المصفوفة

من ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة
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المصفوفة
The Matrix Poster.jpg
ملصق الإصدار المسرحي
إخراجThe Wachowskis [أ]
كتب بواسطةواتشوسكيس
من إنتاججويل سيلفر
بطولة
تصوير سينمائيبيل بوب
حررت بواسطةزاك ستاينبيرج
موسيقىدون ديفيس

شركات الإنتاج
وزعت من خلال
تاريخ النشر
  • 24 مارس 1999 ( مسرح قرية مان ) (1999-03-24)
  • 31 مارس 1999 (الولايات المتحدة) (1999-03-31)
  • 8 أبريل 1999 (أستراليا) (1999-04-08)
وقت الركض
136 دقيقة [1]
بلدان
لغةإنجليزي
الدخل63 مليون دولار [5]
صندوق المكتب465.3 مليون دولار [5]

مصفوفة هو 1999 الخيال العلمي عمل فيلم [5] [6] تأليف وإخراج الاخوة واكوسكي . [أ] هذه هي الدفعة الأولى في سلسلة أفلام ماتريكس . من بطولة كيانو ريفز ، ولورانس فيشبورن ، وكاري آن موس ، وهوجو ويفينغ ، وجو بانتوليانو ، يصور الفيلم مستقبلًا بائسًا تُحاصر فيه البشرية عن غير قصد داخل واقع محاكاة ، المصفوفة ، التي ابتكرتها الآلات الذكية لإلهاء البشر أثناء استخدام أجسادهم كمصدر للطاقة. [7]عندما مبرمج الكمبيوتر توماس أندرسون، تحت الهاكر المعروف باسم " المحافظين الجدد "، يكشف الحقيقة، وقال انه "يتم رسمها في تمرد ضد آلات" [7] جنبا إلى جنب مع غيرهم من الناس الذين تم الافراج عنهم من مصفوفة.

مصفوفة مثال لل السايبربانك مناحي الخيال العلمي. [8] وقد تأثر نهج الاخوة واكوسكي "إلى مشاهد العمل من الرسوم المتحركة اليابانية [9] و أفلام الفنون القتالية ، واستخدام الفيلم من مصممي الرقص المعركة و الأسلاك فو تقنيات من عمل هونج كونج السينما أثرت اللاحقة هوليوود عمل فيلم إنتاج. شاع الفيلم تأثيرًا مرئيًا يُعرف باسم " bullet time " ، حيث يتم تمثيل الإدراك المتزايد لشخصيات معينة من خلال السماح للحركة داخل اللقطة بالتقدم في حركة بطيئةبينما يبدو أن الكاميرا تتحرك عبر المشهد بسرعة عادية ، مما يسمح بإدراك الحركات السريعة لبعض الشخصيات بشكل طبيعي. في حين أشاد بعض النقاد بالفيلم لتعامله مع الموضوعات الصعبة ، قال آخرون إن الموضوعات الأعمق طغت عليها مشاهد الحركة إلى حد كبير.

تم إصدار المصفوفة لأول مرة في الولايات المتحدة في 31 مارس 1999 ، وحققت أكثر من 460 مليون دولار في جميع أنحاء العالم. وتلقت مراجعات إيجابية إلى حد كبير من النقاد، الذي أشاد به تأثيرات بصرية مبتكرة، تسلسل العمل، السينما وقيمة الترفيه، [10] [11] وفاز بأربع جوائز أوسكار ( أفضل مؤثرات بصرية ، أفضل مونتاج ، أفضل صوت و أفضل مونتاج صوت ) ، بالإضافة إلى العديد من الجوائز الأخرى ، بما في ذلك جوائز BAFTA و Saturn Awards . يعتبر الفيلم من أفضل أفلام الخيال العلمي على الإطلاق ، [12][13] [14] وتمت إضافته إلى السجل الوطني للأفلام للحفظ في عام 2012. [15]

أدى نجاح الفيلم إلى إصدار فيلمين روائيين متتاليين في عام 2003 ، The Matrix Reloaded و The Matrix Revolutions ، والتي تمت كتابتها وإخراجها أيضًا من قبل Wachowskis. و مصفوفة تم توسيع امتياز أبعد من خلال إنتاج الكتب المصورة وألعاب الفيديو والأفلام القصيرة والرسوم المتحركة، والتي الاخوة واكوسكي متورطون بشكل كبير. كما ألهم هذا الامتياز الكتب والنظريات التي توسع في بعض الأفكار الدينية والفلسفية التي ألمحت إليها الأفلام. فيلم رابع بعنوان The Matrix: Resurrections ومن المقرر إطلاقه في 22 ديسمبر 2021.

مؤامرة

في فندق مهجور داخل مدينة رئيسية ، تحاصر فرقة شرطة ترينيتي ، التي تغلب عليهم بقدراتها الخارقة. تهرب وتطاردها الشرطة ومجموعة من العملاء المناسبين القادرين على القيام بأعمال خارقة مماثلة. تجيب على رنين هاتف عمومي وتختفي قبل أن يصطدم وكيل بشاحنة في الكشك.

مبرمج كمبيوتر توماس أندرسون، المعروف باسمه القرصنة الاسم المستعار " المحافظين الجدد "، في حيرة من اللقاءات على الانترنت المتكررة مع عبارة "ماتريكس". يتصل به ترينيتي ويخبره أن رجلاً يُدعى مورفيوس لديه الإجابات التي يبحث عنها. فريق من الوكلاء والشرطة بقيادة العميل سميث، يصل إلى مكان عمل نيو بحثًا عنه. على الرغم من أن Morpheus يحاول توجيه Neo إلى الأمان عبر مكالمة هاتفية ، إلا أن Neo يختار أن يتم التقاطه بدلاً من المخاطرة بالهروب عبر حافة نافذة ناطحة السحاب. ثم يحاول الوكلاء إجبار نيو على مساعدتهم في تحديد موقع مورفيوس ، الذي يزعمون أنه إرهابي. يصر نيو على حقه في إجراء مكالمة هاتفية حتى يتمكن من الاتصال بمحامٍ ، لكن العملاء يتلاعبون بالمصفوفة لجعل فمه يغلق ويزرع روبوتًا تجسسًا بداخله. يستيقظ نيو مما يعتقد أنه كابوس ويأخذ من قبل ترينيتي لمقابلة مورفيوس بعد ذلك بوقت قصير. على طول الطريق ، قاموا بإزالة روبوت تجسس من معدة نيو ، مما يثبت أن الكابوس الذي مر به كان حقيقيًا.

يقدم Morpheus Neo الاختيار بين حبتين ؛ الأحمر لكشف حقيقة ماتريكس ، والأزرق لإعادته إلى حياته السابقة. يبتلع نيو الحبة الحمراء ، ويتفكك واقعه ، ويستيقظ عارياً في جراب مليء بالسائل ، بين عدد لا يحصى من البشر المرتبطين بنظام كهربائي متطور. تم استعادته وإحضاره على متن سفينة مورفيوس الطائرة ، نبوخذ نصر .

بينما يتعافى نيو من فترة من الخمول الجسدي في الكبسولة ، يشرح مورفيوس موقفهم: في أوائل القرن الحادي والعشرين ، اندلعت حرب بين البشرية والآلات الذكية . بعد أن منع البشر وصول الآلات إلى الطاقة الشمسية ، استجابت الآلات من خلال التقاط البشر وحصاد طاقتهم الكهربية الحيوية ، مع الحفاظ على أذهانهم هادئة في المصفوفة ، وهو واقع محاكاة مشترك على غرار العالم كما كان في عام 1999. الحرب ومدينة صهيون السريةهو الملاذ الأخير للإنسان الأحرار. مورفيوس وطاقمه هم مجموعة من المتمردين الذين يخترقون الماتريكس "لفصل" البشر المستعبدين وتجنيدهم ؛ فهمهم للطبيعة المحاكاة للمصفوفة يسمح لهم بتغيير قوانينها الفيزيائية. يحذر Morpheus Neo من أن الموت داخل Matrix يقتل الجسد المادي ، وأن العملاء هم برامج كمبيوتر واعية تقضي على التهديدات التي يتعرض لها النظام ، بينما تقضي الأجهزة التي تسمى Sentinels على المتمردين في العالم الحقيقي. إن براعة نيو أثناء التدريب الافتراضي تعزز اعتقاد مورفيوس بأن نيو هو "الواحد" ، وهو إنسان تنبأ بتحرير البشرية.

تدخل المجموعة المصفوفة لزيارة أوراكل ، النبي الذي توقع ظهور الواحد. تقترح على Neo أنه ليس هو الشخص ، وتحذر من أنه سيتعين عليه الاختيار بين حياة مورفيوس وحياته. قبل أن يتمكنوا من مغادرة المصفوفة ، نصب العملاء والشرطة كمينًا للمجموعة ، وأبلغ سايفر ، عضو الطاقم الساخط الذي خان مورفيوس في مقابل حياة مريحة في ماتريكس. قُتل الفأر على يد الشرطة قبل أن يتمكن من مقابلة بقية المجموعة بينما يتم القبض على مورفيوس وهو يقاتل وكيلًا لكسب الوقت لبقية المجموعة للهروب. يخرج سايفر من المصفوفة ويقتل العديد من أفراد الطاقم لأنهم لا حول لهم ولا قوة. قبل أن يتمكن من قتل نيو وترينيتي ، قُتل سايفر على يد تانك ، أحد أفراد الطاقم الذي كان قد جعله فاقدًا للوعي فقط.

استجوب الوكلاء مورفيوس في محاولة لمعرفة رموز الوصول الخاصة به إلى الكمبيوتر المركزي في صهيون. يقترح تانك قتل مورفيوس لمنع ذلك ، لكن نيو قرر العودة إلى ماتريكس لإنقاذه ، كما تنبأت أوراكل ؛ ترينيتي تصر على أنها ترافقه. أثناء إنقاذ Morpheus ، اكتسب Neo الثقة في قدراته ، وأداء مآثر مماثلة للوكلاء. يخرج مورفيوس وترينيتي من المصفوفة ، لكن سميث نصب كمائن ويقتل نيو على ما يبدو قبل أن يتمكن من الهروب. عندما تهاجم مجموعة من الحراس نبوخذ نصر ، تعلن ترينيتي عن حبها لنيو وتكشف أن أوراكل أخبرتها أنها ستقع في حب الواحد. يستيقظ بقدرات مكتسبة حديثًا لإدراك المصفوفة والتحكم فيها. يهزم سميث ويترك المصفوفة تمامًا مثل السفينةالنبض الكهرومغناطيسي يعطل الحراس.

بالعودة إلى الماتريكس ، أجرى نيو مكالمة هاتفية ، واعدًا للآلات أنه سيُظهر لسجنائهم "عالمًا حيث كل شيء ممكن". انهى الخط ويطير بعيدا.

إرسال

  • كيانو ريفز مثل نيو : مبرمج كمبيوتر ، ولد توماس أ. أندرسون ، الذي يعمل سرًا كهاكر يدعى نيو. وصف ريفز شخصيته على أنها شخص شعر أن هناك شيئًا ما خطأ ، وكان يبحث عن مورفيوس والحقيقة للتحرر. [16] رفض ويل سميث دور نيو في صنع الغرب المتوحش ، بسبب التشكك في التأثيرات الخاصة الطموحة لوقت الرصاصة للفيلم. [17] صرح لاحقًا أنه "لم يكن ناضجًا بدرجة كافية كممثل" في ذلك الوقت ، [17] وأنه إذا تم منحه الدور ، فقد "أفسد الأمر". [18] [19] كما رفض نيكولاس كيج الجزء بسبب "الالتزامات العائلية". [20]سعى وارنر براذرز إلى براد بيت أو فال كيلمر للدور. عندما رفض كلاهما ، قال ليوناردو دي كابريو نعم للدور ولكن بعد عدة اجتماعات رفض الدور لأنه لم يرغب في عمل فيلم مؤثر بصري مباشرة بعد تيتانيك . دفع الاستوديو إلى ريفز ، الذي فاز بالدور على جوني ديب ، الخيار الأول لـ Wachowskis. [21] تم اعتبار ساندرا بولوك أيضًا للدور حيث كان الكتاب يفكرون في إعادة كتابة نيو كامرأة. [22]
  • كاري آن موس بدور ترينيتي : إنسان حرره مورفيوس ، عضو طاقم نبوخذ نصر ، ثم اهتمام نيو الرومانسي لاحقًا. بعد قراءة النص ، صرحت موس بأنها في البداية لم تصدق أنها مضطرة للقيام بالأعمال البهلوانية المتطرفة كما هو موضح في النص. كما أنها شككت في كيفية قيام Wachowskis بإخراج فيلم بميزانية كبيرة جدًا ، ولكن بعد قضاء ساعة معهم في تصفح لوحة العمل ، فهمت سبب ثقة بعض الناس بهم. [16] ذكرت موس أنها خضعت لاختبار جسدي لمدة ثلاث ساعات أثناء اختيار الممثلين ، لذلك عرفت ما يمكن توقعه لاحقًا. [25] جعل الدور موس ، الذي قال لاحقًا ، "لم أمتلك مهنة من قبل. لا شيء." [26] جانيت جاكسونفي البداية تم الاقتراب من الدور ولكن جدولة النزاعات منعتها من قبوله. [27] [28] في مقابلة ، صرحت أن رفض الدور كان صعبًا بالنسبة لها ، لذلك أشارت لاحقًا إلى المصفوفة في "المقدمة" و "Outro" في فواصل ألبومها العاشر Discipline . [29]
  • Hugo Weaving as Agent Smith : برنامج "وكيل" واعي للمصفوفة هدفه تدمير صهيون ومنع البشر من الخروج من الماتريكس. على عكس الوكلاء الآخرين ، لديه طموحات لتحرير نفسه من واجباته. ذكر Weaving أن الشخصية كانت ممتعة في اللعب لأنها كانت تسليها. لقد طور لهجة محايدة ولكن مع شخصية أكثر تحديدًا للدور. أراد أن يبدو سميث ليس آليًا ولا بشريًا ، وقال أيضًا إن أصوات Wachowskis قد أثرت على صوته في الفيلم. عندما بدأ التصوير ، ذكر Weaving أنه كان متحمسًا لكونه جزءًا من شيء من شأنه أن يطيل له. [30] عُرض على جان رينو الدور ، لكنه رفض ، غير راغب في الانتقال إلى أستراليا من أجل الإنتاج. [31]
  • جو بانتوليانو مثل سايفر: إنسان آخر أطلقه مورفيوس وعضو طاقم نبوخذ نصر ، لكنه نادم على تناول الحبة الحمراء ويسعى للعودة إلى ماتريكس ، وخان المتمردين في وقت لاحق إلى العميل سميث. عمل Pantoliano مع Wachowskis قبل الظهور في The Matrix ، بطولة في فيلمهم 1996 Bound .
  • ماركوس تشونغ في دور تانك: "عامل" شقيق نبوخذ نصر ودوزر ؛ كلاهما "طبيعيان" (على عكس المولودين) من البشر المولودين خارج ماتريكس.
  • بول جودارد في دور الوكيل براون: أحد اثنين من برامج "الوكيل" الواعية في المصفوفة التي تعمل مع العميل سميث لتدمير صهيون ومنع البشر من الهروب من النظام.
  • روبرت تايلور مثل العميل جونز: أحد اثنين من برامج "الوكيل" الواعية في المصفوفة التي تعمل مع العميل سميث لتدمير صهيون ومنع البشر من الهروب من النظام.

الإنتاج

تطوير

In 1994, the Wachowskis presented the script for the film Assassins to Warner Bros. Pictures. After Lorenzo di Bonaventura, the president of production of the company at the time, read the script, he decided to buy rights to it and included two more pictures, Bound and The Matrix, in the contract. The first movie the Wachowskis directed, Bound, then became a critical success. Using this momentum, they later asked to direct The Matrix.[32]

في عام 1996 ، عرض Wachowskis دور Neo على Will Smith . أوضح سميث على قناته على YouTube أن الفكرة كانت أن يكون نيو ، بينما كان من المقرر أن يلعب مورفيوس فال كيلمر . أوضح لاحقًا أنه لم يفهم المفهوم تمامًا ورفض الدور لتصوير الغرب المتوحش بدلاً من ذلك .

Producer Joel Silver soon joined the project. Although the project had key supporters, including Silver and Di Bonaventura, to influence the company, The Matrix was still a huge investment for Warner Bros., which had to invest $60 million to create a movie with philosophical themes and difficult special effects.[32] The Wachowskis therefore hired underground comic book artists Geof Darrow and Steve Skroce to draw a 600-page, shot-by-shot storyboard for the entire film.[33] The storyboard eventually earned the studio's approval, and it was decided to film in Australia to make the most of the budget.[32] Soon, The Matrixأصبح إنتاجًا مشتركًا لـ Warner Bros. و Village Roadshow Pictures . [34] وفقًا للمحرر Zach Staenberg في مسار التعليق الصوتي على DVD ، أرسل فريق الإنتاج تعديلًا للدقائق الأولى للفيلم (يعرض لقاء Trinity مع الشرطة والوكلاء) إلى Warner Executives ، وحصل على "دعم Warner الكامل للفيلم" منذ ذلك الحين. [35]

ما قبل الإنتاج

The cast were required to be able to understand and explain The Matrix.[32] French philosopher Jean Baudrillard's Simulacra and Simulation was required reading for most of the principal cast and crew.[36] In early 1997, the Wachowskis had Reeves read Simulacra and Simulation, Kevin Kelly's Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World, and Dylan Evans's ideas on evolutionary psychology even before they opened up the script,[16] and eventually he was able to explain all the philosophical nuances involved.[32] Moss commented that she had difficulty with this process.[16]

The directors had long been admirers of Hong Kong action cinema, so they decided to hire the Chinese martial arts choreographer and film director Yuen Woo-ping to work on fight scenes. To prepare for the wire fu, the actors had to train hard for several months.[32] The Wachowskis first scheduled four months for training, beginning in October 1997.[37] Yuen was optimistic but then began to worry when he realized how unfit the actors were.[25]

ترك يوين أسلوب أجسادهم يتطور ثم عمل بقوة كل ممثل. لقد بنى على اجتهاد ريفز ، ومرونة فيشبورن ، ودقة النسيج ، ونعمة موس الأنثوية. [25] صممت يوين حركات موس لتناسب براعتها وخفتها. [38] قبل مرحلة ما قبل الإنتاج ، خضع ريفز لانصهار من مستويين من العمود الفقري العنقي بسبب ضغط الحبل الشوكي من القرص الغضروفي ("كنت أسقط في الحمام في الصباح"). [39] He was still recovering by the time of pre-production, but he insisted on training, so Yuen let him practice punches and lighter moves. Reeves trained hard and even requested training on days off. However, the surgery still made him unable to kick for two out of four months of training. As a result, Reeves did not kick much in the film.[25] Weaving had to undergo hip surgery after he sustained an injury during the training process.[32]

Filming

تم تصوير جميع المشاهد باستثناء عدد قليل منها في Fox Studios في سيدني وفي المدينة نفسها ، على الرغم من عدم تضمين المعالم المعروفة من أجل الحفاظ على انطباع مدينة أمريكية عامة. ساعد التصوير في تأسيس نيو ساوث ويلز كمركز رئيسي لإنتاج الأفلام. [40] بدأ التصوير في مارس 1998 ولف في أغسطس 1998. استغرق التصوير الرئيسي 118 يومًا. [41]

بسبب إصابة رقبته ، كان لا بد من إعادة جدولة بعض مشاهد الحركة لانتظار شفائه الكامل. نتيجة لذلك ، بدأ التصوير بمشاهد لم تتطلب مجهودًا بدنيًا كبيرًا ، [42] مثل المشهد في مكتب توماس أندرسون ، غرفة الاستجواب ، [30] أو ركوب السيارة الذي تم فيه اصطحاب نيو لرؤية العراف. [43] اشتملت مواقع هذه المشاهد على نافورة مارتن بليس في سيدني ، في منتصف الطريق بينها وبين المبنى الاستعماري المجاور ، والمبنى الاستعماري نفسه. [44] أثناء المشهد على سطح مبنى حكومي ، قام الفريق بتصوير لقطات إضافية لمراوغة الرصاص الجديد في حالة حدوث الرصاصةالعملية لم تنجح. تم تصوير مشهد قتال الرصاص على سطح مبنى شركة Symantec Corporation في شارع كينت ، مقابل شارع ساسكس . [45]

قامت Moss بأداء اللقطات التي تظهر Trinity في بداية الفيلم وكل الأسلاك المثيرة بنفسها. [38] تم ترك مجموعة السطح التي يستخدمها ترينيتي للهروب من العميل براون في وقت مبكر من الفيلم من إنتاج Dark City ، مما أثار التعليقات بسبب أوجه التشابه الموضوعية في الأفلام. [46] أثناء بروفة مشهد اللوبي ، حيث تجري ترينيتي على الحائط ، أصابت موس ساقها ولم تتمكن في النهاية من تصوير اللقطة في لقطة واحدة. ذكرت أنها كانت تحت ضغط كبير في ذلك الوقت ودمرت عندما أدركت أنها لن تكون قادرة على القيام بذلك. [47]

The dojo set was built well before the actual filming. During the filming of these action sequences, there was significant physical contact between the actors, earning them bruises. Reeves's injury and his insufficient training with wires prior to filming meant he was unable to perform the triple kicks satisfactorily and became frustrated with himself, causing the scene to be postponed. The scene was shot successfully a few days later, with Reeves using only three takes. Yuen altered the choreography and made the actors pull their punches in the last sequence of the scene, creating a training feel.[48]

خطط صانعو الأفلام في الأصل لتصوير مشهد مترو الأنفاق في محطة مترو أنفاق فعلية ، لكن تعقيد القتال والأعمال السلكية ذات الصلة تطلب تصوير المشهد على مجموعة. تم بناء المجموعة حول منشأة تخزين قطارات موجودة ، والتي تحتوي على مسارات قطار حقيقية. أثناء تصوير المشهد عندما صدم نيو سميث في السقف ، أصيب تشاد ستاهلسكي ، مزدوج حيلة ريفز ، بعدة إصابات ، بما في ذلك كسور في الأضلاع والركبتين وخلع في الكتف . أصيب البهلواني الآخر بواسطة مجتذب هيدروليكي خلال طلقة اصطدم فيها نيو في كشك. [49] كان المبنى المكتبي الذي استجوب فيه سميث مورفيوس مجموعة كبيرة ، وكان المنظر الخارجي من داخل المبنى مرتفعًا من ثلاثة طوابقسيكلوراما . كانت المروحية عبارة عن نموذج بالحجم الطبيعي خفيف الوزن معلق بحبل سلكي يعمل بآلية إمالة مثبتة على عوارض سقف الاستوديو. كانت المروحية مزودة بمدفع صغير حقيقي مثبت على الجانب ، والذي تم إعداده للدوران بمعدل نصف معدل إطلاق النار المعتاد (3000 طلقة في الدقيقة). [50]

للتحضير للمشهد الذي يستيقظ فيه نيو في جراب ، فقد ريفز 15 رطلاً وحلق جسده بالكامل لإضفاء مظهر هزيل على نيو. المشهد الذي سقط فيه نيو في نظام الصرف الصحي اختتم التصوير الرئيسي. [41] وفقًا لـ The Art of the Matrix ، تم حذف مشهد مصور واحد على الأقل ومجموعة متنوعة من الأعمال القصيرة من المقطع النهائي للفيلم. [51]

المؤثرات الصوتية والموسيقى

كان Dane A. Davis مسؤولاً عن إنشاء المؤثرات الصوتية للفيلم. تم إنشاء المؤثرات الصوتية لمشهد القتال ، مثل أصوات الجلد لللكمات ، باستخدام قضبان معدنية رفيعة وتسجيلها ، ثم تعديل الأصوات. يتطلب صوت الكبسولة التي تحتوي على إغلاق جسم الإنسان ما يقرب من خمسين صوتًا مجتمعة. [52]

تم تأليف نتيجة الفيلم من قبل دون ديفيس . [53] [54] وأشار إلى أن المرايا تظهر بشكل متكرر في الفيلم: انعكاسات الحبوب الزرقاء والحمراء شوهدت في نظارات مورفيوس. يُنظر إلى أسر نيو من قبل Agents من خلال مرآة الرؤية الخلفية لدراجة ترينيتي النارية ؛ يلاحظ نيو مرآة مكسورة تصلح نفسها ؛ انعكاسات الاعوجاج كملعقة عازمة ؛ يكون انعكاس المروحية مرئيًا عند اقترابها من ناطحة سحاب. ركز ديفيس على موضوع الانعكاسات هذا عند إنشاء درجاته ، بالتناوب بين أقسام الأوركسترا ومحاولة دمج كونترابونتالالأفكار. تجمع درجات ديفيس بين عناصر الأوركسترا والكورال والمركب ؛ يختلف التوازن بين هذه العناصر اعتمادًا على ما إذا كان البشر أو الآلات هم الموضوع المهيمن في مشهد معين. [55] بالإضافة إلى نتيجة ديفيس ، تتميز المصفوفة الصوتية أيضًا بموسيقى من أعمال مثل رامشتاين ، روب دوجان ، Rage Against the Machine ، Propellerheads ، Ministry ، Lunatic Calm ، Deftones ، Monster Magnet ، The Prodigy ، Rob Zombie ، Meat Beat مانيفستو ، ومارلين مانسون .[56] [57] [58]

تصميم الإنتاج

في الفيلم ، غالبًا ما يتم تمثيل الكود الذي يتكون من المصفوفة نفسها كأحرف خضراء تتدفق إلى أسفل. [59] يستخدم هذا الرمز محرفًا مخصصًا صممه Simon Whiteley ، [34] والذي يتضمن صورًا معكوسة لأحرف kana بنصف العرض والأحرف اللاتينية الغربية والأرقام العربية. [60] في مقابلة عام 2017 في CNET ، أرجع التصميم إلى زوجته ، وهي من اليابان ، وأضاف: "أحب أن أخبر الجميع أن كود The Matrix مصنوع من وصفات السوشي اليابانية". [61] "يعكس اللون الأخضر اللون الأخضر الشائع استخدامه في شاشات الكمبيوتر أحادية اللون المبكرة ". [62] لين كارترايت ، مشرف التأثيرات المرئية فيAnimal Logic, supervised the creation of the film's opening title sequence, as well as the general look of the Matrix code throughout the film, in collaboration with Lindsay Fleay and Justen Marshall.[34] The portrayal resembles the opening credits of the 1995 Japanese cyberpunk film, Ghost in the Shell, which had a strong influence on the Matrix series. It was also used in the subsequent films, on the related website, and in the game The Matrix: Path of Neo, and its drop-down effect is reflected in the design of some posters for the Matrix series. The code received the Runner-up Award in the 1999 Jesse Garson Award for In-film typography or opening credit sequence.[34]

The Matrix's production designer, Owen Paterson, used methods to distinguish the "real world" and the Matrix in a pervasive way. The production design team generally placed a bias towards the Matrix code's distinctive green color in scenes set within the simulation, whereas there is an emphasis on the color blue during scenes set in the "real world". In addition, the Matrix scenes' sets were slightly more decayed, monolithic, and grid-like, to convey the cold, logical and artificial nature of that environment. For the "real world", the actors' hair was less styled, their clothing had more textile content, and the cinematographers used longer lenses to soften the backgrounds and emphasize the actors.[60]

The Nebuchadnezzar was designed to have a patched-up look, instead of clean, cold and sterile space ship interior sets as used on productions such as Star Trek. The wires were made visible to show the ship's working internals, and each composition was carefully designed to convey the ship as "a marriage between Man and Machine".[63] For the scene when Neo wakes up in the pod connected to the Matrix, the pod was constructed to look dirty, used, and sinister. During the testing of a breathing mechanism in the pod, the tester suffered hypothermia in under eight minutes, so the pod had to be heated.[41]

قالت كيم باريت ، مصممة الأزياء ، إنها حددت الشخصيات وبيئتها من خلال أزياءهم. [64] على سبيل المثال ، تم تصميم زي مكتب ريفز لتوماس أندرسون ليبدو غير مريح وغير مرتب وفي غير محله. [42] استخدم باريت أحيانًا ثلاثة أنواع من القماش لكل زي ، وكان عليه أيضًا أن يأخذ في الاعتبار الطابع العملي للتمثيل. احتاج الممثلون إلى أداء أعمال فنون الدفاع عن النفس في زيهم ، والتعليق رأسًا على عقب دون أن يرى الناس ملابسهم ، ويكونوا قادرين على تشغيل الأسلاك أثناء ربطهم بالأحزمة. [64] بالنسبة إلى ترينيتي ، جرب باريت كيف يمتص كل قماش أنواعًا مختلفة من الضوء ويعكسها ، وتمكن في النهاية من جعل زي ترينيتي يشبه الزئبق وبقع الزيت ليناسب الشخصية.[38] بالنسبة للوكلاء ، تم تصميم زيهم لخلق خدمة سرية ، ومظهر متخفي ، يشبه فيلم جون كنيدي والرجال الكلاسيكيين باللون الأسود . [30]

تم تكليف النظارات الشمسية ، وهي عنصر أساسي في جماليات الفيلم ، للفيلم من قبل المصمم ريتشارد ووكر من صانع النظارات الشمسية Blinde Design. [65]

تأثيرات بصرية

تم إنشاء تأثير " bullet time " للفيلم. سيكون المشهد على غرار الكمبيوتر لتحديد موضع الكاميرات المادية. ثم قدم الممثل أدائه في إعداد مفتاح chroma ، بينما تم إطلاق الكاميرات في تتابع سريع ، مع كسور من التأخير الثاني بين كل لقطة. تم دمج النتيجة مع خلفيات CGI لإنشاء التأثير النهائي عند (0:33).

As for artistic inspiration for bullet time, I would credit Otomo Katsuhiro, who co-wrote and directed Akira, which definitely blew me away, along with director Michel Gondry. His music videos experimented with a different type of technique called view-morphing and it was just part of the beginning of uncovering the creative approaches toward using still cameras for special effects. Our technique was significantly different because we built it to move around objects that were themselves in motion, and we were also able to create slow-motion events that 'virtual cameras' could move around – rather than the static action in Gondry's music videos with limited camera moves.

يُعرف الفيلم بترويج التأثير البصري [67] المعروف باسم " bullet time " ، والذي يسمح بالتقدم في اللقطة بالحركة البطيئة بينما تظهر الكاميرا وكأنها تتحرك خلال المشهد بالسرعة العادية. [68] تم وصف الوقت النقطي بأنه "تشبيه بصري للحظات مميزة من الوعي داخل المصفوفة" ، [69] وطوال الفيلم ، يتم استخدام التأثير لتوضيح ممارسة الشخصيات للسيطرة على الزمان والمكان. [70] تخيل Wachowskis لأول مرة تسلسل حركة يعمل على إبطاء الوقت بينما تدور الكاميرا بسرعة حول الموضوعات ، واقترح التأثير في سيناريو الفيلم. عندما جون جايتاقرأ السيناريو ، ناشد منتج تأثيرات في Mass ، وهو إيحاء بالسماح له بالعمل في المشروع ، وخلق نموذجًا أوليًا أدى به إلى أن يصبح مشرف المؤثرات المرئية للفيلم. [71]

تضمنت الطريقة المستخدمة لإنشاء هذه التأثيرات نسخة موسعة تقنيًا من تقنية تصوير فنية قديمة تُعرف باسم التصوير المقطعي الزمني ، حيث يتم وضع مجموعة من الكاميرات حول كائن ويتم تشغيلها في وقت واحد. تلتقط كل كاميرا صورة ثابتة ، وتساهم بإطار واحد في تسلسل الفيديو ، مما يخلق تأثير "حركة الكاميرا الافتراضية" ؛ وهم وجهة نظر تتحرك حول كائن يبدو متجمدًا في الوقت المناسب. [68]

The bullet time effect is similar but slightly more complicated, incorporating temporal motion so that rather than appearing totally frozen, the scene progresses in slow and variable motion.[66][71] The cameras' positions and exposures were previsualized using a 3D simulation. Instead of firing the cameras simultaneously, the visual effect team fired the cameras fractions of a second after each other, so that each camera could capture the action as it progressed, creating a super slow-motion effect.[68] When the frames were put together, the resulting slow-motion effects reached a frame frequency of 12,000 per second, as opposed to the normal 24 frames per second of film.[32] Standard movie cameras were placed at the ends of the array to pick up the normal speed action before and after. Because the cameras circle the subject almost completely in most of the sequences, computer technology was used to edit out the cameras that appeared in the background on the other side.[68] To create backgrounds, Gaeta hired George Borshukov, who created 3D models based on the geometry of buildings and used the photographs of the buildings themselves as texture.

The photo-realistic surroundings generated by this method were incorporated into the bullet time scene,[71] and algorithms based on optical flow were used to interpolate between the still images to produce a fluent dynamic motion;[72][73] the computer-generated "lead in" and "lead out" slides were filled in between frames in sequence to get an illusion of orbiting the scene.[74] Manex Visual Effects used a cluster farm running the Unix-like operating system FreeBSD to render many of the film's visual effects.[75][76]

Manex also handled creature effects, such as Sentinels and machines in real world scenes; Animal Logic created the code hallway and the exploding Agent at the end of the film. DFilm managed scenes that required heavy use of digital compositing, such as Neo's jump off a skyscraper and the helicopter crash into a building. The ripple effect in the latter scene was created digitally, but the shot also included practical elements, and months of extensive research were needed to find the correct kind of glass and explosives to use. The scene was shot by colliding a quarter-scale helicopter mock-up into a glass wall wired to concentric rings of explosives; the explosives were then triggered in sequence from the center outward, to create a wave of exploding glass.[77]

The photogrammetric and image-based computer-generated background approaches in The Matrix's bullet time evolved into innovations unveiled in the sequels The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions. The method of using real photographs of buildings as texture for 3D models eventually led the visual effect team to digitize all data, such as scenes, characters' motions and expressions. It also led to the development of "Universal Capture", a process which samples and stores facial details and expressions at high resolution. With these highly detailed collected data, the team were able to create virtual cinematography in which characters, locations, and events can all be created digitally and viewed through virtual cameras, eliminating the restrictions of real cameras.[71]

Release

Box office

The film earned $171,479,930 (37.0%) in the United States and Canada and $292,037,453 (63.0%) in other countries, for a worldwide total of $463,517,383.[5] In North America, it became the fifth highest-grossing film of 1999 and the highest-grossing R-rated film of that year. Worldwide, it was the fourth highest-grossing film of the year.[5] In 2012, it was placed 122nd on the list of highest-grossing films of all time, and the second highest-grossing film in the Matrix franchise after The Matrix Reloaded ($742.1 million).[5]

Home media

The Matrix was released on Laserdisc in its original aspect ratio of 2.35:1 on September 21, 1999 in the US from Warner Home Video as well as in a cropped 1.33:1 aspect ratio in Hong Kong from ERA Home Entertainment. It was also released on VHS in both fullscreen and widescreen formats followed on December 7, 1999.[5] After its DVD release, it was the first DVD to sell more than one million copies in the US,[78] and went on to be the first to sell more than three million copies in the US.[32] By November 10, 2003, one month after The Matrix Reloaded DVD was released, the sales of The Matrix DVD had exceeded 30 million copies.[79] The Ultimate Matrix Collection was released on HD DVD on May 22, 2007[78] and on Blu-ray on October 14, 2008.[80][81] The film was also released standalone in a 10th anniversary edition Blu-ray in the Digibook format on March 31, 2009, 10 years to the day after the film was released theatrically.[82] In 2010, the film had another DVD release along with the two sequels as The Complete Matrix Trilogy. It was also released on 4K HDR Blu-ray on May 22, 2018.[83] The film as part of The Matrix Trilogy was released on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on October 30, 2018.[84]

Other media

The franchise also contains three video games: Enter the Matrix (2003), which contains footage shot specifically for the game and chronicles events taking place before and during The Matrix Reloaded;[85] The Matrix Online (2004), an MMORPG which continued the story beyond The Matrix Revolutions;[86][87] and The Matrix: Path of Neo (2005), which focuses on Neo's journey through the trilogy of films.[88]

The franchise also includes The Matrix Comics, a series of comics and short stories set in the world of The Matrix, written and illustrated by figures from the comics industry. Most of the comics were originally presented for free on the official Matrix website;[89] they were later republished, along with some new material, in two printed trade paperback volumes, called The Matrix Comics, Vol 1 and Vol 2.[90]

Reception

Critical response

The Matrix was praised by many critics, as well as filmmakers, and authors of science fiction,[11] especially for its "spectacular action" scenes and its "groundbreaking special effects". Some have described The Matrix as one of the best science fiction films of all time;[12][13] Entertainment Weekly called The Matrix "the most influential action movie of the generation".[26] There have also been those, including philosopher William Irwin, who have suggested that the film explores significant philosophical and spiritual themes. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 88% based on 155 reviews, with an average score of 7.80/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Thanks to the Wachowskis' imaginative vision, The Matrix is a smartly crafted combination of spectacular action and groundbreaking special effects".[10] At Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received a score of 73 based on 35 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[11] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[91] It ranked 323rd among critics, and 546th among directors, in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made.[92]

Philip Strick commented in Sight & Sound, if the Wachowskis "claim no originality of message, they are startling innovators of method," praising the film's details and its "broadside of astonishing images".[93] Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, he praised the film's visuals and premise, but disliked the third act's focus on action.[94] Similarly, Time Out praised the "entertainingly ingenious" switches between different realities, Hugo Weaving's "engagingly odd" performance, and the film's cinematography and production design, but concluded, "the promising premise is steadily wasted as the film turns into a fairly routine action pic ... yet another slice of overlong, high concept hokum."[95]

Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader reviewed the film negatively, criticizing it as "simpleminded fun for roughly the first hour, until the movie becomes overwhelmed by its many sources ... There's not much humor to keep it all life-size, and by the final stretch it's become bloated, mechanical, and tiresome."[96]

Ian Nathan of Empire described Carrie-Anne Moss as "a major find", praised the "surreal visual highs" enabled by the bullet time (or "flo-mo") effect, and described the film as "technically mind-blowing, style merged perfectly with content and just so damn cool". Nathan remarked that although the film's "looney plot" would not stand up to scrutiny, that was not a big flaw because "The Matrix is about pure experience".[97] Maitland McDonagh said in her review for TV Guide, the Wachowskis' "through-the-looking-glass plot... manages to work surprisingly well on a number of levels: as a dystopian sci-fi thriller, as a brilliant excuse for the film's lavish and hyperkinetic fight scenes, and as a pretty compelling call to the dead-above-the-eyeballs masses to unite and cast off their chains... This dazzling pop allegory is steeped in a dark, pulpy sensibility that transcends nostalgic pastiche and stands firmly on its own merits."[98]

Salon's reviewer Andrew O'Hehir acknowledged that although The Matrix is a fundamentally immature and unoriginal film ("It lacks anything like adult emotion... all this pseudo-spiritual hokum, along with the over-ramped onslaught of special effects—some of them quite amazing—will hold 14-year-old boys in rapture, not to mention those of us of all ages and genders who still harbor a 14-year-old boy somewhere inside"), he concluded, "as in Bound, there's an appealing scope and daring to the Wachowskis' work, and their eagerness for more plot twists and more crazy images becomes increasingly infectious. In a limited and profoundly geeky sense, this might be an important and generous film. The Wachowskis have little feeling for character or human interaction, but their passion for movies—for making them, watching them, inhabiting their world—is pure and deep."[99]

Filmmakers and science fiction creators alike generally took a complimentary perspective of The Matrix. William Gibson, a key figure in cyberpunk fiction, called the film "an innocent delight I hadn't felt in a long time," and stated, "Neo is my favourite-ever science fiction hero, absolutely."[100] Joss Whedon called the film "my number one" and praised its storytelling, structure and depth, concluding, "It works on whatever level you want to bring to it."[101] Darren Aronofsky commented, "I walked out of The Matrix ... and I was thinking, 'What kind of science fiction movie can people make now?' The Wachowskis basically took all the great sci-fi ideas of the 20th century and rolled them into a delicious pop culture sandwich that everyone on the planet devoured."[102] M. Night Shyamalan expressed admiration for the Wachowskis, stating, "Whatever you think of The Matrix, every shot is there because of the passion they have! You can see they argued it out!".[103] Simon Pegg said that The Matrix provided "the excitement and satisfaction that The Phantom Menace failed to inspire. The Matrix seemed fresh and cool and visually breathtaking; making wonderful, intelligent use of CGI to augment the on-screen action, striking a perfect balance of the real and the hyperreal. It was possibly the coolest film I had ever seen."[104] Quentin Tarantino counted The Matrix as one of his twenty favorite movies from 1992 to 2009.[105] James Cameron called it "one of the most profoundly fresh science fiction films ever made".[106] Christopher Nolan described it as "an incredibly palpable mainstream phenomenon that made people think, Hey, what if this isn't real?".[107]

Accolades

The Matrix received Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, Best Sound Editing, Best Visual Effects and Best Sound. The filmmakers were competing against other films with established franchises, like Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace, yet they won all four of their nominations.[108][109] The Matrix also received BAFTA awards for Best Sound and Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects, in addition to nominations in the cinematography, production design and editing categories.[110] In 1999, it won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film and Best Direction.[111]

Awards and nominations

Award Category Name Outcome
Academy Awards Best Film Editing Zach Staenberg Won
Best Sound John Reitz, Gregg Rudloff, David Campbell, David Lee Won
Best Sound Effects Editing Dane A. Davis Won
Best Visual Effects John Gaeta, Janek Sirrs, Steve Courtley, Jon Thum Won
British Academy Film Awards Best Cinematography Bill Pope Nominated
Best Editing Zach Staenberg Nominated
Best Production Design Owen Paterson Nominated
Best Sound David Lee, John Reitz, Gregg Rudloff, David Campbell, Dane A. Davis Won
Best Special Visual Effects John Gaeta, Steve Courtley, Janek Sirrs, Jon Thum Won
Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film Won
Best Director The Wachowskis[a] Won
Best Writer Nominated
Best Actor Keanu Reeves Nominated
Best Actress Carrie-Anne Moss Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Laurence Fishburne Nominated
Best Costumes Kym Barrett Nominated
Best Make-Up Nikki Gooley, Bob McCarron, Wendy Sainsbury Nominated
Best Special Effects John Gaeta, Janek Sirrs, Steve Courtley, Jon Thum Nominated

Thematic analysis

The Matrix is arguably the ultimate cyberpunk artifact.

William Gibson[8]

The Matrix draws from and alludes to numerous cinematic and literary works, and concepts from mythology, religion and philosophy, including the ideas of Buddhism, Christianity, Gnosticism, Hinduism, and Judaism.[112]

Film and television

The pods in which the machines keep humans have been compared to images in Metropolis, and the work of M. C. Escher.[113] They can be seen in Welcome to Paradox Episode 4 "News from D Street" from a 1986 short story[114] of the same name by Andrew Weiner which aired on September 7, 1998, on the SYFY Channel and has a remarkably similar concept. In this episode the hero is unaware he is living in virtual reality until he is told so by "the code man" who created the simulation and enters it knowingly. The Wachowskis have described Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey as a formative cinematic influence, and as a major inspiration on the visual style they aimed for when making The Matrix.[115][116][117] Rainer Werner Fassbinders German TV Miniseries World on a Wire from 1973, an adaption of the novel Simulacron-3, served as inspirational source for some details of The Matrix, such as the transfer between the real world and the Matrix-simulation via telephone / phonebooth. Reviewers have also commented on similarities between The Matrix and other late-1990s films such as Strange Days, Dark City, and The Truman Show.[94][118][119][120][121] The similarity of the film's central concept to a device in the long-running series Doctor Who has also been noted. As in the film, the Matrix of that series (introduced in the 1976 serial The Deadly Assassin) is a massive computer system which one enters using a device connecting to the head, allowing users to see representations of the real world and change its laws of physics; but if killed there, they will die in reality.[122] The action scenes of The Matrix were also strongly influenced by live-action films such as those of director John Woo.[123] The martial arts sequences were inspired by Fist of Legend, a critically acclaimed 1995 martial arts film starring Jet Li. The fight scenes in Fist of Legend led to the hiring of Yuen as fight choreographer.[124][125]

The Wachowskis' approach to action scenes drew upon their admiration for Japanese animation such as Ninja Scroll and Akira.[9] Director Mamoru Oshii's 1995 animated film Ghost in the Shell was a particularly strong influence;[9] producer Joel Silver has stated that the Wachowskis first described their intentions for The Matrix by showing him that anime and saying, "We wanna do that for real".[126][127] Mitsuhisa Ishikawa of Production I.G, which produced Ghost in the Shell, noted that the anime's high-quality visuals were a strong source of inspiration for the Wachowskis. He also commented, "... cyberpunk films are very difficult to describe to a third person. I'd imagine that The Matrix is the kind of film that was very difficult to draw up a written proposal for to take to film studios". He stated that since Ghost in the Shell had gained recognition in America, the Wachowskis used it as a "promotional tool".[128]

Literary works

In The Matrix, a copy of Jean Baudrillard's philosophical work Simulacra and Simulation, which was published in French in 1981, is visible on-screen as "the book used to conceal disks",[7][36] and Morpheus quotes the phrase "desert of the real" from it.[129] "The book was required reading for"[7] the actors prior to filming.[36][130] However, Baudrillard himself said that The Matrix misunderstands and distorts his work.[129][131] Some interpreters of The Matrix mention Baudrillard's philosophy to support their claim "that the [film] is an allegory for contemporary experience in a heavily commercialized, media-driven society, especially in developed countries".[7] "The influence of [Baudrillard] was brought to the public's attention through the writings of art historians such as Griselda Pollock and film theorists such as Heinz-Peter Schwerfel".[7] In addition to Baudrillard, the Wachowskis were also significantly influenced by Kevin Kelly's Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World, and Dylan Evans’s ideas on evolutionary psychology.[16] The film makes several references to Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.[99] Comparisons have also been made to Grant Morrison's comic series The Invisibles, with Morrison describing it in 2011 as "(it) seemed to me (to be) my own combination of ideas enacted on the screen".[132] Comparisons have also been made between The Matrix and the books of Carlos Castaneda.[133]

The Matrix belongs to the cyberpunk genre of science fiction, and draws from earlier works in the genre such as the 1984 novel Neuromancer by William Gibson.[8] For example, the film's use of the term "Matrix" is adopted from Gibson's novel,[134] though L. P. Davies had already used the term "Matrix" fifteen years earlier for a similar concept in his 1969 novel The White Room ("It had been tried in the States some years earlier, but their 'matrix' as they called it hadn't been strong enough to hold the fictional character in place").[135] After watching The Matrix, Gibson commented that the way that the film's creators had drawn from existing cyberpunk works was "exactly the kind of creative cultural osmosis" he had relied upon in his own writing;[8] however, he noted that the film's Gnostic themes distinguished it from Neuromancer, and believed that The Matrix was thematically closer to the work of science fiction author Philip K. Dick, particularly Dick's speculative Exegesis.[8] Other writers have also commented on the similarities between The Matrix and Dick's work;[123][136][137] one example of such influence is a Philip K. Dick's 1977 conference, in which he stated: "We are living in a computer-programmed reality, and the only clue we have to it is when some variable is changed, and some alteration in our reality occurs".[138][139][140][141]

Philosophy

It has been suggested by philosopher William Irwin that the idea of the "Matrix" – a generated reality invented by malicious machines – is an allusion to Descartes' "First Meditation", and his idea of an evil demon. The Meditation hypothesizes that the perceived world might be a comprehensive illusion created to deceive us.[142] The same premise can be found in Hilary Putnam's brain in a vat scenario proposed in the 1980s.[142] A connection between the premise of The Matrix and Plato's Allegory of the Cave has also been suggested. The allegory is related to Plato's theory of Forms, which holds that the true essence of an object is not what we perceive with our senses, but rather its quality, and that most people perceive only the shadow of the object and are thus limited to false perception.[32]

The philosophy of Immanuel Kant has also been claimed as another influence on the film, and in particular how individuals within the Matrix interact with one another and with the system. Kant states in his Critique of Pure Reason that people come to know and explore our world through synthetic means (language, etc.), and thus this makes it rather difficult to discern truth from falsely perceived views. This means people are their own agents of deceit, and so in order for them to know truth, they must choose to openly pursue truth. This idea can be examined in Agent Smith's monologue about the first version of the Matrix, which was designed as a human utopia, a perfect world without suffering and with total happiness. Agent Smith explains that, "it was a disaster. No one accepted the program. Entire crops [of people] were lost." The machines had to amend their choice of programming in order to make people subservient to them, and so they conceived the Matrix in the image of the world in 1999. The world in 1999 was far from a utopia, but still humans accepted this over the suffering-less utopia. According to William Irwin this is Kantian, because the machines wished to impose a perfect world on humans in an attempt to keep people content, so that they would remain completely submissive to the machines, both consciously and subconsciously, but humans were not easy to make content.[143]

Religion and mythology

Andrew Godoski sees allusions to Christ, including Neo's "virgin birth", his doubt in himself, the prophecy of his coming, along with many other Christian references.[32] Amongst these possible allusions, it is suggested that the name of the character Trinity refers to Christianity's doctrine of the Trinity.[144] It has also been noted that the character Morpheus paraphrases the Chinese taoist philosopher Zhuangzi when he asks Neo, "Have you ever had a dream, Neo, that you were so sure was real? What if you were unable to wake from that dream? How would you know the difference from the real world and the dream world?"[145]

Matrixism is a fan-based possibly satirical religion created as "the matrix religion".

Transgender themes

Years after the release of The Matrix, both the Wachowskis came out as transgender women, and some viewers have seen transgender themes in the film before it was officially confirmed.[146] The red pill has been compared with red estrogen pills.[147] Morpheus's description of the Matrix giving you a sense that something is fundamentally wrong, "like a splinter in your mind", has been compared to gender dysphoria.[147] Also, in the original script, Switch was a woman in the Matrix and a man in the real world, but this idea was ultimately dropped.[148] In a 2016 GLAAD Media Awards speech, Lilly Wachowski said "There’s a critical eye being cast back on Lana and I's work through the lens of our transness. This is a cool thing because it's an excellent reminder that art is never static."[149] She spoke in 2020 about the movie as an allegory for transgender identity, and compromises they had to make at the time.[150] When asked during an interview with Variety if he was aware that the film had a transgender meaning behind it, Keanu Reeves stated that such idea was never introduced nor Lilly shared that information to him during the film's production.[151]

Legacy

Filmmaking

Following The Matrix, films made abundant use of slow-motion, spinning cameras, and, often, the bullet time effect of a character freezing or slowing down and the camera dollying around them.[67] The ability to slow down time enough to distinguish the motion of bullets was used as a central gameplay mechanic of several video games, including Max Payne, in which the feature was explicitly referred to as "bullet time".[152][153] It was also the defining game mechanic of the game Superhot and its sequels. The Matrix's signature special effect, and other aspects of the film, have been parodied numerous times,[26] in comedy films such as Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo (1999),[154] Scary Movie (2000),[155] Shrek (2001),[152] Kung Pow! Enter the Fist (2002),[156] Lastikman (2003); Marx Reloaded in which the relationship between Neo and Morpheus is represented as an imaginary encounter between Karl Marx and Leon Trotsky;[157] and in video games such as Conker's Bad Fur Day.[158] It also inspired films featuring a black-clad hero, a sexy yet deadly heroine, and bullets ripping slowly through the air;[26] these included Charlie's Angels (2000) featuring Cameron Diaz floating through the air while the cameras flo-mo around her; Equilibrium (2002), starring Christian Bale, whose character wore long black leather coats like Reeves' Neo;[152] Night Watch (2004), a Russian megahit heavily influenced by The Matrix and directed by Timur Bekmambetov, who later made Wanted (2008), which also features bullets ripping through air; and Inception (2010), which centers on a team of sharply dressed rogues who enter a wildly malleable alternate reality by "wiring in". The original Tron (1982) paved the way for The Matrix, and The Matrix, in turn, inspired Disney to make its own Matrix with a Tron sequel, Tron: Legacy (2010).[159] Also, the film's lobby shootout sequence was recreated in the 2002 Indian action comedy Awara Paagal Deewana.[160]

Choreographers and actors

The Matrix had a strong effect on action filmmaking in Hollywood. The film's incorporation of wire fu techniques, including the involvement of fight choreographer Yuen Woo-ping and other personnel with a background in Hong Kong action cinema, affected the approaches to fight scenes taken by subsequent Hollywood action films,[161] moving them towards more Eastern approaches.[32] The success of The Matrix created high demand for those choreographers and their techniques from other filmmakers, who wanted fights of similar sophistication: for example, wire work was employed in X-Men (2000)[161] and Charlie's Angels (2000),[159] and Yuen Woo-ping's brother Yuen Cheung-yan was choreographer on Daredevil (2003).[162] The Matrix's Asian approach to action scenes also created an audience for Asian action films such as Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) that they might not otherwise have had.[152]

Chad Stahelski, who had been a stunt double on The Matrix prior to directing Reeves in the John Wick series, acknowledged the film's strong influence on the Wick films,[163] and commented, "The Matrix literally changed the industry. The influx of martial-arts choreographers and fight coordinators now make more, and are more prevalent and powerful in the industry, than stunt coordinators. The Matrix revolutionized that. Today, action movies want their big sequences designed around the fights."[164]

Carrie-Anne Moss asserted that prior to being cast in The Matrix, she had "no career". It launched Moss into international recognition and transformed her career; in a New York Daily News interview, she stated, "The Matrix gave me so many opportunities. Everything I've done since then has been because of that experience. It gave me so much".[165] The film also created one of the most devoted movie fan-followings since Star Wars.[26] The combined success of the Matrix trilogy, the Lord of the Rings films and the Star Wars prequels made Hollywood interested in creating trilogies.[32] Stephen Dowling from the BBC noted that The Matrix's success in taking complex philosophical ideas and presenting them in ways palatable for impressionable minds might be its most influential aspect.[152]

Cultural impact

The Matrix was also influential for its impact on superhero films. John Kenneth Muir in The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television called the film a "revolutionary" reimagination of movie visuals, paving the way for the visuals of later superhero films, and credits it with helping to "make comic-book superheroes hip" and effectively demonstrating the concept of "faster than a speeding bullet" with its bullet time effect.[166] Adam Sternbergh of Vulture.com credits The Matrix with reinventing and setting the template for modern superhero blockbusters, and inspiring the superhero renaissance in the early 21st century.[167]

Modern reception

In 2001, The Matrix placed 66th in the American Film Institute's "100 Years...100 Thrills" list.[168] In 2007, Entertainment Weekly called The Matrix the best science-fiction piece of media for the past 25 years.[14] In 2009, the film was ranked 39th on Empire's reader-, actor- and critic-voted list of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time".[169] The Matrix was voted as the fourth best sci-fi film in the 2011 list Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time, based on a poll conducted by ABC and People. In 2012, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant."[15]

Sequels and adaptations

The film's mainstream success led to the making of two sequels, The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions, both directed by the Wachowskis. These were filmed back-to-back in one shoot and released on separate dates in 2003.[170] The first film's introductory tale is succeeded by the story of the impending attack on the human enclave of Zion by a vast machine army.[171][172] The sequels also incorporate longer and more ambitious action scenes, as well as improvements in bullet time and other visual effects.[172][173]

Also released was The Animatrix, a collection of nine animated short films, many of which were created in the same Japanese animation style[174] that was a strong influence on the live action trilogy. The Animatrix was overseen and approved by the Wachowskis, who only wrote four of the segments themselves but did not direct any of them; much of the project was developed by notable figures from the world of anime.[174]

In March 2017, Warner Bros. was in early stages of developing a relaunch of the franchise with Zak Penn in talks to write a treatment and interest in getting Michael B. Jordan attached to star. According to The Hollywood Reporter neither the Wachowskis nor Joel Silver were involved with the endeavor, although the studio would like to get at minimum the blessing of the Wachowskis.[175] On August 20, 2019, Warner Bros. Pictures Group chairman Toby Emmerich officially announced that a fourth Matrix film was in the works, with Keanu Reeves and Carrie-Anne Moss set to reprise their roles as Neo and Trinity respectively.[176]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Credited as The Wachowski Brothers.

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Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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