[161] This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area, with an agricultural self-sufficiency rate of about 50% as of 2018.[162] Japan's small agricultural sector is highly subsidized and protected.[163] There has been a growing concern about farming as farmers are aging with a difficult time finding successors.[164]

Japan ranked seventh in the world in tonnage of fish caught and captured 3,167,610 metric tons of fish in 2016, down from an annual average of 4,000,000 tons over the previous decade.[165] Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch,[74] prompting critiques that Japan's fishing is leading to depletion in fish stocks such as tuna.[166] Japan has sparked controversy by supporting commercial whaling.[167]

Industry

A plug-in hybrid car manufactured by Toyota. Japan is the third-largest maker of automobiles in the world.[168]

Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the "largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemical substances, textiles, and processed foods".[74] Japan's industrial sector makes up approximately 27.5% of its GDP.[74] The country's manufacturing output is the third highest in the world as of 2019.[169]

Japan is the third largest automobile producer in the world as of 2017 and is home to Toyota, the world's largest automobile company.[168][170] The Japanese shipbuilding industry faces competition from South Korea and China; a 2020 government initiative identified this sector as a target for increasing exports.[171]

Services and tourism

Japan's service sector accounts for about 70% of its total economic output as of 2019.[172] Banking, retail, transportation, and telecommunications are all major industries, with companies such as Toyota, Mitsubishi UFJ, -NTT, ÆON, Softbank, Hitachi, and Itochu listed as among the largest in the world.[173][174]

Japan attracted 31.9 million international tourists in 2019.[175] For inbound tourism, Japan was ranked 11th in the world in 2019.[176] The 2017 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Japan 4th out of 141 countries, which was the highest in Asia.[177]

Science and technology

The Japanese Experiment Module (Kibō) at the International Space Station

Japan is a leading nation in scientific research, particularly in the natural sciences and engineering. The country ranks twelfth among the most innovative countries in the 2020 Bloomberg Innovation Index and 16th in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, down from 15th in 2019.[178][179][180] Relative to gross domestic product, Japan's research and development budget is the second highest in the world,[181] with 867,000 researchers sharing a 19-trillion-yen research and development budget as of 2017.[182] The country has produced twenty-two Nobel laureates in either physics, chemistry or medicine,[183] and three Fields medalists.[184]

Japan leads the world in robotics production and use, supplying 55% of the world's 2017 total.[185] Japan has the second highest number of researchers in science and technology per capita in the world with 14 per 1000 employees.[186]

The Japanese consumer electronics industry, once considered the strongest in the world, is in a state of decline as competition arises in countries like South Korea and China.[187] However, video gaming in Japan remains a major industry. In 2014, Japan's consumer video game market grossed $9.6 billion, with $5.8 billion coming from mobile gaming.[188]

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency is Japan's national space agency; it conducts space, planetary, and aviation research, and leads development of rockets and satellites.[189] It is a participant in the International Space Station: the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibō) was added to the station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008.[190] The space probe Akatsuki was launched in 2010 and achieved orbit around Venus in 2015.[191] Japan's plans in space exploration include building a moon base and landing astronauts by 2030.[192] In 2007, it launched lunar explorer SELENE (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) from Tanegashima Space Center. The largest lunar mission since the Apollo program, its purpose was to gather data on the moon's origin and evolution. The explorer entered a lunar orbit on October 4, 2007,[193][194] and was deliberately crashed into the Moon on June 11, 2009.[195]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Japan Airlines, the flag carrier of Japan

Japan has invested heavily in transportation infrastructure.[196] The country has approximately 1,200,000 kilometers (750,000 miles) of roads made up of 1,000,000 kilometers (620,000 miles) of city, town and village roads, 130,000 kilometers (81,000 miles) of prefectural roads, 54,736 kilometers (34,011 miles) of general national highways and 7641 kilometers (4748 miles) of national expressways as of 2017.[197]

Since privatization in 1987,[198] dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets; major companies include seven JR enterprises, Kintetsu, Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation. The high-speed Shinkansen (bullet trains) that connect major cities are known for their safety and punctuality.[199]

There are 175 airports in Japan as of 2013.[74] The largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport in Tokyo, was Asia's second-busiest airport in 2019.[200] The Keihin and Hanshin superport hubs are among the largest in the world, at 7.98 and 5.22 million TEU respectively as of 2017.[201]

Energy

The Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant

As of 2017, 39% of energy in Japan was produced from petroleum, 25% from coal, 23% from natural gas, 3.5% from hydropower and 1.5% from nuclear power. Nuclear power was down from 11.2 percent in 2010.[202] By May 2012 all of the country's nuclear power plants had been taken offline because of ongoing public opposition following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011, though government officials continued to try to sway public opinion in favor of returning at least some to service.[203] The Sendai Nuclear Power Plant restarted in 2015,[204] and since then several other nuclear power plants have been restarted.[205] Japan lacks significant domestic reserves and has a heavy dependence on imported energy.[206] The country has therefore aimed to diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy efficiency.[207]

Water supply and sanitation

Responsibility for the water and sanitation sector is shared between the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, in charge of water supply for domestic use; the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, in charge of water resources development as well as sanitation; the Ministry of the Environment, in charge of ambient water quality and environmental preservation; and the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, in charge of performance benchmarking of utilities.[208] Access to an improved water source is universal in Japan. About 98% of the population receives piped water supply from public utilities.[209]

Demographics

The Greater Tokyo Area is ranked as the most populous metropolitan area in the world.

Japan has a population of 125.7 million, of which 123.2 million are Japanese nationals (2020 estimates).[210] A small population of foreign residents makes up the remainder.[211] In 2019, 92% of the total Japanese population lived in cities.[212] The capital city Tokyo has a population of 14.0 million (2021).[213] It is part of the Greater Tokyo Area, the biggest metropolitan area in the world with 38,140,000 people (2016).[214]

Ethnic minority groups in Japan include the indigenous Ainu and Ryukyuan people.[215] Zainichi Koreans,[216] Chinese,[217] Filipinos,[218] Brazilians mostly of Japanese descent,[219] and Peruvians mostly of Japanese descent are also among Japan's small minority groups.[220] Burakumin make up a social minority group.[221]

Japan has the second longest overall life expectancy at birth of any country in the world, at 84 years as of 2019.[222] The Japanese population is rapidly aging as a result of a post–World War II baby boom followed by a decrease in birth rates.[223] As of 2019 over 20 percent of the population is over 65, and this is projected to rise to one in three by 2030.[224] The changes in demographic structure have created a number of social issues, particularly a decline in workforce population and increase in the cost of social security benefits.[224] A growing number of younger Japanese are not marrying or remain childless.[224][225] Japan's population is expected to drop to around 100 million by 2060.[226] Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation's aging population.[227][228] On April 1, 2019, Japan's revised immigration law was enacted, protecting the rights of foreign workers to help reduce labor shortages in certain sectors.[229]

 
Largest cities or towns in Japan
Rank Name Prefecture Pop. Rank Name Prefecture Pop.
Tokyo
Tokyo
Yokohama
Yokohama 		1 Tokyo Tokyo 9,272,740 11 Hiroshima Hiroshima 1,194,034 Osaka
Osaka
Nagoya
Nagoya
2 Yokohama Kanagawa 3,724,844 12 Sendai Miyagi 1,082,159
3 Osaka Osaka 2,691,185 13 Chiba Chiba 971,882
4 Nagoya Aichi 2,295,638 14 Kitakyushu Fukuoka 961,286
5 Sapporo Hokkaido 1,952,356 15 Sakai Osaka 839,310
6 Fukuoka Fukuoka 1,538,681 16 Niigata Niigata 810,157
7 Kobe Hyōgo 1,537,272 17 Hamamatsu Shizuoka 797,980
8 Kawasaki Kanagawa 1,475,213 18 Kumamoto Kumamoto 740,822
9 Kyoto Kyoto 1,475,183 19 Sagamihara Kanagawa 720,780
10 Saitama Saitama 1,263,979 20 Okayama Okayama 719,474

Religion

The torii of Itsukushima Shinto Shrine near Hiroshima

Japan's constitution guarantees full religious freedom.[230] Upper estimates suggest that 84–96 percent of the Japanese population subscribe to Shinto as its indigenous religion.[231] However, these estimates are based on people affiliated with a temple, rather than the number of true believers. Many Japanese people practice both Shinto and Buddhism; they can either identify with both religions or describe themselves as non-religious or spiritual.[232] The level of participation in religious ceremonies as a cultural tradition remains high, especially during festivals and occasions such as the first shrine visit of the New Year.[233] Taoism and Confucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs.[234]

Christianity was first introduced into Japan by Jesuit missions starting in 1549. Today, 1%[235] to 1.5% of the population are Christians.[236] Throughout the latest century, Western customs originally related to Christianity (including Western style weddings, Valentine's Day and Christmas) have become popular as secular customs among many Japanese.[237]

About 90% of those practicing Islam in Japan are foreign-born migrants as of 2016.[238] As of 2018 there were an estimated 105 mosques and 200,000 Muslims in Japan, 43,000 of which were ethnically Japanese.[239] Other minority religions include Hinduism, Judaism, and Baháʼí Faith, as well as the animist beliefs of the Ainu.[240]

Languages

Kanji and hiragana signs

Japanese writing uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana (syllabaries based on cursive script and radical of kanji), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals.[241] English instruction was made mandatory in Japanese elementary schools in 2020.[242]

Besides Japanese, the Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni), part of the Japonic language family, are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands chain.[243] Few children learn these languages,[244] but local governments have sought to increase awareness of the traditional languages.[245] The Ainu language, which is a language isolate, is moribund, with only a few native speakers remaining as of 2014.[246]

Education

Students celebrating after the announcement of the results of the entrance examinations to the University of Tokyo

Primary schools, secondary schools and universities were introduced in 1872 as a result of the Meiji Restoration.[247] Since the 1947 Fundamental Law of Education, compulsory education in Japan comprises elementary and junior high school, which together last for nine years.[248] Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high school.[249] The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University.[250] Starting in April 2016, various schools began the academic year with elementary school and junior high school integrated into one nine-year compulsory schooling program; MEXT plans for this approach to be adopted nationwide.[251]

The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) coordinated by the OECD ranks the knowledge and skills of Japanese 15-year-olds as the third best in the world.[252] Japan is one of the top-performing OECD countries in reading literacy, math and sciences with the average student scoring 529 and has one of the world's highest-educated labor forces among OECD countries.[253][252][254] As of 2017, Japan's public spending on education amounted to just 3.3 percent of its GDP, below the OECD average of 4.9 percent.[255] In 2017, the country ranked third for the percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds that have attained tertiary education with 51 percent.[256] Approximately 60 percent of Japanese aged 25 to 34 have some form of tertiary education qualification, and bachelor's degrees are held by 30.4 percent of Japanese aged 25 to 64, the second most in the OECD after South Korea.[256]

Health

Health care is provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments.[257] Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance.[258]

Japan has one of the world's highest suicide rates.[259] Another significant public health issue is smoking among Japanese men.[260] Japan has the lowest rate of heart disease in the OECD, and the lowest level of dementia in the developed world.[261]

Culture

Contemporary Japanese culture combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America.[262] Traditional Japanese arts include crafts such as ceramics, textiles, lacquerware, swords and dolls; performances of bunraku, kabuki, noh, dance, and rakugo; and other practices, the tea ceremony, ikebana, martial arts, calligraphy, origami, onsen, Geisha and games. Japan has a developed system for the protection and promotion of both tangible and intangible Cultural Properties and National Treasures.[263] Twenty-two sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, eighteen of which are of cultural significance.[96]

Art and architecture

Hokusai's 19th-century ukiyo-e woodblock print The Great Wave off Kanagawa
Ritsurin Garden, one of the most famous strolling gardens in Japan

The history of Japanese painting exhibits synthesis and competition between native Japanese esthetics and imported ideas.[264] The interaction between Japanese and European art has been significant: for example ukiyo-e prints, which began to be exported in the 19th century in the movement known as Japonism, had a significant influence on the development of modern art in the West, most notably on post-Impressionism.[264] Japanese manga developed in the 20th century and have become popular worldwide.[265]

Japanese architecture is a combination between local and other influences. It has traditionally been typified by wooden or mud plaster structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs.[266] The Shrines of Ise have been celebrated as the prototype of Japanese architecture.[267] Traditional housing and many temple buildings see the use of tatami mats and sliding doors that break down the distinction between rooms and indoor and outdoor space.[268] Since the 19th century, Japan has incorporated much of Western modern architecture into construction and design.[269] It was not until after World War II that Japanese architects made an impression on the international scene, firstly with the work of architects like Kenzō Tange and then with movements like Metabolism.[270]

Literature and philosophy

12th-century illustrated handscroll of The Tale of Genji, a National Treasure

The earliest works of Japanese literature include the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles and the Man'yōshū poetry anthology, all from the 8th century and written in Chinese characters.[271][272] In the early Heian period, the system of phonograms known as kana (hiragana and katakana) was developed.[273] The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest extant Japanese narrative.[274] An account of court life is given in The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu is often described as the world's first novel.[275][276]

During the Edo period, the chōnin ("townspeople") overtook the samurai aristocracy as producers and consumers of literature. The popularity of the works of Saikaku, for example, reveals this change in readership and authorship, while Bashō revivified the poetic tradition of the Kokinshū with his haikai (haiku) and wrote the poetic travelogue Oku no Hosomichi.[277] The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms as Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were significant novelists in the early 20th century, followed by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Kafū Nagai and, more recently, Haruki Murakami and Kenji Nakagami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors – Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburō Ōe (1994).[278]

Japanese philosophy has historically been a fusion of both foreign, particularly Chinese and Western, and uniquely Japanese elements. In its literary forms, Japanese philosophy began about fourteen centuries ago. Confucian ideals remain evident in the Japanese concept of society and the self, and in the organization of the government and the structure of society.[279] Buddhism has profoundly impacted Japanese psychology, metaphysics, and esthetics.[280]

Performing arts

Noh performance at a Shinto shrine

Japanese music is eclectic and diverse. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the 9th and 10th centuries. The popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, dates from the 16th century.[281] Western classical music, introduced in the late 19th century, forms an integral part of Japanese culture.[282] Kumi-daiko (ensemble drumming) was developed in postwar Japan and became very popular in North America.[283] Popular music in post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European trends, which has led to the evolution of J-pop.[284] Karaoke is a significant cultural activity.[285]

The four traditional theaters from Japan are noh, kyōgen, kabuki, and bunraku.[286] Noh is one of the oldest continuous theater traditions in the world.[287]

Customs and holidays

Young ladies celebrate Coming of Age Day (成人の日, Seijin no Hi) in Harajuku, Tokyo

Ishin-denshin (以心伝心) is a Japanese idiom which denotes a form of interpersonal communication through unspoken mutual understanding.[288] Isagiyosa (潔さ) is a virtue of the capability of accepting death with composure. Cherry blossoms are a symbol of isagiyosa in the sense of embracing the transience of the world.[289] Hansei (反省) is a central idea in Japanese culture, meaning to acknowledge one's own mistake and to pledge improvement. Kotodama (言霊) refers to the Japanese belief that mystical powers dwell in words and names.[290]

Officially, Japan has 16 national, government-recognized holidays. Public holidays in Japan are regulated by the Public Holiday Law (国民の祝日に関する法律, Kokumin no Shukujitsu ni Kansuru Hōritsu) of 1948.[291] Beginning in 2000, Japan implemented the Happy Monday System, which moved a number of national holidays to Monday in order to obtain a long weekend.[292] The national holidays in Japan are New Year's Day on January 1, Coming of Age Day on the second Monday of January, National Foundation Day on February 11, The Emperor's Birthday on February 23, Vernal Equinox Day on March 20 or 21, Shōwa Day on April 29, Constitution Memorial Day on May 3, Greenery Day on May 4, Children's Day on May 5, Marine Day on the third Monday of July, Mountain Day on August 11, Respect for the Aged Day on the third Monday of September, Autumnal Equinox on September 23 or 24, Health and Sports Day on the second Monday of October, Culture Day on November 3, and Labor Thanksgiving Day on November 23.[293]

Cuisine

A plate of nigiri-zushi

Japanese cuisine offers a vast array of regional specialties that use traditional recipes and local ingredients.[294] Seafood and Japanese rice or noodles are traditional staples.[295] Japanese curry, since its introduction to Japan from British India, is so widely consumed that it can be termed a national dish, alongside ramen and sushi.[296][297][298] Traditional Japanese sweets are known as wagashi.[299] Ingredients such as red bean paste and mochi are used. More modern-day tastes includes green tea ice cream.[300]

Popular Japanese beverages include sake, which is a brewed rice beverage that typically contains 14–17% alcohol and is made by multiple fermentation of rice.[301] Beer has been brewed in Japan since the late 17th century.[302] Green tea is produced in Japan and prepared in forms such as matcha, used in the Japanese tea ceremony.[303]

Media

According to the 2015 NHK survey on television viewing in Japan, 79 percent of Japanese watch television daily.[304] Japanese television dramas are viewed both within Japan and internationally;[305] other popular shows are in the genres of variety shows, comedy, and news programs.[306] Japanese newspapers are among the most circulated in the world as of 2016.[307]

Japan has one of the oldest and largest film industries globally.[308] Ishirō Honda's Godzilla became an international icon of Japan and spawned an entire subgenre of kaiju films, as well as the longest-running film franchise in history.[309][310] Japanese animated films and television series, known as anime, were largely influenced by Japanese manga and have been extensively popular in the West. Japan is a world-renowned powerhouse of animation.[311][312]

Sports

Sumo wrestlers form around the referee during the ring-entering ceremony

Traditionally, sumo is considered Japan's national sport.[313] Japanese martial arts such as judo and kendo are taught as part of the compulsory junior high school curriculum.[314] Baseball is the most popular spectator sport in the country.[315] Japan's top professional league, Nippon Professional Baseball, was established in 1936.[316] Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992, association football has gained a wide following.[317] The country co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea.[318] Japan has one of the most successful football teams in Asia, winning the Asian Cup four times,[319] and the FIFA Women's World Cup in 2011.[320] Golf is also popular in Japan.[321]

In motorsport, Japanese automotive manufacturers have been successful in multiple different categories, with titles and victories in series such as Formula One, MotoGP, IndyCar, World Rally Championship, World Endurance Championship, World Touring Car Championship, British Touring Car Championship and the IMSA SportsCar Championship.[322][323][324] Three Japanese drivers have achieved podium finishes in Formula One, and drivers from Japan have victories at the Indianapolis 500 and the 24 Hours of Le Mans, in addition to success in domestic championships.[325][326] Super GT is the most popular national series in Japan, while Super Formula is the top level domestic open-wheel series.[327] The country hosts major races such as the Japanese Grand Prix.[328]

Japan hosted the Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 1964 and the Winter Olympics in Sapporo in 1972 and Nagano in 1998.[329] The country hosted the official 2006 Basketball World Championship[330] and will co-host the 2023 Basketball World Championship.[331] Tokyo hosted the 2020 Summer Olympics in 2021, making Tokyo the first Asian city to host the Olympics twice.[332] The country gained the hosting rights for the official Women's Volleyball World Championship on five occasions, more than any other nation.[333] Japan is the most successful Asian Rugby Union country[334] and hosted the 2019 IRB Rugby World Cup.[335]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ [ɲippoꜜɴ] (About this soundlisten) or [ɲihoꜜɴ] (About this soundlisten)
  2. ^ In English, the official name of the country is simply "Japan".[8] In Japanese, the name of the country as it appears on official documents, including the country's constitution, is 日本国 (About this soundNippon-koku or Nihon-koku), meaning "State of Japan". Despite this, the short-form name 日本 (Nippon or Nihon) is also often used officially.

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General information

Coordinates: 36°N 138°E / 36°N 138°E / 36; 138

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