California
California | |
|---|---|
| Estado de California | |
| Apodo (s): Estado Dorado [1] | |
| Lema (s): | |
| Himno: " Te amo, California " | |
 Mapa de los Estados Unidos con California resaltada | |
| País | Estados Unidos |
| Antes de la estadidad | Territorio desorganizado de la cesión mexicana |
| Admitido en la Unión | 9 de septiembre de 1850 (31) |
| Capital | Sacramento [1] |
| Ciudad más grande | los Angeles |
| Las áreas metropolitanas y urbanas más grandes | Gran Los Ángeles |
| Gobierno | |
| • Gobernador | Gavin Newsom ( D ) |
| • Vicegobernador | Eleni Kounalakis (D) |
| Legislatura | Legislatura estatal |
| • Cámara alta | Senado estatal |
| • Cámara baja | Asamblea del Estado |
| Judicial | Tribunal Supremo de California |
| Senadores estadounidenses | Dianne Feinstein (D) Alex Padilla (D) |
| Delegación de la Cámara de los Estados Unidos |
|
| Zona | |
| • Total | 163.696 millas cuadradas (423.970 km 2 ) |
| • Tierra | 155,959 millas cuadradas (403,932 km 2 ) |
| • Agua | 20.047 km 2 (7.737 millas cuadradas ) 4,7% |
| Rango de área | Tercero |
| Dimensiones | |
| • Largo | 1240 km (770 mi) |
| • Ancho | 250 millas (400 km) |
| Elevación | 2,900 pies (880 m) |
| Elevación más alta | 14.505 pies (4.421,0 m) |
| Elevación más baja | −279 pies (−85,0 m) |
| Población (2020) | |
| • Total | 39,538,223 [8] |
| • Rango | 1er |
| • Densidad | 253,6 / mi2 (97,9 / km 2 ) |
| • Rango de densidad | 11º |
| • Ingreso familiar promedio | $ 71.228 (2.018) [9] |
| • Rango de ingresos | Noveno |
| Demonym (s) | californiano |
| Idioma | |
| • Idioma oficial | inglés |
| • Idioma hablado | |
| Zona horaria | UTC − 08: 00 ( PST ) |
| • Verano ( DST ) | UTC − 07: 00 ( PDT ) |
| Abreviatura de USPS | California |
| Código ISO 3166 | US-CA |
| Abreviatura tradicional | Calif., Cal., Cali. |
| Latitud | 32 ° 32 ′ N hasta 42 ° N |
| Longitud | 114 ° 8 ′ W a 124 ° 26 ′ W |
| Sitio web | www |
California es un estado del oeste de Estados Unidos . Comparte frontera con Oregón al norte, Nevada y Arizona al este, y el estado mexicano de Baja California al sur. Con más de 39,5 millones de residentes en un área total de aproximadamente 163,696 millas cuadradas (423,970 km 2 ), es el estado más poblado y el tercero más grande de los EE. UU. Por área. También es la entidad subnacional más poblada de América del Norte y la 34ª más poblada del mundo. El área del Gran Los Ángeles y el Área de la Bahía de San Franciscoson la segunda y quinta región urbana más poblada del país , respectivamente, con la primera con más de 18,7 millones de habitantes y la segunda con más de 9,6 millones. [13] Sacramento es la capital del estado, mientras que Los Ángeles es la ciudad más poblada del estado y la segunda ciudad más poblada del país (después de la ciudad de Nueva York ). El condado de Los Ángeles es el más poblado del país , mientras que el condado de San Bernardino es el condado más grande por área del país. San Francisco , que estanto una ciudad como un condado , es la segunda ciudad principal más densamente poblada del país (después de la ciudad de Nueva York) y el quinto condado más densamente poblado del país, detrás de cuatro de los cinco distritos de la ciudad de Nueva York .
La economía de California , con un producto estatal bruto de $ 3.2 billones a partir de 2019, es la economía subnacional más grande del mundo. [14] Si fuera un país, sería el 37º país más poblado y la quinta economía más grande a partir de 2020 [update]. [15] El área metropolitana de Los Ángeles y el área de la bahía de San Francisco son las economías urbanas segunda y tercera más grandes del país ($ 1.0 billón y $ 0.5 billones respectivamente a partir de 2020 [update]), después del área metropolitana de Nueva York ($ 1.8 billones). [16] El área estadística combinada del área de la bahía de San Franciscotenía el producto interno bruto per cápita más alto de la nación ($ 106,757) entre las grandes áreas estadísticas primarias en 2018, [17] y es el hogar de cinco de las diez empresas más grandes del mundo por capitalización de mercado [18] y cuatro de las diez personas más ricas del mundo. [19]
Antes de la colonización europea , California era una de las áreas con mayor diversidad cultural y lingüística en la América del Norte precolombina y contenía la mayor densidad de población de nativos americanos al norte de lo que hoy es México . La exploración europea en los siglos XVI y XVII condujo a la colonización de California por parte del Imperio español . En 1804, se incluyó en la provincia de Alta California dentro del Virreinato de Nueva España . El área se convirtió en parte de México en 1821, luego de su exitosa guerra por la independencia , pero fue cedida a los Estados Unidos en 1848 después de la Guerra México-Estadounidense.. La parte occidental de Alta California se organizó y admitió como el estado número 31 el 9 de septiembre de 1850, luego del Compromiso de 1850 . La fiebre del oro de California comenzó en 1848 y provocó cambios sociales y demográficos dramáticos, incluida la inmigración a gran escala a California, un auge económico mundial y el genocidio de los pueblos indígenas en California .
Las contribuciones notables a la cultura popular , por ejemplo en el entretenimiento y los deportes , tienen su origen en California. El estado también ha realizado contribuciones destacadas en los campos de la comunicación, la información, la innovación, el ambientalismo, la economía y la política. [20] [21] [22] Es el hogar de Hollywood , la industria cinematográfica más grande y antigua del mundo, que ha tenido un profundo efecto en el entretenimiento global. Se considera el origen de la contracultura hippie , la cultura de la playa y del automóvil , [ no verificado en el cuerpo ] y la computadora personal, [23] entre otras innovaciones. [24] [25] El área de la bahía de San Francisco y el área metropolitana de Los Ángeles son ampliamente vistos como centros de las industrias de tecnología y entretenimiento globales, respectivamente. La economía de California es muy diversa: el 58% se basa en finanzas, gobierno, servicios inmobiliarios , tecnología y servicios comerciales profesionales, científicos y técnicos. [26] Aunque representa sólo el 1,5% de la economía del estado, [26] la industria agrícola de California tiene la producción más alta de cualquier estado de EE. UU. [27] [28] [29] Los puertos y puertos de California manejan alrededor de un tercio de todas las importaciones estadounidenses, la mayoría originarias de Pacific Rim. el comercio internacional.
La geografía extremadamente diversa del estado abarca desde la costa del Pacífico y las áreas metropolitanas en el oeste hasta las montañas de Sierra Nevada en el este, y desde los bosques de secoyas y abetos de Douglas en el noroeste hasta el desierto de Mojave en el sureste. El Valle Central , una importante zona agrícola, domina el centro del estado. Aunque California es bien conocida por su clima mediterráneo cálido y su clima estacional de monzones , el gran tamaño del estado da como resultado climas que varían desde bosque lluvioso templado húmedo en el norte hasta desierto árido en el interior, así como nevado.alpino en las montañas. Todos estos factores conducen a una enorme demanda de agua. Con el tiempo, las sequías y los incendios forestales han aumentado en frecuencia y se han vuelto menos estacionales y más frecuentes durante todo el año, lo que ha puesto a prueba aún más la seguridad hídrica de California . [30] [31]
Etimología
Los españoles dieron el nombre de Las Californias a la península de Baja California y a Alta California, la región que se convirtió en el actual estado de California.
El nombre probablemente derivó de la mítica isla de California en la historia ficticia de la reina Calafia , como se registra en una obra de 1510 Las aventuras de Esplandián de Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo . [32] Esta obra fue la quinta de una popular serie romántica caballeresca española que comenzó con Amadís de Gaula . [33] [34] [35] Se decía que el reino de la reina Calafia era una tierra remota rica en oro y perlas, habitada por hermosas mujeres negras que vestían armaduras de oro y vivían como amazonas , así como grifos y otras extrañas bestias. [32] [36] [37]En el paraíso ficticio, la reina Calafia luchó junto a los musulmanes y su nombre pudo haber sido elegido para hacerse eco del título de un líder musulmán, el Califa. Es posible que el nombre de California implicara que la isla era un califato . [32] [38]
Sabed que a la diestra de las Indias hay una isla llamada California, muy cerca de esa parte del Paraíso Terrestre, que estaba habitada por mujeres negras sin un solo hombre entre ellas, y vivían a la manera de las Amazonas. Eran robustos de cuerpo con fuertes corazones apasionados y gran virtud. La isla en sí es una de las más salvajes del mundo debido a las rocas audaces y escarpadas.
- Capítulo CLVII de Las aventuras de Esplandián [39]
Las formas abreviadas del nombre del estado incluyen CA, Cal, Cali, Calif, Califas y US-CA .
Historia
Primeros habitantes
Establecida por sucesivas oleadas de llegadas durante al menos los últimos 13.000 años, [40] California fue una de las áreas con mayor diversidad cultural y lingüística de la América del Norte precolombina . [41] Varias estimaciones de la población nativa oscilan entre 100.000 y 300.000. [42] Los pueblos indígenas de California incluían más de 70 grupos étnicos distintos de nativos americanos, que iban desde grandes poblaciones asentadas que vivían en la costa hasta grupos en el interior. Los grupos de California también eran diversos en su organización política con bandas, tribus, aldeas, y en las costas ricas en recursos, grandes jefaturas , como Chumash , Pomoy Salinan . El comercio, los matrimonios mixtos y las alianzas militares fomentaron muchas relaciones sociales y económicas entre los diversos grupos.
Dominio español
Los primeros europeos en explorar la costa de California fueron los miembros de una expedición de navegación española dirigida por el capitán portugués Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo ; entraron en la bahía de San Diego el 28 de septiembre de 1542 y llegaron al menos tan al norte como la isla de San Miguel . [43] El corsario y explorador Francis Drake exploró y reclamó una parte indefinida de la costa de California en 1579, aterrizando al norte de la futura ciudad de San Francisco . [44] Los primeros asiáticos en pisar lo que sería Estados Unidos ocurrieron en 1587, cuando los marineros filipinos llegaron en barcos españoles a Morro Bay.. [45] [46] [nota 1] Sebastián Vizcaíno exploró y cartografió la costa de California en 1602 para la Nueva España , desembarcando en Monterey . [49]
A pesar de las exploraciones sobre el terreno de California en el siglo XVI, persistió la idea de Rodríguez de California como una isla. Tales representaciones aparecieron en muchos mapas europeos hasta bien entrado el siglo XVIII. [50]
Después de la expedición de Portolà de 1769-1770, los misioneros españoles dirigidos por Junipero Serra comenzaron a establecer 21 misiones de California en o cerca de la costa de Alta (Alta) California , comenzando en San Diego . Durante el mismo período, las fuerzas militares españolas construyeron varios fuertes ( presidios ) y tres pequeñas ciudades ( pueblos ). La Misión de San Francisco se convirtió en la ciudad de San Francisco, y dos de los pueblos se convirtieron en las ciudades de Los Ángeles y San José . Varias otras ciudades y pueblos más pequeños también surgieron alrededor de las diversas misiones y pueblos españoles, que permanecen hasta el día de hoy.
Durante este mismo período, los marineros del Imperio Ruso exploraron la costa de California y en 1812 establecieron un puesto comercial en Fort Ross . [51] Los asentamientos costeros rusos de principios del siglo XIX en California estaban situados justo al norte del borde más septentrional del área de asentamiento español en la bahía de San Francisco , y eran los asentamientos rusos más meridionales de América del Norte. Los asentamientos rusos asociados con Fort Ross se extendieron desde Point Arena hasta Tomales Bay . [52]
Gobierno mexicano
En 1821, la Guerra de Independencia de México dio a México (incluida California) la independencia de España. Durante los siguientes 25 años, Alta California permaneció como un distrito administrativo remoto, escasamente poblado, del noroeste del país recién independizado de México. Las misiones , que controlaban la mayor parte de las mejores tierras del estado, se secularizaron en 1834 y pasaron a ser propiedad del gobierno mexicano. [54] El gobernador concedió muchas leguas cuadradas de tierra a otros con influencia política. Estos enormes ranchos o ranchos ganaderos surgieron como las instituciones dominantes de la California mexicana. Los ranchos desarrollados bajo propiedad de Californios(Hispanos nativos de California) que comerciaba con pieles de vaca y sebo con comerciantes de Boston. La carne de res no se convirtió en un producto básico hasta la Fiebre del oro de California de 1849 .
A partir de la década de 1820, cazadores y colonos de los Estados Unidos y el futuro Canadá llegaron al norte de California. Estos recién llegados utilizaron Siskiyou Trail , California Trail , Oregon Trail y Old Spanish Trail para cruzar las escarpadas montañas y los duros desiertos de California y sus alrededores.
El gobierno inicial del México recién independizado fue muy inestable y, como reflejo de esto, a partir de 1831, California también experimentó una serie de disputas armadas, tanto internas como con el gobierno central mexicano. [55] Durante este tumultuoso período político, Juan Bautista Alvarado pudo asegurar la gobernación durante 1836-1842. [56] La acción militar que primero llevó a Alvarado al poder había declarado momentáneamente a California como un estado independiente, y había sido ayudado por residentes angloamericanos de California, [57] incluido Isaac Graham . [58]En 1840, un centenar de los residentes que no tenían pasaportes fueron arrestados, lo que dio lugar al asunto Graham , que se resolvió en parte con la intercesión de los oficiales de la Royal Navy . [57]
Uno de los ganaderos más grandes de California fue John Marsh . Después de no obtener justicia contra los ocupantes ilegales en su tierra de los tribunales mexicanos, determinó que California debería convertirse en parte de los Estados Unidos. Marsh llevó a cabo una campaña de redacción de cartas defendiendo el clima de California, el suelo y otras razones para establecerse allí, así como la mejor ruta a seguir, que se conoció como "la ruta de Marsh". Sus cartas fueron leídas, releídas, distribuidas e impresas en periódicos de todo el país, y empezaron a rodar los primeros vagones hacia California. [59] Invitó a los inmigrantes a quedarse en su rancho hasta que pudieran establecerse y les ayudó a obtener pasaportes. [60]
Después de marcar el comienzo del período de emigración organizada a California, Marsh se vio envuelto en una batalla militar entre el odiado general mexicano Manuel Micheltorena y el gobernador de California al que había reemplazado, Juan Bautista Alvarado. Los ejércitos de cada uno se reunieron en la Batalla de Providencia cerca de Los Ángeles. Marsh se había visto obligado contra su voluntad a unirse al ejército de Micheltorena. Haciendo caso omiso de sus superiores, durante la batalla, hizo una señal al otro lado para un parlamento. Había muchos colonos de Estados Unidos luchando en ambos lados. Convenció a estos hombres de que no tenían ninguna razón para pelear entre ellos. Como resultado de las acciones de Marsh, abandonaron la pelea, Micheltorena fue derrotado y Pio Pico, nacido en California.fue devuelto a la gobernación. Esto allanó el camino hacia la adquisición final de California por parte de Estados Unidos. [61] [62] [63] [64] [65]
República de California y conquista
En 1846, un grupo de colonos estadounidenses en Sonoma y sus alrededores se rebelaron contra el gobierno mexicano durante la Revuelta de la Bandera del Oso . Posteriormente, los rebeldes izaron la bandera del oso (con un oso, una estrella, una raya roja y las palabras "República de California") en Sonoma. El único presidente de la República fue William B. Ide , [66] quien jugó un papel fundamental durante la Revuelta de la Bandera del Oso. Esta revuelta de los colonos estadounidenses sirvió como preludio de la posterior invasión militar estadounidense de California y se coordinó estrechamente con los comandantes militares estadounidenses cercanos.
La República de California duró poco; [67] el mismo año marcó el estallido de la Guerra México-Estadounidense (1846-1848). [68] Cuando el comodoro John D. Sloat de la Armada de los Estados Unidos navegó hacia la bahía de Monterey y comenzó la ocupación militar de California por parte de Estados Unidos, el norte de California capituló en menos de un mes ante las fuerzas estadounidenses. [69] Después de una serie de batallas defensivas en el sur de California , el Tratado de Cahuenga fue firmado por los californios el 13 de enero de 1847, asegurando el control estadounidense en California. [70]
Período americano temprano
Tras el Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo (2 de febrero de 1848) que puso fin a la guerra, la parte más occidental del territorio mexicano anexado de Alta California pronto se convirtió en el estado estadounidense de California, y el resto del antiguo territorio se subdividió en el nuevo territorio estadounidense. Territorios de Arizona, Nevada, Colorado y Utah . La región baja aún más poco poblada y árida de la vieja Baja California permaneció como parte de México. En 1846, se había estimado que la población total de colonos de la parte occidental de la antigua Alta California no era más de 8.000, más unos 100.000 nativos americanos, frente a unos 300.000 antes del asentamiento hispano en 1769. [71]
En 1848, solo una semana antes de la anexión oficial estadounidense del área, se descubrió oro en California, un evento que alteraría para siempre tanto la demografía del estado como sus finanzas. Poco después, se produjo una afluencia masiva de inmigración en el área, ya que miles de buscadores y mineros llegaron. La población creció con ciudadanos estadounidenses, europeos, chinos y otros inmigrantes durante la gran fiebre del oro de California. Para el momento de la solicitud de California para la condición de estado en 1850, la población de colonos de California se había multiplicado a 100.000. En 1854, habían llegado más de 300.000 colonos. [72] Entre 1847 y 1870, la población de San Francisco aumentó de 500 a 150.000. [73] De repente, California ya no era un remanso escasamente poblado, pero aparentemente de la noche a la mañana se había convertido en un importante centro de población.
La sede del gobierno de California bajo el dominio español y luego mexicano estuvo ubicada en Monterey desde 1777 hasta 1845. [54] Pio Pico, el último gobernador mexicano de Alta California, había trasladado brevemente la capital a Los Ángeles en 1845. Estados Unidos El consulado también se había ubicado en Monterey, bajo el cónsul Thomas O. Larkin .
En 1849, se celebró por primera vez en Monterey una Convención Constitucional estatal. Entre las primeras tareas de la convención estaba la decisión sobre la ubicación de la nueva capital del estado. Las primeras sesiones legislativas completas se llevaron a cabo en San José (1850-1851). Las ubicaciones posteriores incluyeron Vallejo (1852-1853) y la cercana Benicia (1853-1854); estas ubicaciones también resultaron ser inadecuadas. La capital ha estado ubicada en Sacramento desde 1854 [74] con solo un breve descanso en 1862 cuando las sesiones legislativas se llevaron a cabo en San Francisco debido a las inundaciones en Sacramento . Una vez que la Convención Constitucional del estado había finalizado su constitución estatal, solicitó al Congreso de los Estados Unidos la admisión a la condición de estado.. El 9 de septiembre de 1850, como parte del Compromiso de 1850 , California se convirtió en un estado libre y el 9 de septiembre en un feriado estatal .
Durante la Guerra Civil estadounidense (1861-1865), California envió envíos de oro hacia el este a Washington en apoyo de la Unión . [75] Sin embargo, debido a la existencia de un gran contingente de simpatizantes pro-sur dentro del estado, el estado no pudo reunir ningún regimiento militar completo para enviar hacia el este para servir oficialmente en el esfuerzo de guerra de la Unión. Aún así, varias unidades militares más pequeñas dentro del ejército de la Unión estaban asociadas extraoficialmente con el estado de California, como la "California 100 Company" , debido a que la mayoría de sus miembros eran de California.
En el momento de la admisión de California en la Unión, viajar entre California y el resto de los Estados Unidos continentales había sido una hazaña peligrosa y que requería mucho tiempo. Diecinueve años más tarde, y siete años después de que el presidente Lincoln le diera luz verde, el Primer Ferrocarril Transcontinental se completó en 1869. Se podía llegar a California desde los estados del este en una semana.
Gran parte del estado se adaptaba muy bien al cultivo de frutas y la agricultura en general. Se cultivaron grandes extensiones de trigo, otros cultivos de cereales, cultivos de hortalizas, algodón y nueces y árboles frutales (incluidas las naranjas en el sur de California), y se sentaron las bases para la prodigiosa producción agrícola del estado en el Valle Central y en otros lugares.
En el siglo XIX, una gran cantidad de inmigrantes de China viajaron al estado como parte de la fiebre del oro o para buscar trabajo. [76] A pesar de que los chinos demostraron ser indispensables en la construcción del ferrocarril transcontinental de California a Utah, la competencia laboral percibida con los chinos llevó a disturbios anti-chinos en el estado y, finalmente, Estados Unidos puso fin a la migración de China parcialmente como respuesta a la presión de California con la Ley de Exclusión China de 1882 . [77]
Gente indígena
Bajo el anterior gobierno español y mexicano, la población nativa original de California había declinado precipitadamente, sobre todo, de enfermedades euroasiáticas a las que los indígenas de California aún no habían desarrollado una inmunidad natural. [78] Bajo su nueva administración estadounidense, las duras políticas gubernamentales de California hacia su propia población indígena no mejoraron. Al igual que en otros estados estadounidenses, muchos de los habitantes nativos pronto fueron desalojados por la fuerza de sus tierras por los colonos estadounidenses entrantes, como mineros, ganaderos y agricultores. Aunque California había entrado en la unión estadounidense como un estado libre, los "indios merodeadores o huérfanos" fueron esclavizados de facto por sus nuevos amos angloamericanos en virtud de la Ley de 1853 para el Gobierno y la Protección de los Indios . [79]También hubo masacres en las que murieron cientos de indígenas.
Entre 1850 y 1860, el gobierno del estado de California pagó alrededor de 1,5 millones de dólares (unos 250.000 de los cuales fueron reembolsados por el gobierno federal) [80] para contratar milicias cuyo propósito era proteger a los colonos de las poblaciones indígenas. En décadas posteriores, la población nativa fue colocada en reservas y rancherías, que a menudo eran pequeñas y aisladas y sin suficientes recursos naturales o fondos del gobierno para sostener a las poblaciones que vivían en ellas. [81] Como resultado, el surgimiento de California fue una calamidad para los habitantes nativos. Varios académicos y activistas nativos americanos, incluidos Benjamin Madley y Ed Castillo , han descrito las acciones del gobierno de California como un genocidio .[81] [82]
1900-presente
En el siglo XX, miles de japoneses emigraron a Estados Unidos y California específicamente para intentar comprar y poseer tierras en el estado. Sin embargo, el estado aprobó en 1913 la Ley de tierras extranjeras, que excluía a los inmigrantes asiáticos de poseer tierras. [83] Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, los estadounidenses de origen japonés en California fueron internados en campos de concentración como en Tule Lake y Manzanar . [84] En 2020, California se disculpó oficialmente por este internamiento. [85]
La migración a California se aceleró a principios del siglo XX con la finalización de las principales carreteras transcontinentales como la Lincoln Highway y la Ruta 66 . En el período comprendido entre 1900 y 1965, la población pasó de menos de un millón a la mayor de la Unión. En 1940, la Oficina del Censo informó que la población de California era 6.0% hispana, 2.4% asiática y 89.5% blanca no hispana. [86]
Para satisfacer las necesidades de la población, importantes hazañas de ingeniería como los acueductos de California y Los Ángeles ; las presas de Oroville y Shasta ; y se construyeron los puentes Bay y Golden Gate en todo el estado. El gobierno estatal también adoptó el Plan Maestro de Educación Superior de California en 1960 para desarrollar un sistema de educación pública altamente eficiente.
Mientras tanto, atraídos por el clima mediterráneo templado, la tierra barata y la amplia variedad de geografía del estado, los cineastas establecieron el sistema de estudios en Hollywood en la década de 1920. California fabricó el 8,7 por ciento del armamento militar total de Estados Unidos producido durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial , ocupando el tercer lugar (detrás de Nueva York y Michigan ) entre los 48 estados. [87] Sin embargo, California ocupó fácilmente el primer lugar en producción de barcos militares durante la guerra (transporte, carga, [barcos mercantes] como barcos Liberty , barcos Victory y barcos de guerra) en las instalaciones del dique seco en San Diego, Los Ángeles y San Francisco. Área de la bahía. [88] [89] [90][91] Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la economía de California se expandió enormemente debido a las fuertes industrias aeroespaciales y de defensa , [92] cuyo tamaño disminuyó tras el final de la Guerra Fría . [92] [93] La Universidad de Stanford y su Decano de Ingeniería Frederick Terman comenzaron a alentar a los profesores y graduados a permanecer en California en lugar de abandonar el estado y desarrollar una región de alta tecnología en el área ahora conocida como Silicon Valley . [94]Como resultado de estos esfuerzos, California es considerada como un centro mundial de las industrias del entretenimiento y la música, de la tecnología, la ingeniería y la industria aeroespacial, y como el centro de producción agrícola de los Estados Unidos. [95] Justo antes de la caída de las Dot Com , California tenía la quinta economía más grande del mundo entre las naciones. [96] Sin embargo, desde 1991, ya partir de finales de la década de 1980 en el sur de California , California ha experimentado una pérdida neta de migrantes nacionales en la mayoría de los años. Los medios de comunicación se refieren a esto a menudo como el éxodo de California. [97]
A mediados y finales del siglo XX, ocurrieron varios incidentes relacionados con la raza en el estado. Las tensiones entre la policía y los afroamericanos, combinadas con el desempleo y la pobreza en el interior de las ciudades, llevaron a disturbios violentos, como los disturbios de Watts de 1965 y los de Rodney King de 1992 . [98] [99] California también fue el centro del Partido Pantera Negra , un grupo conocido por armar a los afroamericanos para combatir la injusticia racial percibida. [100] Además, mexicanos, filipinos y otros trabajadores agrícolas migrantes se reunieron en el estado en torno a César Chávez para obtener mejores salarios en las décadas de 1960 y 1970. [101]
Durante el siglo XX, ocurrieron dos grandes desastres en California. El terremoto de San Francisco de 1906 y la inundación de la presa St. Francis de 1928 siguen siendo los más mortíferos en la historia de Estados Unidos. [102]
Aunque se han reducido los problemas de contaminación del aire, han continuado los problemas de salud asociados con la contaminación. La neblina marrón conocida como " smog " se ha reducido sustancialmente después de la aprobación de las restricciones federales y estatales sobre el escape de los automóviles. [103] [104]
Una crisis energética en 2001 provocó apagones continuos , aumento de las tarifas eléctricas y la importación de electricidad de los estados vecinos. Southern California Edison y Pacific Gas and Electric Company fueron objeto de fuertes críticas. [105]
Los precios de la vivienda en las zonas urbanas siguieron aumentando; una casa modesta que en la década de 1960 costaba $ 25,000 costaría medio millón de dólares o más en áreas urbanas para 2005. Más personas conmutaban más horas para comprar una casa en áreas más rurales mientras ganaban salarios más altos en las áreas urbanas. Los especuladores compraron casas en las que nunca tuvieron la intención de vivir, esperando obtener una gran ganancia en cuestión de meses, y luego las renovaron comprando más propiedades. Las compañías hipotecarias cumplieron, ya que todos asumieron que los precios seguirían subiendo. La burbuja estalló en 2007-2008 cuando los precios de la vivienda comenzaron a colapsar y terminaron los años de auge. Cientos de miles de millones en valores inmobiliarios desaparecieron y las ejecuciones hipotecarias se dispararon, ya que muchas instituciones financieras e inversores resultaron gravemente perjudicados. [106] [107]
En el siglo XXI, se han producido sequías y frecuentes incendios forestales atribuidos al cambio climático en el estado. [108] [109] De 2011 a 2017, una sequía persistente fue la peor en su historia registrada. [110] La temporada de incendios forestales de 2018 fue la más mortífera y destructiva del estado. [111]
Geografía
California es el tercer estado más grande de los Estados Unidos en área, después de Alaska y Texas. [112] California a menudo se divide geográficamente en dos regiones, el sur de California , que comprende los diez condados más al sur, [113] [114] y el norte de California , que comprende los 48 condados más al norte. [115] [116] Limita con Oregón al norte, Nevada al este y noreste, Arizona al sureste, el Océano Pacífico al oeste y comparte una frontera internacional con el estado mexicano de Baja California.al sur (con la que forma parte de la región de Las Californias de América del Norte , junto a Baja California Sur ).
En el medio del estado se encuentra el Valle Central de California , delimitado por Sierra Nevada al este, las cadenas montañosas costeras al oeste, la Cordillera de las Cascadas al norte y las montañas Tehachapi al sur. El Valle Central es el corazón agrícola productivo de California.
Dividido en dos por el delta del río Sacramento-San Joaquín , la parte norte, el Valle de Sacramento sirve como la cuenca del río Sacramento , mientras que la parte sur, el Valle de San Joaquín es la cuenca del río San Joaquín . Ambos valles derivan sus nombres de los ríos que los atraviesan. Con el dragado, los ríos Sacramento y San Joaquín se han mantenido lo suficientemente profundos como para que varias ciudades del interior sean puertos marítimos .
El delta del río Sacramento-San Joaquín es un centro de suministro de agua fundamental para el estado. El agua se desvía del delta y a través de una extensa red de bombas y canales que atraviesan casi todo el estado, hacia el Valle Central y los Proyectos de Agua del Estado y otras necesidades. El agua del Delta proporciona agua potable a casi 23 millones de personas, casi dos tercios de la población del estado, así como agua para los agricultores del lado oeste del Valle de San Joaquín.
Suisun Bay se encuentra en la confluencia de los ríos Sacramento y San Joaquin. El agua es drenada por el Estrecho de Carquinez , que desemboca en la Bahía de San Pablo , una extensión al norte de la Bahía de San Francisco , que luego se conecta con el Océano Pacífico a través del Estrecho de Golden Gate .
Las Islas del Canal se encuentran frente a la costa sur , mientras que las Islas Farallón se encuentran al oeste de San Francisco.
La Sierra Nevada (en español para "rango nevado") incluye el pico más alto en los 48 estados contiguos , Mount Whitney , a 14,505 pies (4,421 m). [3] [4] [5] La cordillera abarca el valle de Yosemite , famoso por sus cúpulas talladas por glaciares, y el Parque Nacional Sequoia , hogar de las secuoyas gigantes , los organismos vivos más grandes de la Tierra, y el lago de agua dulce profundo, el lago Tahoe . el lago más grande del estado por volumen.
Al este de Sierra Nevada se encuentran Owens Valley y Mono Lake , un hábitat esencial para las aves migratorias . En la parte occidental del estado se encuentra Clear Lake , el lago de agua dulce más grande por área en su totalidad en California. Aunque el lago Tahoe es más grande, está dividido por la frontera entre California y Nevada. La Sierra Nevada cae a temperaturas árticas en invierno y tiene varias docenas de pequeños glaciares, incluido el glaciar Palisade , el glaciar más austral de los Estados Unidos.
El lago Tulare era el lago de agua dulce más grande al oeste del río Mississippi. Un remanente del Pleistoceno -era lago Corcoran , el lago Tulare se secó a principios del siglo XX después de que sus ríos tributarios se desviaron para riego agrícola y usos de agua municipal. [117]
Aproximadamente el 45 por ciento de la superficie total del estado está cubierta por bosques, [118] y la diversidad de especies de pinos de California no tiene comparación con ningún otro estado. California contiene más bosques que cualquier otro estado, excepto Alaska. Muchos de los árboles de las Montañas Blancas de California son los más antiguos del mundo; un pino de bristlecone individual tiene más de 5000 años. [119] [120]
En el sur hay un gran lago salado interior, el Mar Salton . El desierto del centro-sur se llama Mojave ; al noreste de Mojave se encuentra el Valle de la Muerte , que contiene el lugar más bajo y caluroso de América del Norte, la Cuenca Badwater a -279 pies (-85 m). [7] La distancia horizontal desde el fondo del Valle de la Muerte hasta la cima del Monte Whitney es de menos de 90 millas (140 km). De hecho, casi todo el sureste de California es un desierto árido y caluroso, con temperaturas extremadamente altas durante el verano. La frontera sureste de California con Arizona está formada en su totalidad por el río Colorado , del cual la parte sur del estado obtiene aproximadamente la mitad de su agua.
La mayoría de las ciudades de California están ubicadas en el área de la bahía de San Francisco o en el área metropolitana de Sacramento en el norte de California ; o el área de Los Ángeles , el Inland Empire o el área metropolitana de San Diego en el sur de California . El área de Los Ángeles, el área de la bahía y el área metropolitana de San Diego se encuentran entre varias áreas metropolitanas importantes a lo largo de la costa de California.
Como parte del Anillo de Fuego , California está sujeta a tsunamis , inundaciones , sequías, vientos de Santa Ana , incendios forestales , deslizamientos de tierra en terrenos escarpados y tiene varios volcanes . Tiene muchos terremotos debido a varias fallas que atraviesan el estado, la más grande es la falla de San Andrés . Cada año se registran unos 37.000 terremotos , pero la mayoría son demasiado pequeños para sentirse. [121]
Clima
Aunque la mayor parte del estado tiene un clima mediterráneo , debido al gran tamaño del estado, el clima varía de polar a subtropical . La fresca corriente de California en alta mar a menudo crea niebla de verano cerca de la costa. Más hacia el interior, hay inviernos más fríos y veranos más calurosos. La moderación marítima da como resultado que las temperaturas de verano de la costa de Los Ángeles y San Francisco sean las más frescas de todas las principales áreas metropolitanas de los Estados Unidos y excepcionalmente frescas en comparación con las áreas en la misma latitud en el interior y en la costa este del continente norteamericano. . Incluso el San DiegoLa costa que limita con México es más fresca en verano que la mayoría de las áreas de los Estados Unidos contiguos. A solo unas millas tierra adentro, las temperaturas extremas de verano son significativamente más altas, y el centro de Los Ángeles es varios grados más cálido que en la costa. El mismo fenómeno microclimático se observa en el clima del Área de la Bahía, donde las áreas protegidas del mar experimentan veranos significativamente más calurosos que las áreas cercanas más cercanas al océano.
Las partes del norte del estado tienen más lluvia que el sur. Las cadenas montañosas de California también influyen en el clima: algunas de las partes más lluviosas del estado son las laderas de las montañas orientadas al oeste. El noroeste de California tiene un clima templado y el Valle Central tiene un clima mediterráneo pero con temperaturas extremas mayores que la costa. Las altas montañas, incluida Sierra Nevada, tienen un clima alpino con nieve en invierno y calor de leve a moderado en verano.
Las montañas de California producen sombras de lluvia en el lado este, creando extensos desiertos . Los desiertos de mayor elevación del este de California tienen veranos calurosos e inviernos fríos, mientras que los desiertos bajos al este de las montañas del sur de California tienen veranos calurosos e inviernos suaves casi sin escarcha. El Valle de la Muerte , un desierto con grandes extensiones por debajo del nivel del mar, se considera el lugar más caluroso del mundo; la temperatura más alta del mundo, [122] [123] 134 ° F (56,7 ° C), se registró allí el 10 de julio de 1913. La temperatura más baja en California fue de -45 ° F (-43 ° C) el 20 de enero De 1937, en Boca . [124]
La siguiente tabla enumera las temperaturas promedio para enero y agosto en una selección de lugares en todo el estado; algunos densamente poblados y otros no. Esto incluye los veranos relativamente frescos de la región de la bahía de Humboldt alrededor de Eureka , el calor extremo del Valle de la Muerte y el clima montañoso de Mammoth en Sierra Nevada.
| Localización | Agosto (° F) |
Agosto (° C) |
Enero (° F) |
Enero (° C) |
Precipitación anual (mm / in) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| los Angeles | 83/64 | 29/18 | 66/48 | 20/8 | 377/15 |
| Playas LAX / LA | 75/64 | 23/18 | 65/49 | 18/9 | 326/13 |
| San Diego | 76/67 | 24/19 | 65/49 | 18/9 | 262/10 |
| San Jose | 82/58 | 27/14 | 58/42 | 14/5 | 401/16 |
| San Francisco | 67/54 | 20/12 | 56/46 | 14/8 | 538/21 |
| Fresno | 97/66 | 34/19 | 55/38 | 12/3 | 292/11 |
| Sacramento | 91/58 | 33/14 | 54/39 | 12/3 | 469/18 |
| Oakland | 73/58 | 23/14 | 58/44 | 14/7 | 588/23 |
| Bakersfield | 96/69 | 36/21 | 56/39 | 13/3 | 165/7 |
| Orilla | 94/60 | 35/18 | 67/39 | 19/4 | 260/10 |
| Eureka | 62/53 | 16/11 | 54/41 | 12/5 | 960/38 |
| Valle de la Muerte | 115/86 | 46/30 | 67/40 | 19/4 | 60/2 |
| Mammoth Lakes | 77/45 | 25/7 | 40/15 | 4 / −9 | 583/23 |
Ecología
California es una de las partes más ricas y diversas del mundo e incluye algunas de las comunidades ecológicas más amenazadas. California es parte del reino Neártico y abarca varias ecorregiones terrestres . [126]
La gran cantidad de especies endémicas de California incluye especies relictas , que se han extinguido en otros lugares, como el palo fierro de Catalina ( Lyonothamnus floribundus ). Muchas otras endémicas se originaron a través de la diferenciación o la radiación adaptativa , mediante la cual múltiples especies se desarrollan a partir de un ancestro común para aprovechar diversas condiciones ecológicas como la lila de California ( Ceanothus ). Muchas especies endémicas de California se han puesto en peligro, ya que la urbanización, la tala, el pastoreo excesivo y la introducción de especies exóticas han invadido su hábitat.
Flora y fauna
California cuenta con varios superlativos en su colección de flora: los árboles más grandes , los árboles más altos y los árboles más viejos . Los pastos nativos de California son plantas perennes . [127] Después del contacto europeo, estos fueron reemplazados generalmente por especies invasoras de gramíneas anuales europeas; y, en los tiempos modernos, las colinas de California adquieren un característico color marrón dorado en verano. [128]
Debido a que California tiene la mayor diversidad de clima y terreno, el estado tiene seis zonas de vida que son el desierto de Sonora inferior ; Alto Sonora (regiones al pie de las colinas y algunas tierras costeras), transición (áreas costeras y condados húmedos del noreste); y las zonas canadiense, hudsoniana y ártica, que comprenden las elevaciones más altas del estado. [129]
La vida vegetal en el clima seco de la zona baja de Sonora contiene una diversidad de cactus nativos, mezquite y paloverde. El árbol de Joshua se encuentra en el desierto de Mojave. Las plantas con flores incluyen la amapola enana del desierto y una variedad de ásteres . El álamo de Fremont y el roble del valle prosperan en el Valle Central. La zona alta de Sonora incluye el cinturón de chaparrales, caracterizado por bosques de pequeños arbustos, árboles raquíticos y plantas herbáceas. Nemophila , menta , Phacelia , Viola y la amapola de California ( Eschscholzia californica, la flor del estado) también florecen en esta zona, junto con el altramuz, más especies de las cuales se encuentran aquí que en cualquier otro lugar del mundo. [129]
La zona de transición incluye la mayoría de los bosques de California con la secuoya ( Sequoia sempervirens ) y el "árbol grande" o secuoya gigante ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ), entre los seres vivos más antiguos de la tierra (se dice que algunos vivieron al menos 4.000 años). También crecen aquí el roble tanbark , el laurel de California , el pino azucarero , la madrona , el arce latifoliado y el abeto Douglas . Los suelos del bosque están cubiertos de hierba espada , alumnroot, barrenwort y trillium , y hay matorrales de arándano , azalea, saúco y grosella silvestre. Flores silvestres característicos incluyen variedades de Mariposa, tulipán , y el tigre y el leopardo lirios. [130]
Las elevadas elevaciones de la zona canadiense permiten que prosperen el pino Jeffrey , el abeto rojo y el pino lodgepole . Las áreas con matorrales son abundantes con manzanita enana y ceanothus; el único puffball de Sierra también se encuentra aquí. Justo debajo de la línea forestal, en la zona de Hudson, crecen los pinos de corteza blanca, cola de zorro y plateado. A unos 10.500 pies (3.200 m), comienza la zona ártica, una región sin árboles cuya flora incluye una serie de flores silvestres, incluida la prímula Sierra , la aguileña amarilla , el ranúnculo alpino y la estrella fugaz alpina . [129] [131]
Las plantas comunes que se han introducido en el estado incluyen el eucalipto , la acacia , el pimentero , el geranio y la escoba escocesa . Las especies que están clasificadas a nivel federal como en peligro de extinción son el alhelí de Contra Costa , la onagra de las dunas de Antioch Dunes , el pasto Solano , la espuela de caballero de la isla de San Clemente , el pico de pájaro de las marismas , el berro de McDonald's y la isla de Santa Bárbara para siempre . En diciembre de 1997 [update], 85 especies de plantas estaban catalogadas como amenazadas o en peligro de extinción. [129]
En los desiertos de la zona baja de Sonora, los mamíferos incluyen la liebre , la rata canguro , la ardilla y la zarigüeya. Las aves comunes incluyen el búho , el correcaminos , el reyezuelo y varias especies de halcones. La vida reptil de la zona incluye la víbora sidewinder , la tortuga del desierto y el sapo cornudo . La zona alta de Sonora cuenta con mamíferos como el antílope , la rata común de patas marrones y el gato de cola anillada . Las aves exclusivas de esta zona son el zorro de California , el bushtit y el cóndor de California .[129] [132] [133] [134]
En la zona de transición se encuentran venados de cola negra , osos negros , zorros grises , pumas , linces y alces de Roosevelt colombianos . Reptiles como las culebras y las serpientes de cascabel habitan la zona. Además, los anfibios como el cachorro de agua y la salamandra de secoya también son comunes. Aves como el martín pescador , el carbonero, el remolino y el colibrí también prosperan aquí. [129] [135]
Los mamíferos de la zona canadiense incluyen la comadreja de montaña , la liebre con raquetas de nieve y varias especies de ardillas listadas. Aves conspicuas incluyen el azul-afrontado Jay , Chickadee de la montaña , Tordo de ermitaño , cazo americano , y el solitario de Townsend . A medida que uno asciende a la zona de Hudson, las aves escasean. Si bien el pinzón rosado de corona gris es el único ave nativa de la región ártica alta, otras especies de aves como el colibrí de Anna y el cascanueces de Clark . [ cita requerida ] Los principales mamíferos que se encuentran en esta región incluyen Sierra Coney,white-tailed jackrabbit, and the bighorn sheep. As of April 2003[update], the bighorn sheep was listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The fauna found throughout several zones are the mule deer, coyote, mountain lion, northern flicker, and several species of hawk and sparrow.[129]
Aquatic life in California thrives, from the state's mountain lakes and streams to the rocky Pacific coastline. Numerous trout species are found, among them rainbow, golden, and cutthroat. Migratory species of salmon are common as well. Deep-sea life forms include sea bass, yellowfin tuna, barracuda, and several types of whale. Native to the cliffs of northern California are seals, sea lions, and many types of shorebirds, including migratory species.[129]
As of April 2003[update], 118 California animals were on the federal endangered list; 181 plants were listed as endangered or threatened. Endangered animals include the San Joaquin kitfox, Point Arena mountain beaver, Pacific pocket mouse, salt marsh harvest mouse, Morro Bay kangaroo rat (and five other species of kangaroo rat), Amargosa vole, California least tern, California condor, loggerhead shrike, San Clemente sage sparrow, San Francisco garter snake, five species of salamander, three species of chub, and two species of pupfish. Eleven butterflies are also endangered[136] and two that are threatened are on the federal list.[137][138] Among threatened animals are the coastal California gnatcatcher, Paiute cutthroat trout, southern sea otter, and northern spotted owl. California has a total of 290,821 acres (1,176.91 km2) of National Wildlife Refuges.[129] As of September 2010[update], 123 California animals were listed as either endangered or threatened on the federal list.[139] Also, as of the same year[update], 178 species of California plants were listed either as endangered or threatened on this federal list.[139]
Rivers
The most prominent river system within California is formed by the Sacramento River and San Joaquin River, which are fed mostly by snowmelt from the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, and respectively drain the north and south halves of the Central Valley. The two rivers join in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, flowing into the Pacific Ocean through San Francisco Bay. Many major tributaries feed into the Sacramento–San Joaquin system, including the Pit River, Feather River and Tuolumne River.
The Klamath and Trinity Rivers drain a large area in far northwestern California. The Eel River and Salinas River each drain portions of the California coast, north and south of San Francisco Bay, respectively. The Mojave River is the primary watercourse in the Mojave Desert, and the Santa Ana River drains much of the Transverse Ranges as it bisects Southern California. The Colorado River forms the state's southeast border with Arizona.
Most of California's major rivers are dammed as part of two massive water projects: the Central Valley Project, providing water for agriculture in the Central Valley, and the California State Water Project diverting water from northern to southern California. The state's coasts, rivers, and other bodies of water are regulated by the California Coastal Commission.
Regions
Demographics
Population
| Historical population | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1850 | 92,597 | — | |
| 1860 | 379,994 | 310.4% | |
| 1870 | 560,247 | 47.4% | |
| 1880 | 864,694 | 54.3% | |
| 1890 | 1,213,398 | 40.3% | |
| 1900 | 1,485,053 | 22.4% | |
| 1910 | 2,377,549 | 60.1% | |
| 1920 | 3,426,861 | 44.1% | |
| 1930 | 5,677,251 | 65.7% | |
| 1940 | 6,907,387 | 21.7% | |
| 1950 | 10,586,223 | 53.3% | |
| 1960 | 15,717,204 | 48.5% | |
| 1970 | 19,953,134 | 27.0% | |
| 1980 | 23,667,902 | 18.6% | |
| 1990 | 29,760,021 | 25.7% | |
| 2000 | 33,871,648 | 13.8% | |
| 2010 | 37,253,956 | 10.0% | |
| 2020 | 39,538,223 | 6.1% | |
| Sources: 1790–1990, 2000, 2010, 2020[140][141][8] Chart does not include Indigenous population figures. Studies indicate that the Native American population in California in 1850 was close to 150,000 before declining to 15,000 by 1900.[142] | |||
The United States Census Bureau reports that the population of California was 39,538,223 on April 1, 2020, a 6.13% increase since the 2010 United States census.[8] The population was projected to reach forty million by 2020.[143]
Between 2000 and 2009, there was a natural increase of 3,090,016 (5,058,440 births minus 2,179,958 deaths).[144] During this time period, international migration produced a net increase of 1,816,633 people while domestic migration produced a net decrease of 1,509,708, resulting in a net in-migration of 306,925 people.[144] The state of California's own statistics show a population of 38,292,687 for January 1, 2009.[145] However, according to the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, since 1990 almost 3.4 million Californians have moved to other states, with most leaving to Texas, Nevada, and Arizona.[146] According to the Department of Finance, California's population declined by 182,083 people in 2020, the first time that there has been a net decrease in population since 1900.[147]
Within the Western hemisphere California is the second most populous sub-national administrative entity (behind the state of São Paulo in Brazil)[148] and third most populous sub-national entity of any kind outside Asia (in which wider category it also ranks behind England in the United Kingdom, which has no administrative functions). California's population is greater than that of all but 34 countries of the world.[149][150] The Greater Los Angeles Area is the 2nd-largest metropolitan area in the United States, after the New York metropolitan area, while Los Angeles, with nearly half the population of New York City, is the second-largest city in the United States. Conversely, San Francisco, with nearly one-quarter the population density of Manhattan, is the most densely populated city in California and one of the most densely populated cities in the United States. Also, Los Angeles County has held the title of most populous United States county for decades, and it alone is more populous than 42 United States states.[151][152] Including Los Angeles, four of the top 20 most populous cities in the U.S. are in California: Los Angeles (2nd), San Diego (8th), San Jose (10th), and San Francisco (17th). The center of population of California is located three miles southwest of the city of Shafter, Kern County.[note 2]
As of 2018, the average life expectancy in California was 80.8 years, above the national average of 78.7, which is the second highest in the country.[154]
Cities and towns
The state has 482 incorporated cities and towns, of which 460 are cities and 22 are towns. Under California law, the terms "city" and "town" are explicitly interchangeable; the name of an incorporated municipality in the state can either be "City of (Name)" or "Town of (Name)".[155]
Sacramento became California's first incorporated city on February 27, 1850.[156] San Jose, San Diego, and Benicia tied for California's second incorporated city, each receiving incorporation on March 27, 1850.[157][158][159] Jurupa Valley became the state's most recent and 482nd incorporated municipality, on July 1, 2011.[160][161]
The majority of these cities and towns are within one of five metropolitan areas: the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, the Riverside-San Bernardino Area, the San Diego metropolitan area, or the Sacramento metropolitan area.
| Rank | Name | County | Pop. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Los Angeles  San Diego |
1 | Los Angeles | Los Angeles | 3,898,747 |  San Jose  San Francisco | ||||
| 2 | San Diego | San Diego | 1,386,932 | ||||||
| 3 | San Jose | Santa Clara | 1,013,240 | ||||||
| 4 | San Francisco | San Francisco | 873,965 | ||||||
| 5 | Fresno | Fresno | 542,107 | ||||||
| 6 | Sacramento | Sacramento | 524,943 | ||||||
| 7 | Long Beach | Los Angeles | 466,742 | ||||||
| 8 | Oakland | Alameda | 440,646 | ||||||
| 9 | Bakersfield | Kern | 403,455 | ||||||
| 10 | Anaheim | Orange | 346,824 | ||||||
| CA Rank | U.S. Rank | Metropolitan statistical area[163] | 2020 Census[162] | 2010 Census[162] | Change | Counties[163] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA MSA | 13,200,998 | 12,828,837 | +2.90% | Los Angeles, Orange |
| 2 | 12 | San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA MSA | 4,749,008 | 4,335,391 | +9.54% | Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, San Francisco, San Mateo |
| 3 | 13 | Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA MSA | 4,599,839 | 4,224,851 | +8.88% | Riverside, San Bernardino |
| 4 | 17 | San Diego-Carlsbad, CA MSA | 3,298,634 | 3,095,313 | +6.57% | San Diego |
| 5 | 26 | Sacramento–Roseville–Arden-Arcade, CA MSA | 2,397,382 | 2,149,127 | +11.55% | El Dorado, Placer, Sacramento, Yolo |
| 6 | 35 | San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA MSA | 2,000,468 | 1,836,911 | +8.90% | San Benito, Santa Clara |
| 7 | 56 | Fresno, CA MSA | 1,008,654 | 930,450 | +8.40% | Fresno |
| 8 | 62 | Bakersfield, CA MSA | 909,235 | 839,631 | +8.29% | Kern |
| 9 | 70 | Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA MSA | 843,843 | 823,318 | +2.49% | Ventura |
| 10 | 75 | Stockton-Lodi, CA MSA | 779,233 | 685,306 | +13.71% | San Joaquin |
| CA Rank | U.S. Rank | Combined statistical area[162] | 2020 Census[162] | 2010 Census[162] | Change | Counties[163] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA Combined Statistical Area | 18,644,680 | 17,877,006 | +4.29% | Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, Ventura |
| 2 | 4 | San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area | 9,714,023 | 8,923,942 | +8.85% | Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Merced, Napa, San Benito, San Francisco, San Joaquin, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, Sonoma, Stanislaus |
| 3 | 23 | Sacramento-Roseville, CA Combined Statistical Area | 2,680,831 | 2,414,783 | +11.02% | El Dorado, Nevada, Placer, Sacramento, Sutter, Yolo, Yuba |
| 4 | 45 | Fresno-Madera, CA Combined Statistical Area | 1,317,395 | 1,234,297 | +6.73% | Fresno, Kings, Madera |
| 5 | 125 | Redding-Red Bluff, CA Combined Statistical Area | 247,984 | 240,686 | +3.03% | Shasta, Tehama |
Migration
Starting in the year 2010, for the first time since the California Gold Rush, California-born residents make up the majority of the state's population.[164] Along with the rest of the United States, California's immigration pattern has also shifted over the course of the late 2000s to early 2010s.[165] Immigration from Latin American countries has dropped significantly with most immigrants now coming from Asia.[166] In total for 2011, there were 277,304 immigrants. Fifty-seven percent came from Asian countries versus 22% from Latin American countries.[166] Net immigration from Mexico, previously the most common country of origin for new immigrants, has dropped to zero / less than zero since more Mexican nationals are departing for their home country than immigrating.[165] As a result, it is projected that Hispanic citizens will constitute 49% of the population by 2060, instead of the previously projected 2050, due primarily to domestic births.[165][167]
The state's population of undocumented immigrants has been shrinking in recent years, due to increased enforcement and decreased job opportunities for lower-skilled workers.[168] The number of migrants arrested attempting to cross the Mexican border in the Southwest decreased from a high of 1.1 million in 2005 to 367,000 in 2011.[169] Despite these recent trends, illegal aliens constituted an estimated 7.3 percent of the state's population, the third highest percentage of any state in the country,[170][note 3] totaling nearly 2.6 million.[171] In particular, illegal immigrants tended to be concentrated in Los Angeles, Monterey, San Benito, Imperial, and Napa Counties—the latter four of which have significant agricultural industries that depend on manual labor.[172] More than half of illegal immigrants originate from Mexico.[171] The state of California and some California cities, including Los Angeles, Oakland and San Francisco,[173] have adopted sanctuary policies.[174]
Race and ethnicity
| Race and Ethnicity[175] | Alone | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic or Latino[note 4] | — | 39.4% | ||
| Non-Hispanic White/Anglo | 34.7% | 38.3% | ||
| Asian | 15.1% | 17.0% | ||
| African American | 5.4% | 6.4% | ||
| Native American | 0.4% | 1.3% | ||
| Pacific Islander | 0.3% | 0.7% | ||
| Other | 0.6% | 1.3% | ||
| Racial composition | 1970[176] | 1990[176] | 2000[177] | 2010[178] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 89.0% | 69.0% | 59.5% | 57.6% |
| Asian | 2.8% | 9.6% | 10.9% | 13.0% |
| Black | 7.0% | 7.4% | 6.7% | 6.2% |
| Native | 0.5% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.0% |
| Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander |
– | – | 0.3% | 0.4% |
| Some other race | 0.7% | 13.2% | 16.8% | 17.0% |
| Two or more races | – | – | 4.8% | 4.9% |
According to the United States Census Bureau in 2018 the population self-identifies as (alone or in combination):[179]
- 72.1% White (including Hispanic Whites)
- 36.8% Non-Hispanic whites
- 15.3% Asian
- 6.5% Black or African American
- 1.6% Native American and Alaska Native
- 0.5% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
- 3.9% Two or more races
By ethnicity, in 2018 the population was 60.7% non-Hispanic (of any race) and 39.3% Hispanic or Latino (of any race). Hispanics are the largest single ethnic group in California.[179] Non-Hispanic whites constituted 36.8% of the state's population.[179] Californios are the Hispanic residents native to California, who make up the Spanish-speaking community that has existed in California since 1542, of varying Mexican American/Chicano, Criollo Spaniard, and Mestizo origin.[180]
As of 2011[update], 75.1% of California's population younger than age 1 were minorities, meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white (white Hispanics are counted as minorities).[181]
In terms of total numbers, California has the largest population of White Americans in the United States, an estimated 22,200,000 residents. The state has the 5th largest population of African Americans in the United States, an estimated 2,250,000 residents. California's Asian American population is estimated at 4.4 million, constituting a third of the nation's total. California's Native American population of 285,000 is the most of any state.[182]
According to estimates from 2011, California has the largest minority population in the United States by numbers, making up 60% of the state population.[183] Over the past 25 years, the population of non-Hispanic whites has declined, while Hispanic and Asian populations have grown. Between 1970 and 2011, non-Hispanic whites declined from 80% of the state's population to 40%, while Hispanics grew from 32% in 2000 to 38% in 2011.[184] It is currently projected that Hispanics will rise to 49% of the population by 2060, primarily due to domestic births rather than immigration.[167] With the decline of immigration from Latin America, Asian Americans now constitute the fastest growing racial/ethnic group in California; this growth is primarily driven by immigration from China, India and the Philippines, respectively.[185]
Languages
| Language | Population (as of 2016[update])[186] |
|---|---|
| Spanish | 10,672,610 speakers |
| Chinese | 1,231,425 |
| Tagalog | 796,451 |
| Vietnamese | 559,932 |
| Korean | 367,523 |
| Persian | 203,770 |
| Armenian | 192,980 |
| Arabic | 191,954 |
| Hindi | 189,646 |
| Russian | 155,746 |
| Punjabi | 140,128 |
| Japanese | 139,430 |
| French | 123,956 |
English serves as California's de jure and de facto official language. In 2010, the Modern Language Association of America estimated that 57.02% (19,429,309) of California residents age 5 and older spoke only English at home, while 42.98% spoke another language at home. According to the 2007 American Community Survey, 73% of people who speak a language other than English at home are able to speak English "well" or "very well," while 9.8% of them could not speak English at all.[187] Like most U.S. states (32 out of 50), California law enshrines English as its official language, and has done so since the passage of Proposition 63 by California voters. Various government agencies do, and are often required to, furnish documents in the various languages needed to reach their intended audiences.[188][189][190]
In total, 16 languages other than English were spoken as primary languages at home by more than 100,000 persons, more than any other state in the nation. New York State, in second place, had nine languages other than English spoken by more than 100,000 persons.[191] The most common language spoken besides English was Spanish, spoken by 28.46% (9,696,638) of the population.[167][165] With Asia contributing most of California's new immigrants, California had the highest concentration nationwide of Vietnamese and Chinese speakers, the second highest concentration of Korean, and the third highest concentration of Tagalog speakers.[187]
California has historically been one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world, with more than 70 indigenous languages derived from 64 root languages in six language families.[192][193] A survey conducted between 2007 and 2009 identified 23 different indigenous languages among California farmworkers.[194] All of California's indigenous languages are endangered, although there are now efforts toward language revitalization.[note 5]
As a result of the state's increasing diversity and migration from other areas across the country and around the globe, linguists began noticing a noteworthy set of emerging characteristics of spoken American English in California since the late 20th century. This variety, known as California English, has a vowel shift and several other phonological processes that are different from varieties of American English used in other regions of the United States.[195]
Culture
The culture of California is a Western culture and most clearly has its modern roots in the culture of the United States, but also, historically, many Hispanic Californio and Mexican influences. As a border and coastal state, Californian culture has been greatly influenced by several large immigrant populations, especially those from Latin America and Asia.[196][failed verification]
California has long been a subject of interest in the public mind and has often been promoted by its boosters as a kind of paradise. In the early 20th century, fueled by the efforts of state and local boosters, many Americans saw the Golden State as an ideal resort destination, sunny and dry all year round with easy access to the ocean and mountains. In the 1960s, popular music groups such as The Beach Boys promoted the image of Californians as laid-back, tanned beach-goers.
The California Gold Rush of the 1850s is still seen as a symbol of California's economic style, which tends to generate technology, social, entertainment, and economic fads and booms and related busts.
Mass media and entertainment
Hollywood and the rest of the Los Angeles area is a major global center for entertainment, with the U.S. film industry's "Big Five" major film studios (Columbia, Disney, Paramount, Universal, and Warner Bros.) being based in or around the area.
The four major American television broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC) all have production facilities and offices in the state. All four, plus the two major Spanish-language networks (Telemundo and Univision) each have at least two owned-and-operated TV stations in California, one in Los Angeles and one in the San Francisco Bay Area.
The San Francisco Bay Area is home to several prominent internet media and social media companies, including three of the "Big Five" technology companies (Apple, Facebook, and Google) as well as other services such as Netflix, Pandora Radio, Twitter, Yahoo!, and YouTube.
One of the oldest radio stations in the United States still in existence, KCBS (AM) in the Bay Area, was founded in 1909. Universal Music Group, one of the "Big Four" record labels, is based in Santa Monica. California is also the birthplace of several international music genres, including the Bakersfield sound, Bay Area thrash metal, g-funk, nu metal, stoner rock, surf music, West Coast hip hop, and West Coast jazz.
Religion
The largest religious denominations by number of adherents as a percentage of California's population in 2014 were the Catholic Church with 28 percent, Evangelical Protestants with 20 percent, and Mainline Protestants with 10 percent. Together, all kinds of Protestants accounted for 32 percent. Those unaffiliated with any religion represented 27 percent of the population. The breakdown of other religions is 1% Muslim, 2% Hindu and 2% Buddhist.[197] This is a change from 2008, when the population identified their religion with the Catholic Church with 31 percent; Evangelical Protestants with 18 percent; and Mainline Protestants with 14 percent. In 2008, those unaffiliated with any religion represented 21 percent of the population. The breakdown of other religions in 2008 was 0.5% Muslim, 1% Hindu and 2% Buddhist.[198] The American Jewish Year Book placed the total Jewish population of California at about 1,194,190 in 2006.[199] According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) the largest denominations by adherents in 2010 were the Catholic Church with 10,233,334; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 763,818; and the Southern Baptist Convention with 489,953.[200]
The first priests to come to California were Catholic missionaries from Spain. Catholics founded 21 missions along the California coast, as well as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco. California continues to have a large Catholic population due to the large numbers of Mexicans and Central Americans living within its borders. California has twelve dioceses and two archdioceses, the Archdiocese of Los Angeles and the Archdiocese of San Francisco, the former being the largest archdiocese in the United States.
A Pew Research Center survey revealed that California is somewhat less religious than the rest of the states: 62 percent of Californians say they are "absolutely certain" of their belief in God, while in the nation 71 percent say so. The survey also revealed 48 percent of Californians say religion is "very important", compared to 56 percent nationally.[201]
Sports
California has nineteen major professional sports league franchises, far more than any other state. The San Francisco Bay Area has six major league teams spread in its three major cities: San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland, while the Greater Los Angeles Area is home to ten major league franchises. San Diego and Sacramento each have one major league team. The NFL Super Bowl has been hosted in California 11 times at four different stadiums: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Rose Bowl, Stanford Stadium, and San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium. A twelfth, Super Bowl 50, was held at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara on February 7, 2016.[202]
California has long had many respected collegiate sports programs. California is home to the oldest college bowl game, the annual Rose Bowl, among others.
California is the only U.S. state to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The 1932 and 1984 summer games were held in Los Angeles. Squaw Valley Ski Resort in the Lake Tahoe region hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics. Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics, marking the fourth time that California will have hosted the Olympic Games.[203] Multiple games during the 1994 FIFA World Cup took place in California, with the Rose Bowl hosting eight matches (including the final), while Stanford Stadium hosted six matches.
Education
Public secondary education consists of high schools that teach elective courses in trades, languages, and liberal arts with tracks for gifted, college-bound and industrial arts students. California's public educational system is supported by a unique constitutional amendment that requires a minimum annual funding level for grades K–12 and community colleges that grows with the economy and student enrollment figures.[204]
In 2016, California's K–12 public school per-pupil spending was ranked 22nd in the nation ($11,500 per student vs. $11,800 for the U.S. average).[205]
For 2012, California's K–12 public schools ranked 48th in the number of employees per student, at 0.102 (the U.S. average was 0.137), while paying the 7th most per employee, $49,000 (the U.S. average was $39,000).[206][207][208]
A 2007 study concluded that California's public school system was "broken" in that it suffered from overregulation.[209]
California public postsecondary education is organized into three separate systems:
- The state's public research university system is the University of California (UC). As of fall 2011, the University of California had a combined student body of 234,464 students.[211] There are ten UC campuses. Nine are general campuses offering both undergraduate and graduate programs which culminate in the award of bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctorates. There is one specialized campus, UC San Francisco, which is entirely dedicated to graduate education in health care, and is home to the UCSF Medical Center, the highest ranked hospital in California.[212] The system was originally intended to accept the top one-eighth of California high school students, but several of the campuses have become even more selective.[213][214][215] The UC system historically held exclusive authority to award the doctorate, but this has since changed and CSU now has limited statutory authorization to award a handful of types of doctoral degrees independently of UC.
- The California State University (CSU) system has almost 430,000 students. The CSU (which takes the definite article in its abbreviated form, while UC does not) was originally intended to accept the top one-third of California high school students, but several of the campuses have become much more selective.[215][216] The CSU was originally authorized to award only bachelor's and master's degrees, and could award the doctorate only as part of joint programs with UC or private universities. Since then, CSU has been granted the authority to independently award several doctoral degrees (in specific academic fields that do not intrude upon UC's traditional jurisdiction).
- The California Community Colleges system provides lower-division coursework culminating in the associate's degree, as well as basic skills and workforce training culminating in various kinds of certificates. It is the largest network of higher education in the U.S., composed of 112 colleges serving a student population of over 2.6 million.
California is also home to such notable private universities as Stanford University, the University of Southern California, the California Institute of Technology, and the Claremont Colleges. California has hundreds of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions.
Twinned regions
California has twinning arrangements with the region of Catalonia in Spain[217] and with the Province of Alberta in Canada.[218][219]
Economy
California's economy ranks among the largest in the world. As of 2019[update], the gross state product (GSP) was $3.2 trillion ($80,600 per capita), the largest in the United States.[220] California is responsible for one seventh of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP).[221] As of 2018[update], California's nominal GDP is larger than all but four countries (the United States, China, Japan, and Germany).[222][223] In terms of Purchasing power parity (PPP),[224] it is larger than all but eight countries (the United States, China, India, Japan, Germany, Russia, Brazil and Indonesia).[225] California's economy is larger than Africa and Australia and is almost as large as South America.[226]
- Total Non farm Employment (2016): 14,600,349
- Total employer establishments (2016): 922,477[227]
The five largest sectors of employment in California are trade, transportation, and utilities; government; professional and business services; education and health services; and leisure and hospitality. In output, the five largest sectors are financial services, followed by trade, transportation, and utilities; education and health services; government; and manufacturing.[228] As of June 2021[update], California has an unemployment rate of 7.6%.[229]
California's economy is dependent on trade and international related commerce accounts for about one-quarter of the state's economy. In 2008, California exported $144 billion worth of goods, up from $134 billion in 2007 and $127 billion in 2006.[230] Computers and electronic products are California's top export, accounting for 42 percent of all the state's exports in 2008.[230]
Agriculture is an important sector in California's economy. Farming-related sales more than quadrupled over the past three decades, from $7.3 billion in 1974 to nearly $31 billion in 2004.[231] This increase has occurred despite a 15 percent decline in acreage devoted to farming during the period, and water supply suffering from chronic instability. Factors contributing to the growth in sales-per-acre include more intensive use of active farmlands and technological improvements in crop production.[231] In 2008, California's 81,500 farms and ranches generated $36.2 billion products revenue.[232] In 2011, that number grew to $43.5 billion products revenue.[233] The Agriculture sector accounts for two percent of the state's GDP and employs around three percent of its total workforce.[234] According to the USDA in 2011, the three largest California agricultural products by value were milk and cream, shelled almonds, and grapes.[235]
Per capita GDP in 2007 was $38,956, ranking eleventh in the nation.[236] Per capita income varies widely by geographic region and profession. The Central Valley is the most impoverished, with migrant farm workers making less than minimum wage. According to a 2005 report by the Congressional Research Service, the San Joaquin Valley was characterized as one of the most economically depressed regions in the United States, on par with the region of Appalachia.[237] Using the supplemental poverty measure, California has a poverty rate of 23.5%, the highest of any state in the country.[238] However, using the official measure the poverty rate was only 13.3% as of 2017.[239] Many coastal cities include some of the wealthiest per-capita areas in the United States. The high-technology sectors in Northern California, specifically Silicon Valley, in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, have emerged from the economic downturn caused by the dot-com bust.
In 2019, there were 1,042,027 millionaire households in the state, more than any other state in the nation.[240] In 2010, California residents were ranked first among the states with the best average credit score of 754.[241]
California GDP by sector in 2017[242]
State finances
State spending increased from $56 billion in 1998 to $127 billion in 2011.[244][245] California, with 12% of the United States population, has one-third of the nation's welfare recipients.[246] California has the third highest per capita spending on welfare among the states, as well as the highest spending on welfare at $6.67 billion.[247] In January 2011, California's total debt was at least $265 billion.[248] On June 27, 2013, Governor Jerry Brown signed a balanced budget (no deficit) for the state, its first in decades; however the state's debt remains at $132 billion.[249][250]
With the passage of Proposition 30 in 2012 and Proposition 55 in 2016, California now levies a 13.3% maximum marginal income tax rate with ten tax brackets, ranging from 1% at the bottom tax bracket of $0 annual individual income to 13.3% for annual individual income over $1,000,000 (though the top brackets are only temporary until Proposition 55 expires at the end of 2030). While Proposition 30 also enacted a minimum state sales tax of 7.5%, this sales tax increase was not extended by Proposition 55 and reverted to a previous minimum state sales tax rate of 7.25% in 2017. Local governments can and do levy additional sales taxes in addition to this minimum rate.[251]
All real property is taxable annually; the ad valorem tax is based on the property's fair market value at the time of purchase or the value of new construction. Property tax increases are capped at 2% annually or the rate of inflation (whichever is lower), per Proposition 13.
Infrastructure
Energy
Because it is the most populous state in the United States, California is one of the country's largest users of energy. However, because of its high energy rates, conservation mandates, mild weather in the largest population centers and strong environmental movement, its per capita energy use is one of the smallest of any state in the United States.[252] Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.[253]
As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.[254] Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert. California's wind farms include Altamont Pass, San Gorgonio Pass, and Tehachapi Pass. The Tehachapi area is also where the Tehachapi Energy Storage Project is located.[255] Several dams across the state provide hydro-electric power. It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050.[256]
The state's crude oil and natural gas deposits are located in the Central Valley and along the coast, including the large Midway-Sunset Oil Field. Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of state electricity generation.
California is also home to two major nuclear power plants: Diablo Canyon and San Onofre, the latter having been shut down in 2013. More than 1,700 tons of radioactive waste are stored at San Onofre,[257] which sits in an area where there is a record of past tsunamis.[258] Voters banned the approval of new nuclear power plants since the late 1970s because of concerns over radioactive waste disposal.[259][note 6] In addition, several cities such as Oakland, Berkeley and Davis have declared themselves as nuclear-free zones.
Transportation
California's vast terrain is connected by an extensive system of controlled-access highways ('freeways'), limited-access roads ('expressways'), and highways. California is known for its car culture, giving California's cities a reputation for severe traffic congestion. Construction and maintenance of state roads and statewide transportation planning are primarily the responsibility of the California Department of Transportation, nicknamed "Caltrans". The rapidly growing population of the state is straining all of its transportation networks, and California has some of the worst roads in the United States.[261][262] The Reason Foundation's 19th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems ranked California's highways the third-worst of any state, with Alaska second, and Rhode Island first.[263]
The state has been a pioneer in road construction. One of the state's more visible landmarks, the Golden Gate Bridge, was the longest suspension bridge main span in the world at 4,200 feet (1,300 m) between 1937 (when it opened) and 1964. With its orange paint and panoramic views of the bay, this highway bridge is a popular tourist attraction and also accommodates pedestrians and bicyclists. The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge (often abbreviated the "Bay Bridge"), completed in 1936, transports about 280,000 vehicles per day on two-decks. Its two sections meet at Yerba Buena Island through the world's largest diameter transportation bore tunnel, at 76 feet (23 m) wide by 58 feet (18 m) high.[264] The Arroyo Seco Parkway, connecting Los Angeles and Pasadena, opened in 1940 as the first freeway in the Western United States.[265] It was later extended south to the Four Level Interchange in downtown Los Angeles, regarded as the first stack interchange ever built.[266]
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), the 4th busiest airport in the world in 2018, and San Francisco International Airport (SFO), the 25th busiest airport in the world in 2018, are major hubs for trans-Pacific and transcontinental traffic. There are about a dozen important commercial airports and many more general aviation airports throughout the state.
California also has several important seaports. The giant seaport complex formed by the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach in Southern California is the largest in the country and responsible for handling about a fourth of all container cargo traffic in the United States. The Port of Oakland, fourth largest in the nation, also handles trade entering from the Pacific Rim to the rest of the country. The Port of Stockton is the farthest inland port on the west coast of the United States.[267]
The California Highway Patrol is the largest statewide police agency in the United States in employment with more than 10,000 employees. They are responsible for providing any police-sanctioned service to anyone on California's state-maintained highways and on state property.
The California Department of Motor Vehicles is by far the largest in North America. By the end of 2009, the California DMV had 26,555,006 driver's licenses and ID cards on file.[268] In 2010, there were 1.17 million new vehicle registrations in force.[269]
Inter-city rail travel is provided by Amtrak California; the three routes, the Capitol Corridor, Pacific Surfliner, and San Joaquin, are funded by Caltrans. These services are the busiest intercity rail lines in the United States outside the Northeast Corridor and ridership is continuing to set records. The routes are becoming increasingly popular over flying, especially on the LAX-SFO route.[270] Integrated subway and light rail networks are found in Los Angeles (Metro Rail) and San Francisco (MUNI Metro). Light rail systems are also found in San Jose (VTA), San Diego (San Diego Trolley), Sacramento (RT Light Rail), and Northern San Diego County (Sprinter). Furthermore, commuter rail networks serve the San Francisco Bay Area (ACE, BART, Caltrain, SMART), Greater Los Angeles (Metrolink), and San Diego County (Coaster).
The California High-Speed Rail Authority was created in 1996 by the state to implement an extensive 800-mile (1,300 km) rail system. Construction was approved by the voters during the November 2008 general election,[271] with the first phase of construction estimated to cost $64.2 billion.[272]
Nearly all counties operate bus lines, and many cities operate their own city bus lines as well. Intercity bus travel is provided by Greyhound, Megabus, and Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach.
Water
California's interconnected water system is the world's largest, managing over 40,000,000 acre-feet (49 km3) of water per year, centered on six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure projects.[273] Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue, as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, especially in the arid southern portion of the state. The state's widespread redistribution of water also invites the frequent scorn of environmentalists.
The California Water Wars, a conflict between Los Angeles and the Owens Valley over water rights, is one of the most well-known examples of the struggle to secure adequate water supplies.[274] Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said: "We've been in crisis for quite some time because we're now 38 million people and not anymore 18 million people like we were in the late 60s. So it developed into a battle between environmentalists and farmers and between the south and the north and between rural and urban. And everyone has been fighting for the last four decades about water."[275]
Government and politics
State government
The capital of California is located within Sacramento.[276] The state is organized into three branches of government—the executive branch consisting of the governor[277] and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch consisting of the Assembly and Senate;[278] and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court of California and lower courts.[279] The state also allows ballot propositions: direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, recall, and ratification.[280] Before the passage of California Proposition 14 (2010), California allowed each political party to choose whether to have a closed primary or a primary where only party members and independents vote. After June 8, 2010, when Proposition 14 was approved, excepting only the United States president and county central committee offices,[281] all candidates in the primary elections are listed on the ballot with their preferred party affiliation, but they are not the official nominee of that party.[282] At the primary election, the two candidates with the top votes will advance to the general election regardless of party affiliation.[282] If at a special primary election, one candidate receives more than 50% of all the votes cast, they are elected to fill the vacancy and no special general election will be held.[282]
Executive branch
The California executive branch consists of the governor and seven other elected constitutional officers: lieutenant governor, attorney general, secretary of state, state controller, state treasurer, insurance commissioner, and state superintendent of public instruction. They serve four-year terms and may be re-elected only once.[283]
Legislative branch
The California State Legislature consists of a 40-member Senate and 80-member Assembly. Senators serve four-year terms and Assembly members two. Members of the Assembly are subject to term limits of three terms, and members of the Senate are subject to term limits of two terms.
Judicial branch
California's legal system is explicitly based upon English common law[284] (as is the case with all other states except Louisiana) but carries a few features from Spanish civil law, such as community property. California's prison population grew from 25,000 in 1980 to over 170,000 in 2007.[285] Capital punishment is a legal form of punishment and the state has the largest "Death Row" population in the country (though Oklahoma and Texas are far more active in carrying out executions).[286][287]
California's judiciary system is the largest in the United States with a total of 1,600 judges (the federal system has only about 840). At the apex is the seven-member Supreme Court of California, while the California Courts of Appeal serve as the primary appellate courts and the California Superior Courts serve as the primary trial courts. Justices of the Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal are appointed by the governor, but are subject to retention by the electorate every 12 years. The administration of the state's court system is controlled by the Judicial Council, composed of the chief justice of the California Supreme Court, 14 judicial officers, four representatives from the State Bar of California, and one member from each house of the state legislature.
Local government
Counties
California is divided into 58 counties. Per Article 11, Section 1, of the Constitution of California, they are the legal subdivisions of the state. The county government provides countywide services such as law enforcement, jails, elections and voter registration, vital records, property assessment and records, tax collection, public health, health care, social services, libraries, flood control, fire protection, animal control, agricultural regulations, building inspections, ambulance services, and education departments in charge of maintaining statewide standards.[288][289] In addition, the county serves as the local government for all unincorporated areas. Each county is governed by an elected board of supervisors.[290]
City and town governments
Incorporated cities and towns in California are either charter or general-law municipalities.[155] General-law municipalities owe their existence to state law and are consequently governed by it; charter municipalities are governed by their own city or town charters. Municipalities incorporated in the 19th century tend to be charter municipalities. All ten of the state's most populous cities are charter cities. Most small cities have a council–manager form of government, where the elected city council appoints a city manager to supervise the operations of the city. Some larger cities have a directly elected mayor who oversees the city government. In many council-manager cities, the city council selects one of its members as a mayor, sometimes rotating through the council membership—but this type of mayoral position is primarily ceremonial. The Government of San Francisco is the only consolidated city-county in California, where both the city and county governments have been merged into one unified jurisdiction.
School districts and special districts
About 1,102 school districts, independent of cities and counties, handle California's public education.[291] California school districts may be organized as elementary districts, high school districts, unified school districts combining elementary and high school grades, or community college districts.[291]
There are about 3,400 special districts in California.[292] A special district, defined by California Government Code § 16271(d) as "any agency of the state for the local performance of governmental or proprietary functions within limited boundaries", provides a limited range of services within a defined geographic area. The geographic area of a special district can spread across multiple cities or counties, or could consist of only a portion of one. Most of California's special districts are single-purpose districts, and provide one service.
Federal representation
The state of California sends 53 members to the House of Representatives,[293] the nation's largest congressional state delegation. Consequently, California also has the largest number of electoral votes in national presidential elections, with 55. The current speaker of the House of Representatives is the representative of California's 12th district, Nancy Pelosi;[294] Kevin McCarthy, representing the state's 23rd district, is the House Minority Leader.[294]
California is represented by U.S. senators Dianne Feinstein, a native and former mayor of San Francisco, and Alex Padilla, a native and former secretary of state of California. Former U.S. senator Kamala Harris, a native, former district attorney from San Francisco, former attorney general of California, resigned on January 18, 2021, to assume her role as the current Vice President of the United States. In the 1992 U.S. Senate election, California became the first state to elect a Senate delegation entirely composed of women, due to the victories of Feinstein and Barbara Boxer.[295] Set to follow the Vice President-Elect, Gov. Newsom appointed Secretary of State Alex Padilla to finish the rest of Harris's term which ends in 2022, Padilla has vowed to run for the full term in that election cycle. Padilla was sworn in on January 20, 2021, the same day as the Inauguration of President-Elect Joe Biden as well as Harris.[296][297]
Armed forces
In California, as of 2009[update], the U.S. Department of Defense had a total of 117,806 active duty servicemembers of which 88,370 were Sailors or Marines, 18,339 were Airmen, and 11,097 were Soldiers, with 61,365 Department of Defense civilian employees. Additionally, there were a total of 57,792 Reservists and Guardsman in California.[298]
In 2010, Los Angeles County was the largest origin of military recruits in the United States by county, with 1,437 individuals enlisting in the military.[299] However, as of 2002[update], Californians were relatively under-represented in the military as a proportion to its population.[300]
In 2000, California, had 2,569,340 veterans of United States military service: 504,010 served in World War II, 301,034 in the Korean War, 754,682 during the Vietnam War, and 278,003 during 1990–2000 (including the Persian Gulf War).[301] As of 2010[update], there were 1,942,775 veterans living in California, of which 1,457,875 served during a period of armed conflict, and just over four thousand served before World War II (the largest population of this group of any state).[302]
California's military forces consist of the Army and Air National Guard, the naval and state military reserve (militia), and the California Cadet Corps.
On August 5, 1950, a nuclear-capable United States Air Force Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber carrying a nuclear bomb crashed shortly after takeoff from Fairfield-Suisun Air Force Base. Brigadier General Robert F. Travis, command pilot of the bomber, was among the dead.[303]
Ideology
| Party | Number of Voters | Percentage | 
Party registration by county Democrat >=30%
Democrat >=40%
Democrat >=50%
Republican >=30%
Republican >=40%
| |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | 10,265,897 | 46.54% | ||
| Republican | 5,298,738 | 24.02% | ||
| No Party Preference | 5,105,330 | 23.25% | ||
| American Independent | 715,712 | 3.24% | ||
| Libertarian | 214,698 | 0.97% | ||
| Peace and Freedom | 110,576 | 0.5% | ||
| Green | 88,419 | 0.4% | ||
| Other | 140,854 | 0.64% | ||
| Total | 22,078,290 | 100% | ||
California has an idiosyncratic political culture compared to the rest of the country, and is sometimes regarded as a trendsetter.[305] In socio-cultural mores and national politics, Californians are perceived as more liberal than other Americans, especially those who live in the inland states. In the 2016 United States presidential election, California had the third highest percentage of Democratic votes behind the District of Columbia and Hawaii.[306] In the 2020 United States presidential election, it had the 6th highest behind the District of Columbia, Vermont, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Hawaii. According to the Cook Political Report, California contains five of the 15 most Democratic congressional districts in the United States.
Among the political idiosyncrasies, California was the second state to recall their state governor, the second state to legalize abortion, and the only state to ban marriage for gay couples twice by vote (including Proposition 8 in 2008). Voters also passed Proposition 71 in 2004 to fund stem cell research, making California the second state to legalize stem cell research after New Jersey, and Proposition 14 in 2010 to completely change the state's primary election process. California has also experienced disputes over water rights; and a tax revolt, culminating with the passage of Proposition 13 in 1978, limiting state property taxes. California voters have rejected affirmative action on multiple occasions, most recently in November 2020.
The state's trend towards the Democratic Party and away from the Republican Party can be seen in state elections. From 1899 to 1939, California had Republican governors. Since 1990, California has generally elected Democratic candidates to federal, state and local offices, including current Governor Gavin Newsom; however, the state has elected Republican Governors, though many of its Republican Governors, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger, tend to be considered moderate Republicans and more centrist than the national party.
Several political movements have advocated for Californian independence. The California National Party and the California Freedom Coalition both advocate for Californian independence along the lines of progressivism and civic nationalism.[307] The Yes California movement attempted to organize an independence referendum via ballot initiative for 2019, which was then postponed.[308]
The Democrats also now hold a supermajority in both houses of the state legislature. There are 60 Democrats and 20 Republicans in the Assembly; and 29 Democrats and 11 Republicans in the Senate.
The trend towards the Democratic Party is most obvious in presidential elections. From 1952 through 1988, California was a Republican leaning state, with the party carrying the state's electoral votes in nine of ten elections, with 1964 as the exception. Southern California Republicans Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan were both elected twice as the 37th and 40th U.S. Presidents, respectively. However, Democrats have won all of California's electoral votes for the last eight elections, starting in 1992.
In the United States House, the Democrats held a 34–19 edge in the CA delegation of the 110th United States Congress in 2007. As the result of gerrymandering, the districts in California were usually dominated by one or the other party, and few districts were considered competitive. In 2008, Californians passed Proposition 20 to empower a 14-member independent citizen commission to redraw districts for both local politicians and Congress. After the 2012 elections, when the new system took effect, Democrats gained four seats and held a 38–15 majority in the delegation. Following the 2018 midterm House elections, Democrats won 46 out of 53 congressional house seats in California, leaving Republicans with seven.
In general, Democratic strength is centered in the populous coastal regions of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and the San Francisco Bay Area. Republican strength is still greatest in eastern parts of the state. Orange County had remained largely Republican until the 2016 and 2018 elections, in which a majority of the county's votes were cast for Democratic candidates.[309][310] One study ranked Berkeley, Oakland, Inglewood and San Francisco in the top 20 most liberal American cities; and Bakersfield, Orange, Escondido, Garden Grove, and Simi Valley in the top 20 most conservative cities.[311]
In February 2021, out of the 25,166,581 people eligible to vote, 22,154,304 people were registered to vote.[312] Of the people registered, the three largest registered groups were Democrats (10,228,144), Republicans (5,347,377), and No Party Preference (5,258,223).[312] Los Angeles County had the largest number of registered Democrats (3,043,535) and Republicans (995,112) of any county in the state.[312]
See also
Notes
- ^ Since 1565, Spanish galleons had been visiting Manila in the Philippines to make trade.[47][48]
- ^ The coordinates of the center of population are at 35°27′49″N 119°19′31″W / 35.463595°N 119.325359°W.[153]
- ^ Behind Nevada and Arizona.
- ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry
- ^ The following are a list of the indigenous languages: Root languages of California: Athabaskan Family: Hupa, Mattole, Lassik, Wailaki, Sinkyone, Cahto, Tolowa, Nongatl, Wiyot, Chilula; Hokan Family: Pomo, Shasta, Karok, Chimiriko; Algonquian Family: Whilkut, Yurok; Yukian Family: Wappo; Penutian Family: Modok, Wintu, Nomlaki, Konkow, Maidu, Patwin, Nisenan, Miwok, Coast Miwok, Lake Miwok, Ohlone, Northern Valley Yokuts, Southern Valley Yokuts, Foothill Yokuts; Hokan Family: Esselen, Salinan, Chumash, Ipai, Tipai, Yuma, Halchichoma, Mohave; Uto-Aztecan Family: Mono Paiute, Monache, Owens Valley Paiute, Tubatulabal, Panamint Shoshone, Kawaisu, Kitanemuk, Tataviam, Gabrielino, Juaneno, Luiseno, Cuipeno, Cahuilla, Serrano, Chemehuevi
- ^ Minnesota also has a moratorium on construction of nuclear power plants, which has been in place since 1994.[260]
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- ^ Thornton, Paul (November 10, 2018). "RIP Republican Orange County". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "Study Ranks America's Most Liberal and Conservative Cities". Bay Area Center for Voting Research. August 16, 2005. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Voter Registration by County". Elections. California Secretary of State. February 10, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
Works cited
- Cohen, Saul Bernard (2003). Geopolitics of the World System. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-9907-0.
- Rolle, Andrew (1998) [1963]. California: A History (5th ed.). Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson. ISBN 0-88295-938-7.
- Starr, Kevin (2007). California: A History. Modern Library Chronicles. 23. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8129-7753-0.
Further reading
- Chartkoff, Joseph L.; Chartkoff, Kerry Kona (1984). The archaeology of California. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1157-9. OCLC 11351549.
- Fagan, Brian (2003). Before California: An archaeologist looks at our earliest inhabitants. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-2794-2. OCLC 226025645.
- Hart, James D. (1978). A Companion to California. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-502400-5.
- Matthews, Glenna. The Golden State in the Civil War: Thomas Starr King, the Republican Party, and the Birth of Modern California. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
- Moratto, Michael J.; Fredrickson, David A. (1984). California archaeology. Orlando: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-506182-7. OCLC 228668979.
- Newmark, Harris (1916). Sixty Years in Southern California 1853-1913. New York: The Knickerbacker Press.
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary- Media from Wikimedia Commons
- News from Wikinews
- Quotations from Wikiquote
- Texts from Wikisource
- Textbooks from Wikibooks
- Travel guides from Wikivoyage
- Resources from Wikiversity
- State of California
- California State Guide, from the Library of Congress
- Geographic data related to California at OpenStreetMap
- data.ca.gov: open data portal from California state agencies
- California State Facts from USDA
- California Drought: Farm and Food Impacts from USDA, Economic Research Service
- California at Curlie
- 1973 documentary featuring aerial views of the California coastline from Mt. Shasta to Los Angeles
- Time-Lapse Tilt-Shift Portrait of California by Ryan and Sheri Killackey
- https://jupiter.ai/books/d8Wv/#Page_289/[permanent dead link]
- Early City Views (Los Angeles) Archived October 13, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
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