دونالد ترمب
دونالد ترمب | |
|---|---|
 صورة رسمية ، 2017 | |
| 45 رئيس الولايات المتحدة | |
| في المنصب 20 يناير 2017 - 20 يناير 2021 | |
| نائب الرئيس | مايك بنس |
| اخراج بواسطة | باراك اوباما |
| نجحت | جو بايدن |
| تفاصيل شخصية | |
| ولد | دونالد جون ترامب 14 يونيو 1946 كوينز ، مدينة نيويورك ، الولايات المتحدة |
| حزب سياسي | جمهوري (1987-1999 ، 2009-2011 ، 2012 إلى الوقت الحاضر) |
الانتماءات السياسية الأخرى | |
| الزوج / الزوجة | |
| أطفال | |
| الآباء | |
| الأقارب | عائلة دونالد ترامب |
| إقامة | مار الاغو |
| ألما ماتر | مدرسة وارتون ( BS Econ. ) |
| احتلال |
|
| الجوائز | قائمة الأوسمة والجوائز |
| إمضاء |  |
| موقع الكتروني | |
| ||
|---|---|---|
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الأعمال والشخصية 45 رئيس الولايات المتحدة
فترة
الاتهامات
التفاعلات التي تشارك فيها روسيا  |
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دونالد ترامب جون (من مواليد 14 يونيو 1946) هو اميركي السياسي ، الإعلامي ، و رجل الأعمال الذي شغل منصب 45 رئيسا للولايات المتحدة 2017-2021.
ولد ونشأ في كوينز في مدينة نيويورك، وتخرج ترامب من جامعة ولاية بنسلفانيا مع درجة البكالوريوس في عام 1968. وأصبح رئيس والده فريد ترامب العقارات التجارية الصورة في عام 1971 وأطلقت عليها اسم منظمة ترامب . قام ترامب بتوسيع عمليات الشركة لبناء وتجديد ناطحات السحاب والفنادق والكازينوهات وملاعب الجولف. بدأ لاحقًا مشاريع جانبية مختلفة ، معظمها بترخيص اسمه. شارك ترامب وشركاته في أكثر من 4000 إجراء قانوني على مستوى الولايات والفيدرالية ، بما في ذلك ستة حالات إفلاس. امتلك ملكة جمال الكونعلامة تجارية لمسابقات ملكات الجمال من عام 1996 إلى عام 2015. من عام 2004 إلى عام 2015 ، شارك في إنتاج واستضافة المسلسل التلفزيوني الواقعي The Apprentice .
وُصفت مواقف ترامب السياسية بأنها شعبوية ، وحمائية ، وانعزالية ، وقومية . دخل السباق الرئاسي 2016 بصفته جمهوريًا وانتُخب في انتصار مفاجئ على المرشحة الديمقراطية هيلاري كلينتون بينما خسر التصويت الشعبي ، [أ] أصبح أول رئيس للولايات المتحدة بدون خدمة عسكرية أو حكومية سابقة . أثار انتخابه وسياساته احتجاجات عديدة . أدلى ترامب بالعديد من التصريحات الكاذبة والمضللةخلال حملاته ورئاسته إلى درجة غير مسبوقة في السياسة الأمريكية . تم وصف العديد من تعليقاته وأفعاله بأنها مشحونة عنصريًا أو عنصرية ، والعديد منها كراهية للنساء .
أمر ترامب بحظر سفر المواطنين من العديد من البلدان ذات الأغلبية المسلمة ، وحول التمويل نحو بناء جدار على الحدود بين الولايات المتحدة والمكسيك ، وطبق سياسة الفصل بين العائلات للمهاجرين الذين تم القبض عليهم. وقع على قانون التخفيضات الضريبية والوظائف لعام 2017 الذي خفض الضرائب على الأفراد والشركات وألغى عقوبة ولاية التأمين الصحي الفردي لقانون الرعاية الميسرة . عين أكثر من 200 قضاة الاتحادية ، بما في ذلك ثلاثة إلى المحكمة العليا: نيل غورساتش ، بريت كافانو و ايمي كوني باريت. في السياسة الخارجية، واصلت ترامب في أمريكا الأولى في جدول الأعمال: أنه إعادة التفاوض حول اتفاقية التجارة الحرة لأمريكا الشمالية باسم الولايات المكسيك وكندا اتفاق المتحدة وانسحبت الولايات المتحدة من الشراكة عبر المحيط الهادئ المفاوضات التجارية، و اتفاق باريس على تغير المناخ و إيران صفقة نووية . و فرض الرسوم الجمركية على الواردات التي أدت حرب تجارية مع الصين . التقى ترامب ثلاث مرات مع زعيم كوريا الشمالية كيم جونغ أون لكنه لم يحرز أي تقدم بشأن نزع السلاح النووي . كان رد فعله بطيئًا على وباء COVID-19، وتجاهل أو ناقض العديد من التوصيات الصادرة عن مسؤولي الصحة في رسالته ، وروج لمعلومات خاطئة حول العلاجات غير المثبتة ومدى توافر الاختبارات.
تدخلت روسيا في انتخابات عام 2016 للمساعدة في انتخاب ترامب ، لكن تحقيق المستشار الخاص في هذا التدخل بقيادة روبرت مولر لم يجد أدلة كافية لإثبات مؤامرة إجرامية أو التنسيق مع حملة ترامب . [ب] حقق مولر أيضًا مع ترامب لعرقلة سير العدالة ولم يوجه إليه اتهام ولم يبرئه. بعد ترامب ضغوط أوكرانيا للتحقيق منافسه السياسي جو بايدن ، و مجلس النواب عزل له عن سوء استخدام السلطة و عرقلة من الكونغرسفي 18 ديسمبر 2019 ، برأه مجلس الشيوخ من التهمتين في 5 فبراير 2020.
خسر ترامب الانتخابات الرئاسية لعام 2020 أمام بايدن لكنه رفض التنازل . في محاولة لإلغاء النتائج ، ادعى كذباً حدوث تزوير في الانتخابات ، وضغط على المسؤولين الحكوميين ، وقام بعشرات الطعون القانونية الفاشلة وعرقل عملية الانتقال الرئاسي . في 6 يناير 2021 ، حث ترامب أنصاره على السير في مسيرة إلى مبنى الكابيتول ، الذي اقتحمه المئات ، وعرقلوا فرز الأصوات الانتخابية . البيت عزل ترامب عن التحريض على العصيانفي 13 كانون الثاني (يناير) ، مما جعله صاحب المنصب الفيدرالي الوحيد في التاريخ الأمريكي الذي تم عزله مرتين. برأ مجلس الشيوخ ترامب للمرة الثانية في 13 فبراير بعد أن ترك منصبه بالفعل.
الحياة الشخصية
وقت مبكر من الحياة
ولد دونالد جون ترامب في 14 يونيو 1946 ، في مستشفى جامايكا في حي كوينز في مدينة نيويورك ، [1] [2] الطفل الرابع لفريد ترامب ، وهو مطور عقاري مولود في برونكس وكان والديه مهاجرين ألمان ، و ماري آن ماكلويد ترامب ، وهو مهاجر من اسكتلندا. نمت رابحة مع الأشقاء الأكبر سنا ماريان ، فريد الابن ، وإليزابيث، والأخ الأصغر روبرت في جامايكا عقارات حي كوينز، وحضر خاصة مدرسة كيو-غابة من رياض الأطفال حتى الصف السابع. [3] [4][5] في سن 13 ، التحق بأكاديمية نيويورك العسكرية ، وهي مدرسة داخلية خاصة ، [6] وفي عام 1964 التحق بجامعة فوردهام . بعد ذلك بعامين انتقل إلى مدرسة وارتون بجامعة بنسلفانيا ، وتخرج في مايو 1968 بدرجة بكالوريوس في الاقتصاد. [7] [8] في عام 2015 ،هددمحامي ترامب مايكل كوهين كليات ترامب ومدرسته الثانوية ومجلس الكليات بإجراءات قانونية إذا أصدروا سجلات ترامب الأكاديمية. [9] أثناء وجوده في الكلية، التي تم الحصول عليها ترامب أربعة طالب مشروع التأجيل. [10]في عام 1966 ، تم اعتباره لائقًا للخدمة العسكرية بناءً على فحص طبي ، وفي يوليو 1968 صنفه مجلس التجنيد المحلي على أنه مؤهل للخدمة. [11] في أكتوبر 1968 ، تم تصنيفه 1-Y ، وهو تأجيل طبي مشروط ، [12] وفي عام 1972 ، أعيد تصنيف 4-F بسبب توتنهام العظام ، مما أدى إلى استبعاده بشكل دائم من الخدمة. [13] [14]
أسرة
في عام 1977 ، تزوج ترامب من عارضة الأزياء التشيكية إيفانا زيلنيكوفا . [15] لديهم ثلاثة أطفال ، دونالد جونيور (مواليد 1977) وإيفانكا (مواليد 1981) وإريك (مواليد 1984). [16] حصلت إيفانا على الجنسية الأمريكية عام 1988. [17] تطلق الزوجان في عام 1992 بعد علاقة ترامب بالممثلة مارلا مابلز . [18] ولديه و مابلز ابنة واحدة ، تيفاني (مواليد 1993). [19] تزوجا في عام 1993 ، [20] انفصلا في عام 1997 ، وطلقا في عام 1999. [21] نشأت تيفاني على يد مارلا في كاليفورنيا. [22]في عام 2005 ، تزوج ترامب من عارضة الأزياء السلوفينية ميلانيا كناوس . [23] ولديهما ابن واحد هو بارون (مواليد 2006). [24] حصلت ميلانيا على الجنسية الأمريكية في عام 2006. [25]
دين
ذهب ترامب إلى مدرسة الأحد وتم تأكيده في عام 1959 في الكنيسة المشيخية الأولى في جامايكا ، كوينز. [26] [27] في السبعينيات ، انضم والداه إلى كنيسة ماربل كوليجيت في مانهاتن ، والتي تنتمي إلى الكنيسة الإصلاحية . [26] [28] القس في ماربل ، نورمان فنسنت بيل ، [26] خدم الأسرة حتى وفاته في عام 1993. [28] وصفه ترامب بأنه معلم. [29] في عام 2015 ، ذكرت الكنيسة أن ترامب "ليس عضوًا نشطًا". [27] في عام 2019 ، عيّن قسيسه الخاص ، قائمًا بالإنجيل التلفزيونيبولا وايت ، إلى مكتب الاتصال العام بالبيت الأبيض . [30] في عام 2020 ، قال إنه وصفه بأنه مسيحي غير طائفي . [31]
الصحة
يقول ترامب إنه لم يشرب الكحول أو يدخن السجائر أو يتعاطى المخدرات. [32] [33] ينام حوالي أربع أو خمس ساعات كل ليلة. [34] [35] وصف ترامب رياضة الجولف بأنها "شكله الأساسي من التمارين" ولكنه عادة لا يمشي في المضمار. [36] يعتبر ممارسة الرياضة إهدارًا للطاقة ، لأنه يعتقد أن الجسم "مثل البطارية ، بكمية محدودة من الطاقة" التي يتم استنفادها عن طريق التمرين. [37]
في عام 2015 ، كتب هارولد بورنشتاين ، الذي كان الطبيب الشخصي لترامب منذ عام 1980 ، أن ترامب سيكون "الشخص الأكثر صحة الذي تم انتخابه للرئاسة على الإطلاق" في رسالة أصدرتها حملة ترامب. [38] في عام 2018 ، قال بورنشتاين إن ترامب أملى محتويات الرسالة وأن ثلاثة من عملاء ترامب قد أزالوا سجلاته الطبية في فبراير 2017 دون إذن. [38] [39]
تم نقل ترامب إلى المستشفى في مركز والتر ريد الطبي العسكري الوطني لعلاج COVID-19 في 2 أكتوبر 2020 ، حيث ورد أنه يعاني من ارتفاع في درجة الحرارة وصعوبة في التنفس. تم الكشف في عام 2021 أن حالته كانت أكثر خطورة. كان يعاني من انخفاض شديد في مستويات الأكسجين في الدم ، وارتفاع في درجة الحرارة ، وارتشاح في الرئة ، مما يشير إلى حالة خطيرة من المرض. [40] عولج بالعقار المضاد للفيروسات ريمديسفير ، الستيرويد ديكساميثازون ، والجسم المضاد التجريبي غير المعتمد REGN-COV2 . [41] عاد ترامب إلى البيت الأبيض في 5 أكتوبر ، ولا يزال يعاني من المرض. [40]
ثروة
في عام 1982 ، تم إدراج ترامب في قائمة فوربس الأولية للأفراد الأثرياء باعتبارهم نصيبًا من صافي ثروة عائلته التي تقدر بـ 200 مليون دولار. له خسائر مالية في 1980s تسببت له أن يسقط من قائمة بين عامي 1990 و 1995. [42] وفي 2021 مليارديرا في الترتيب، فوربس تقدر القيمة الصافية ترامب في 2400000000 $ (1299 في العالم)، [43] مما يجعل منه واحدا من أغنى أصحاب المناصب في التاريخ الأمريكي . [43] قدرت فوربس أن صافي ثروته انخفض بنسبة 31 في المائة وتراجع ترتيبه 138 مركزًا بين عامي 2015 و 2018. [44] بعد أن قدم نماذج إقرارات مالية إلزامية إلى لجنة الانتخابات الفيدرالية(FEC) في يوليو 2015 ، أعلن ترامب علنًا عن صافي ثروته بنحو 10 مليارات دولار ، في حين أظهرت السجلات الصادرة عن لجنة الانتخابات الفيدرالية "ما لا يقل عن 1.4 مليار دولار في الأصول و 265 مليون دولار في الخصوم". [45]
أفاد الصحفي جوناثان جرينبيرج في عام 2018 أن ترامب ، مستخدماً الاسم المستعار " جون بارون " وادعى أنه مسؤول في منظمة ترامب ، اتصل به عام 1984 ليؤكد كذباً أنه يمتلك "أكثر من تسعين بالمائة" من أعمال عائلة ترامب ، لتأمين ترتيب أعلى في قائمة فوربس 400 للأثرياء الأمريكيين. كتب جرينبيرج أيضًا أن فوربس بالغت في تقدير ثروة ترامب بشكل كبير وأدرجته بشكل خاطئ في تصنيفات فوربس 400 للأعوام 1982 و 1983 و 1984. [46]
وكثيرا ما قال ترامب إنه بدأ حياته المهنية "بقرض صغير قيمته مليون دولار" من والده ، وأنه كان عليه سداده بفائدة. [47] في أكتوبر 2018 ، ذكرت صحيفة نيويورك تايمز أن ترامب "كان مليونيرا في سن الثامنة" ، واقترض ما لا يقل عن 60 مليون دولار من والده ، وفشل إلى حد كبير في سداد تلك القروض ، وتلقى 413 مليون دولار (معدلة للتضخم) من إمبراطورية أعمال والده طوال حياته. [48] [49] وفقًا للتقرير ، ارتكب ترامب وعائلته الاحتيال الضريبي ، وهو ما نفاه محامي ترامب. وقالت دائرة الضرائب في نيويورك إنها تحقق في الأمر. [50] [51] كان أداء استثمارات ترامب دون أداء سوق الأسهم وسوق العقارات في نيويورك. [52][53] قدرت فوربس في أكتوبر 2018 أن قيمة أعمال ترخيص العلامة التجارية الشخصية لترامب قد انخفضت بنسبة 88 في المائة منذ عام 2015 ، لتصل إلى 3 ملايين دولار. [54]
تُظهر الإقرارات الضريبية لترامب من عام 1985 إلى عام 1994 خسائر صافية بلغت 1.17 مليار دولار على مدى فترة العشر سنوات ، على عكس مزاعمه حول صحته المالية وقدراته التجارية. ذكرت صحيفة نيويورك تايمز أنه "عامًا بعد عام ، يبدو أن السيد ترامب قد خسر أموالًا أكثر من أي دافع ضرائب أمريكي آخر تقريبًا" وأن "خسائر الأعمال الأساسية لترامب في عامي 1990 و 1991 - أكثر من 250 مليون دولار سنويًا - كانت أكثر من ضاعف أقرب دافعي الضرائب في معلومات مصلحة الضرائب لتلك السنوات ". في عام 1995 بلغت خسائره المبلغ عنها 915.7 مليون دولار. [55] [56]
وفقًا لتحليل أجرته صحيفة نيويورك تايمز في سبتمبر 2020 عن عشرين عامًا من البيانات من الإقرارات الضريبية لترامب ، تراكمت خسائر ترامب بمئات الملايين وأرجأ إعلان 287 مليون دولار من الديون المعفاة كدخل خاضع للضريبة. [57] وفقًا للتحليل ، كانت مصادر دخل ترامب الرئيسية هي نصيبه من الإيرادات من برنامج The Apprentice والدخل من الأعمال التي كان شريكًا فيها من أقلية ، في حين كانت أعماله المملوكة للأغلبية تتكبد خسائر كبيرة. [57] كان جزء كبير من دخل ترامب في الإعفاءات الضريبية بسبب خسائره ، والتي تمكنه من تجنب دفع ضريبة الدخل ، أو دفع ما لا يقل عن 750 دولارًا ، لعدة سنوات. [57]على مدى العقد الماضي ، كان ترامب يوازن خسائر أعماله من خلال البيع والحصول على قروض مقابل الأصول ، بما في ذلك رهن عقاري بقيمة 100 مليون دولار على برج ترامب (مستحق في عام 2022) وتصفية أكثر من 200 مليون دولار من الأسهم والسندات. [57] ضمن ترامب شخصيًا ديونًا بقيمة 421 مليون دولار ، من المقرر سداد معظمها بحلول عام 2024. وأظهرت السجلات الضريبية أيضًا أن ترامب أجرى صفقات تجارية غير ناجحة في الصين ، بما في ذلك من خلال تطوير شراكة مع شركة كبرى تسيطر عليها الحكومة. [58]
وفقًا لتقرير Forbes في أكتوبر 2020 ، فإن لدى ترامب ديونًا إجمالية تزيد عن مليار دولار ، مضمونة بأصوله . من بين المقرضين دويتشه بنك ، يو بي إس ، وبنك الصين . كان هناك ما يقرب من 450 مليون دولار مستحق لدائنين غير معروفين. وبحسب التقرير ، فإن القيمة الحالية لأصول ترامب تتجاوز مديونيته. [59]
العمل الوظيفي
العقارات
عندما كان طالبًا في وارتن وبعد تخرجه في عام 1968 ، عمل ترامب في شركة ترامب للعقارات التي يملكها والده فريد ، والتي كانت تمتلك مساكن مستأجرة من الطبقة المتوسطة في الأحياء الخارجية لمدينة نيويورك. [60] [61] [62] في عام 1971 ، أصبح رئيسًا للشركة وبدأ في استخدام منظمة ترامب كعلامة تجارية شاملة . [63] تم تسجيلها كشركة في عام 1981. [64]
تطورات مانهاتن
جذب ترامب انتباه الجمهور في عام 1978 مع إطلاق أول مشروع لعائلته في مانهاتن ، تجديد فندق كومودور المهجور ، المجاور لغراند سنترال تيرمينال . تم تسهيل التمويل من خلال تخفيف ضريبة الأملاك في المدينة بقيمة 400 مليون دولار بترتيب فريد ترامب ، [65] الذي انضم أيضًا إلى حياة في ضمان 70 مليون دولار من تمويل البناء المصرفي. [66] [67] أعيد افتتاح الفندق في عام 1980 باسم فندق جراند حياة ، [68] وفي نفس العام ، حصل ترامب على حقوق تطوير برج ترامب ، وهو ناطحة سحاب متعددة الاستخدامات في وسط مانهاتن. [69]يضم المبنى المقر الرئيسي لمنظمة ترامب وكان المقر الرئيسي لترامب حتى عام 2019. [70] [71]
في عام 1988 ، استحوذ ترامب على فندق بلازا في مانهاتن بقرض قدره 425 مليون دولار من كونسورتيوم من البنوك. بعد ذلك بعامين ، تقدم الفندق بطلب الحماية من الإفلاس ، وتمت الموافقة على خطة إعادة التنظيم في عام 1992. [72] في عام 1995 ، خسر ترامب الفندق لسيتي بنك ومستثمرين من سنغافورة والمملكة العربية السعودية ، الذين تحملوا 300 مليون دولار من الديون. [73] [74]
في عام 1996 ، استحوذ ترامب على ناطحة السحاب الشاغرة المكونة من 71 طابقًا في 40 وول ستريت . بعد تجديد شامل ، تم تغيير اسم المبنى الشاهق إلى مبنى ترامب. [75] في أوائل التسعينيات ، فاز ترامب بحق تطوير قطعة أرض مساحتها 70 فدانًا (28 هكتارًا) في حي لينكولن سكوير بالقرب من نهر هدسون . كان ترامب يعاني من ديون من مشاريع أخرى في عام 1994 ، وباع معظم اهتمامه بالمشروع إلى مستثمرين آسيويين ، كانوا قادرين على تمويل استكمال المشروع ، ريفرسايد ساوث . [76]
عقارات بالم بيتش
في عام 1985 ، استحوذ ترامب على عقار Mar-a-Lago في بالم بيتش بولاية فلوريدا . [77] حول ترامب العقار إلى نادي خاص برسوم بدء ورسوم سنوية واستخدم جناحًا من المنزل كمسكن خاص. [78] في عام 2019 ، أعلن ترامب أن مارالاغو مقر إقامته الرئيسي. [71]
كازينوهات أتلانتيك سيتي
في عام 1984 ، افتتح ترامب Harrah's في ترامب بلازا ، وهو فندق وكازينو في أتلانتيك سيتي ، نيو جيرسي . حصل المشروع على تمويل من شركة هوليداي كوربوريشن ، التي أدارت العملية أيضًا. تم تقنين المقامرة هناك في عام 1977 لتنشيط الوجهة الساحلية التي كانت ذات شعبية كبيرة. [79] أدت النتائج المالية السيئة للعقار إلى تفاقم التوترات بين هوليداي وترامب ، الذي دفع للعطلة 70 مليون دولار في مايو 1986 للسيطرة على العقار وحده. [80] في وقت سابق ، حصل ترامب أيضًا على مبنى مكتمل جزئيًا في أتلانتيك سيتي من شركة هيلتون مقابل 320 مليون دولار. عند اكتماله في عام 1985 ، تم تسمية هذا الفندق والكازينو بقلعة ترامب. تمكنت إيفانا ، زوجة ترامب آنذاك ، من إدارتها حتى عام 1988. [81] [82]
استحوذ ترامب على كازينو ثالث في أتلانتيك سيتي ، ترامب تاج محل ، في عام 1988 في صفقة عالية الاستدانة. [83] تم تمويله بـ 675 مليون دولار من السندات غير المرغوب فيها وتم الانتهاء منه بتكلفة 1.1 مليار دولار ، وافتتح في أبريل 1990. [84] [85] [86] أفلس المشروع في العام التالي ، [85] وغادرت عملية إعادة التنظيم ترامب بحصة نصف ملكيته الأولية فقط وطلب منه التعهد بضمانات شخصية للأداء المستقبلي. [87] في مواجهة "ديون هائلة" ، تخلى عن السيطرة على شركة الطيران الخاصة به ، ترامب شاتل ، وباع يخته الضخم ، أميرة ترامب، التي رست إلى أجل غير مسمى في أتلانتيك سيتي أثناء تأجيرها إلى الكازينوهات الخاصة به لاستخدامها من قبل المقامرين الأثرياء. [88] [89]
في عام 1995 ، أسس ترامب ترامب للفنادق والمنتجعات (THCR) ، التي تولت ملكية ترامب بلازا ، وقلعة ترامب ، وكازينو ترامب في غاري ، إنديانا . [90] اشترت THCR تاج محل في عام 1996 وخضعت لحالات إفلاس متتالية في 2004 و 2009 و 2014 ، مما ترك ترامب بملكية 10 بالمائة فقط. [91] ظل رئيس مجلس إدارة THCR حتى عام 2009. [92]
ملاعب جولف
بدأت منظمة ترامب في الحصول على ملاعب جولف وبنائها في عام 1999. [93] امتلكت 11 ملعبًا للجولف ومنتجعًا في جميع أنحاء العالم وأدارت أربعة أخرى اعتبارًا من يوليو 2020 [update]. [94]
منذ تنصيبه حتى نهاية عام 2019 ، أمضى ترامب حوالي يومًا من كل خمسة أيام في أحد نوادي الجولف الخاصة به. [95]
العلامات التجارية والترخيص
تم ترخيص اسم ترامب للعديد من المنتجات والخدمات الاستهلاكية ، بما في ذلك المواد الغذائية والملابس ودورات تعليم الكبار والمفروشات المنزلية. [96] [97] وفقًا لتحليل أجرته صحيفة واشنطن بوست ، هناك أكثر من خمسين صفقة ترخيص أو إدارة تتضمن اسم ترامب ، والتي حققت 59 مليون دولار على الأقل من العائدات السنوية لشركاته. [98] بحلول عام 2018 ، واصلت شركتان فقط للسلع الاستهلاكية ترخيص اسمه. [97]
الشؤون القانونية وحالات الإفلاس
عمل Fixer Roy Cohn كمحامي ومرشد لترامب لمدة 13 عامًا في السبعينيات والثمانينيات. [99] [100] وفقًا لترامب ، يتنازل كوهين أحيانًا عن الرسوم بسبب صداقتهما. [61] في عام 1973 ، ساعد كوهن ترامب في مواجهة حكومة الولايات المتحدة مقابل 100 مليون دولار بسبب اتهاماتها بأن ممتلكات ترامب بها ممارسات تمييزية عنصرية. خسر ترامب وكوهن تلك القضية عندما رُفضت الدعوى المضادة ومضت قضية الحكومة إلى الأمام. [101] في عام 1975 ، تم إبرام اتفاق يلزم ممتلكات ترامب بتزويد اتحاد نيويورك الحضري بقائمة بجميع الوظائف الشاغرة في الشقق ، كل أسبوع لمدة عامين ، من بين أمور أخرى. [102] قدم كوهن المستشار السياسي روجر ستونإلى ترامب ، الذي جند خدمات ستون للتعامل مع الحكومة الفيدرالية. [103]
اعتبارًا من أبريل 2018 [update]، شارك ترامب وأعماله في أكثر من 4000 إجراء قانوني على مستوى الولاية والفيدرالية ، وفقًا لإحصاء أجرته يو إس إيه توداي . [104]
في حين ترامب لم تقدموا للحصول على الإفلاس الشخصي ، له في الاستدانة على فندق وكازينو الشركات في اتلانتيك سيتي ونيويورك قدمت لل فصل 11 إفلاس حماية ست مرات بين عامي 1991 و 2009. [105] [106] استمروا في العمل في حين أن إعادة هيكلة البنوك الديون وخفضت أسهم ترامب في العقارات. [105] [106]
خلال الثمانينيات من القرن الماضي ، أقرض أكثر من 70 بنكًا لترامب 4 مليارات دولار ، [107] ولكن في أعقاب إفلاس شركته في أوائل التسعينيات ، رفضت معظم البنوك الكبرى إقراضه ، مع بقاء دويتشه بنك فقط على استعداد لإقراض المال. [108] ذكرت صحيفة نيويورك تايمز بعد أيام من اقتحام مبنى الكابيتول بالولايات المتحدة أن البنك قرر عدم التعامل مع ترامب أو شركته في المستقبل. [109]
في أبريل 2019 ، أصدرت لجنة الرقابة بمجلس النواب مذكرات استدعاء للحصول على تفاصيل مالية من بنوك ترامب ، وبنك دويتشه وكابيتال وان ، وشركته المحاسبية Mazars USA . رداً على ذلك ، رفع ترامب دعوى قضائية ضد البنوك ومزارس ورئيس اللجنة إيليا كامينغز لمنع الإفصاحات. [110] [111] في مايو ، حكم قاضي المحكمة الجزئية في العاصمة ، أميت ميهتا ، بأنه يجب على Mazars الامتثال لأمر الاستدعاء ، [112] وحكم القاضي إدجاردو راموس من محكمة المقاطعة الجنوبية في نيويورك بأن البنوك يجب أن تمتثل أيضًا. [113] [114]استأنف محامو ترامب الأحكام ، [115] بحجة أن الكونجرس كان يحاول اغتصاب "ممارسة سلطة إنفاذ القانون التي يحتفظ بها الدستور للسلطة التنفيذية". [116] [117]
مشاريع جانبية
في سبتمبر 1983 ، اشترى ترامب فريق نيوجيرسي جنرالات ، فريق في دوري كرة القدم الأمريكية . بعد موسم 1985 ، تم طي الدوري ، ويرجع ذلك إلى حد كبير إلى استراتيجية ترامب لنقل الألعاب إلى جدول الخريف (حيث تنافسوا مع NFL للجمهور) ومحاولة فرض اندماج مع NFL من خلال رفع دعوى ضد الاحتكار ضد المنظمة. [118] [119]
استضافت شركات ترامب العديد من مباريات الملاكمة في قاعة أتلانتيك سيتي للمؤتمرات المجاورة والترويج لها على أنها تجري في ترامب بلازا في أتلانتيك سيتي. [120] [121] في عامي 1989 و 1990 ، أعار ترامب اسمه لسباق تور دي ترامب لركوب الدراجات ، والذي كان محاولة لإنشاء نظير أمريكي للسباقات الأوروبية مثل سباق فرنسا للدراجات أو جيرو ديتاليا . [122]
في أواخر الثمانينيات ، قلد ترامب تصرفات ما يسمى بغزاة الشركات في وول ستريت . بدأ ترامب في شراء مجموعات كبيرة من الأسهم في العديد من الشركات العامة ، مما دفع بعض المراقبين إلى الاعتقاد بأنه كان منخرطًا في ممارسة تسمى Greenmail ، أو التظاهر بنية الاستحواذ على الشركات ثم الضغط على الإدارة لإعادة شراء حصة المشتري بعلاوة. وجدت صحيفة نيويورك تايمز أن ترامب جنى في البداية ملايين الدولارات من مثل هذه المعاملات المالية ، لكنه لاحقًا "خسر معظم ، إن لم يكن كل ، تلك المكاسب بعد أن توقف المستثمرون عن أخذ حديثه على محمل الجد". [55] [123] [124]
في عام 1988 ، اشترى ترامب مكوك Eastern Air Lines البائد ، مع 21 طائرة وحقوق هبوط في مدينة نيويورك ، وبوسطن ، وواشنطن العاصمة. وقام بتمويل عملية الشراء بمبلغ 380 مليون دولار من 22 مصرفاً ، وأعاد تسمية العملية إلى شركة Trump Shuttle ، وتشغيلها. حتى عام 1992. فشل ترامب في تحقيق ربح مع شركة الطيران وباعه لشركة USAir . [125]
في عام 1992 ، قام ترامب وإخوته ماريان وإليزابيث وروبرت وابن عمه جون دبليو والتر ، بحصة 20 بالمائة لكل منهم ، بتأسيس شركة All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. ولم يكن للشركة مكاتب ويُزعم أنها كانت شركة شل لدفعها للبائعين الذين يقدمون الخدمات والإمدادات لوحدات تأجير ترامب ومن ثم إرسال فواتير لتلك الخدمات والإمدادات إلى إدارة ترامب بعلامات تجارية تتراوح بين 20 و 50 بالمائة وأكثر. تمت مشاركة العائدات الناتجة عن عمليات الترميز من قبل المالكين. [49] [126] تم استخدام التكاليف المتزايدة كمبرر للحصول على موافقة الدولة لزيادة إيجارات وحدات ترامب المستقرة الإيجارية. [49]
من عام 1996 إلى عام 2015، ترامب المملوكة كليا أو جزئيا من ملكة جمال الكون لملكات، بما في ذلك ملكة جمال الولايات المتحدة و ملكة جمال مراهقات أمريكا . [127] [128] بسبب الخلافات مع شبكة سي بي إس حول تحديد المواعيد ، أخذ كلا المسابقتين إلى إن بي سي في عام 2002. [129] [130] في عام 2007 ، تلقى ترامب نجمة في ممشى المشاهير في هوليوود لعمله كمنتج ملكة جمال الكون . [131] بعد أن أسقطت NBC و Univision المسابقات من قائمة البث الخاصة بهم في يونيو 2015 ، [132] اشترى ترامب حصة NBC من منظمة ملكة جمال الكون وباع الشركة بأكملها إلىوكالة المواهب ويليام موريس . [127]
جامعة ترامب
في عام 2004 ، شارك ترامب في تأسيس جامعة ترامب ، وهي شركة باعت دورات تدريبية في مجال العقارات تتراوح أسعارها بين 1500 دولار و 35 ألف دولار. [133] [134] بعد أن أخطرت سلطات ولاية نيويورك الشركة بأن استخدامها لكلمة "جامعة" ينتهك قانون الولاية ، تم تغيير اسمها إلى مبادرة ترامب لريادة الأعمال في عام 2010. [135]
في عام 2013 ، رفعت ولاية نيويورك دعوى مدنية بقيمة 40 مليون دولار ضد جامعة ترامب ، زاعمة أن الشركة قدمت بيانات كاذبة واحتلت المستهلكين. [136] [137] وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، واثنين من دعاوى تم رفعها في المحكمة الاتحادية ضد ترامب وشركاته. كشفت الوثائق الداخلية أنه تم توجيه الموظفين لاستخدام نهج البيع الصعب ، وشهد الموظفون السابقون أن جامعة ترامب قد احتلت أو كذبت على طلابها. [138] [139] [140] بعد فترة وجيزة من فوزه بالرئاسة ، وافق ترامب على دفع إجمالي 25 مليون دولار لتسوية القضايا الثلاث. [141]
المؤسسة
كانت مؤسسة دونالد جيه ترامب مؤسسة خاصة تأسست في عام 1988. [142] [143] في السنوات الأخيرة للمؤسسة ، جاءت أموالها في الغالب من متبرعين بخلاف ترامب ، الذين لم يتبرعوا بأي أموال شخصية للمؤسسة الخيرية من عام 2009 حتى عام 2014. [144] قدمت المؤسسة للجمعيات الخيرية ذات الصلة بالرياضة والرعاية الصحية ، وكذلك المجموعات المحافظة. [145]
في عام 2016 ، ذكرت صحيفة واشنطن بوست أن المؤسسة الخيرية ارتكبت العديد من الانتهاكات القانونية والأخلاقية المحتملة ، بما في ذلك التعامل الذاتي المزعوم والتهرب الضريبي المحتمل. [146] وفي عام 2016 أيضًا ، قال مكتب المدعي العام لولاية نيويورك إن المؤسسة تبدو وكأنها تنتهك قوانين نيويورك فيما يتعلق بالمؤسسات الخيرية وأمرها بالتوقف فورًا عن أنشطة جمع التبرعات في نيويورك. [147] [148] أعلن فريق ترامب في ديسمبر 2016 أنه سيتم حل المؤسسة. [149]
في يونيو 2018 ، رفع مكتب المدعي العام في نيويورك دعوى مدنية ضد المؤسسة ، ترامب ، وأطفاله البالغين ، مطالبين بتعويض قدره 2.8 مليون دولار وعقوبات إضافية. [150] [151] في ديسمبر 2018 ، توقفت المؤسسة عن العمل وصرفت جميع أصولها إلى جمعيات خيرية أخرى. [152] في نوفمبر 2019 ، أمر قاضٍ في ولاية نيويورك ترامب بدفع مليوني دولار لمجموعة من الجمعيات الخيرية لسوء استخدام أموال المؤسسة ، جزئيًا لتمويل حملته الرئاسية. [153] [154]
مهنة إعلامية
كتب
كتب ترامب ما يصل إلى 19 كتابًا حول موضوعات تجارية أو مالية أو سياسية ، على الرغم من أنه استخدم كتاب الأشباح للقيام بذلك. [155] كتاب ترامب الأول ، فن الصفقة (1987) ، كان من أفضل الكتب مبيعًا في نيويورك تايمز . بينما كان الفضل ترامب كما شارك في تأليف كتاب، والكتاب كله ghostwritten التي كتبها طوني شوارتز . [156] وفقًا لمجلة نيويوركر ، "وسع الكتاب شهرة ترامب إلى ما هو أبعد من مدينة نيويورك ، مما جعله شعارًا لرجل الأعمال الناجح." [156] وصف ترامب الكتاب بأنه المفضل الثاني بعد الكتاب المقدس. [157]
السينما والتلفزيون
قدمت ورقة رابحة مباراة حجاب في ثمانية أفلام والبرامج التلفزيونية من عام 1985 إلى عام 2001. [158] [159]
كانت علاقة ترامب متقطعة مع WWE الترويجي للمصارعة المحترفة منذ أواخر الثمانينيات. [160] ظهر في WrestleMania 23 في عام 2007 وتم تجنيده في جناح المشاهير في WWE Hall of Fame في عام 2013 . [161]
ابتداءً من التسعينيات ، كان ترامب ضيفًا حوالي 24 مرة في عرض هوارد ستيرن الجماعي الوطني . [162] كان لديه أيضًا برنامجه الإذاعي القصير الذي يسمى Trumped! (من دقيقة إلى دقيقتين في أيام الأسبوع) من 2004 إلى 2008. [163] [164] من 2011 حتى 2015 ، كان ضيفًا معلقًا أسبوعيًا بدون أجر في Fox & Friends . [165] [166]
من عام 2004 إلى عام 2015 ، كان ترامب منتجًا مشاركًا ومضيفًا لبرامج الواقع The Apprentice و The Celebrity Apprentice . في The Apprentice ، لعب ترامب دور الرئيس التنفيذي ، وتنافس المتسابقون على عام من العمل في منظمة ترامب. على The Celebrity Apprentice ، تنافس المشاهير لكسب المال للجمعيات الخيرية. في كلا العرضين ، قضى ترامب على المتسابقين بعبارة "أنت مطرود ". [167]
استقال ترامب ، الذي كان عضوًا منذ عام 1989 ، من نقابة ممثلي الشاشة في فبراير 2021 بدلاً من مواجهة جلسة استماع للجنة تأديبية بتهمة التحريض على هجوم العصابات في 6 يناير 2021 على مبنى الكابيتول الأمريكي و "حملته المتهورة للتضليل التي تهدف إلى تشويه سمعة" ويهدد في نهاية المطاف سلامة الصحفيين ". [168] بعد يومين ، منعته النقابة بشكل دائم من إعادة القبول. [169]
مهنة سياسية ما قبل الرئاسة
تغير الانتماء الحزبي لترامب عدة مرات. تم تسجيله كعضو جمهوري في عام 1987 ، وعضو في حزب الاستقلال ، فرع ولاية نيويورك لحزب الإصلاح ، في عام 1999 ، [170] وديمقراطي في عام 2001 ، وجمهوري في عام 2009 ، وغير منتسب في عام 2011 ، وجمهوري في عام 2012. . [171]
في عام 1987 ، وضع ترامب إعلانات على صفحة كاملة في ثلاث صحف رئيسية ، [172] يدعو إلى السلام في أمريكا الوسطى ، ويسرع محادثات نزع السلاح النووي مع الاتحاد السوفيتي ، وخفض عجز الميزانية الفيدرالية بجعل الحلفاء الأمريكيين يدفعون "نصيبهم العادل" مقابل الدفاع العسكري. [173] استبعد الترشح لمنصب محلي ولكن ليس للرئاسة. [172]
حملة 2000 الرئاسية و 2011 تلمح إلى السباق الرئاسي
في عام 2000، ترامب ركض في الانتخابات التمهيدية في كاليفورنيا وميشيغان في ترشيحه لمرشح حزب الإصلاح لل انتخابات الرئاسية لعام 2000 الولايات المتحدة لكنه انسحب من السباق في فبراير 2000. [174] [175] [176] A يوليو 1999 استطلاع مطابقة له ضد وأظهر المرشح الجمهوري المحتمل جورج دبليو بوش والمرشح الديموقراطي المحتمل آل جور دعم ترامب بنسبة 7٪. [177]
في عام 2011 ، تكهن ترامب بشأن خوض الانتخابات ضد الرئيس باراك أوباما في انتخابات 2012 ، حيث ظهر لأول مرة في مؤتمر العمل السياسي المحافظ (CPAC) في فبراير 2011 وألقى خطابات في الولايات التمهيدية المبكرة. [178] [179] في مايو 2011 ، أعلن أنه لن يترشح ، [178] وأيد ميت رومني في فبراير 2012. [180] لم تؤخذ طموحات ترامب الرئاسية على محمل الجد في ذلك الوقت. [181]
الحملة الرئاسية 2016
الانتخابات التمهيدية الجمهوري
في 16 يونيو 2015 ، أعلن ترامب ترشحه لمنصب رئيس الولايات المتحدة. [182] [183] لم يأخذ المحللون السياسيون حملته على محمل الجد في البداية ، لكنه سرعان ما صعد إلى قمة استطلاعات الرأي. [184]
On Super Tuesday, Trump received the most votes, and he remained the front-runner throughout the primaries.[185] After a landslide win in Indiana on May 3, 2016—which prompted the remaining candidates Ted Cruz and John Kasich to suspend their presidential campaigns—RNC chairman Reince Priebus declared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.[186]
General election campaign
Hillary Clinton had a significant lead over Trump in national polls throughout most of 2016. In early July, her lead narrowed in national polling averages.[187][188]
On July 15, 2016, Trump announced his selection of Indiana governor Mike Pence as his vice presidential running mate.[189] Four days later, the two were officially nominated by the Republican Party at the Republican National Convention.[190]
Trump and Clinton faced off in three presidential debates in September and October 2016. Trump's refusal to say whether he would accept the result of the election drew attention, with some saying it undermined democracy.[191][192]
Political positions
Trump's campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.–Mexico border. His other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations such as the Clean Power Plan and the Paris Agreement, modernizing and expediting services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. During the campaign, he advocated a largely non-interventionist approach to foreign policy while increasing military spending, extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countries[193] to pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive military action against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. He described NATO as "obsolete".[194][195]
Trump's political positions and rhetoric were right-wing populist.[196][197][198] Politico has described his positions as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory,"[199] while NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.[200]
Campaign rhetoric
Trump said he disdained political correctness and frequently made claims of media bias.[201][202][203] His fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[204]
Trump made a record number of false statements compared to other candidates;[205][206][207] the press reported on his campaign lies and falsehoods, with the Los Angeles Times saying, "Never in modern presidential politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as Trump has."[208] His campaign statements were often opaque or suggestive.[209]
Trump adopted the phrase "truthful hyperbole," coined by his ghostwriter Tony Schwartz, to describe his public speaking style.[210][211]
Support from the far-right
According to Michael Barkun, the Trump campaign was remarkable for bringing fringe ideas, beliefs, and organizations into the mainstream.[212] During his presidential campaign, Trump was accused of pandering to white supremacists.[213] He retweeted racist Twitter accounts,[214] and repeatedly refused to condemn David Duke, the Ku Klux Klan or white supremacists.[215] Duke enthusiastically supported Trump and said he and like-minded people voted for Trump because of his promises to "take our country back".[216][217] After repeated questioning by reporters, Trump said he disavowed Duke and the Klan.[218]
The alt-right movement coalesced around and enthusiastically supported Trump's candidacy,[219][220] due in part to its opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.[221][222][223]
In August 2016, he appointed Steve Bannon, the executive chairman of Breitbart News—described by Bannon as "the platform for the alt-right"—as his campaign CEO.[224] After the election, Trump condemned supporters who celebrated his victory with Nazi salutes.[225][226]
Financial disclosures
Trump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.[45][227] Trump did not release his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.[228][229] He said his tax returns were being audited, and his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.[230] After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the Manhattan district attorney for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the United States Supreme Court, in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury.[231][232]
In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times. They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.[233] In March 2017, the first two pages of Trump's 2005 federal income tax returns were leaked to MSNBC. The document states that Trump had a gross adjusted income of $150 million and paid $38 million in federal taxes. The White House confirmed the authenticity of the documents.[234][235]
Election to the presidency
On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232 for Clinton. The official counts were 304 and 227 respectively, after defections on both sides.[236] Trump received nearly 2.9 million fewer popular votes than Clinton, which made him the fifth person to be elected president while losing the popular vote.[237]
Trump's victory was a political upset.[238] Polls had consistently shown Clinton with a nationwide—though diminishing—lead, as well as an advantage in most of the competitive states. Trump's support had been modestly underestimated, while Clinton's had been overestimated.[239]
Trump won 30 states; included were Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, which had been part of what was considered a blue wall of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the District of Columbia. Trump's victory marked the return of an undivided Republican government—a Republican White House combined with Republican control of both chambers of Congress.[240]
Trump was the oldest person to take office as president at the time of his inauguration.[241] He is also the first president who did not serve in the military or hold any government office prior to becoming president.[242]
Protests
Trump's election victory sparked numerous protests.[243][244] On the day after Trump's inauguration, an estimated 2.6 million people worldwide, including an estimated half million in Washington, D.C., protested against Trump in the Women's Marches.[245] Marches against his travel ban began across the country on January 29, 2017, just nine days after his inauguration.[246]
Presidency (2017–2021)
Early actions
Trump was inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed six executive orders: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the Mexico City Policy, authorizing the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction projects, reinforcing border security, and beginning the planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.[247]
Trump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared Kushner became his assistant and senior advisor, respectively.[248][249]
Conflicts of interest
Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust run by his sons, Eric and Donald Jr, and a business associate.[250][251] However Trump continued to profit from his businesses[252] and continued to have knowledge of how his administration's policies affected his businesses.[251] Though Trump said he would eschew "new foreign deals," the Trump Organization pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.[252]
Trump was sued for violating the Domestic and Foreign Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution,[253] marking the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.[253][254] The plaintiffs said that Trump's business interests could allow foreign governments to influence him.[253][252][255][254] Trump called the clause "phony".[256][252] After Trump's term had ended, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the cases as moot.[257]
Domestic policy
Economy and trade
Trump took office at the height of the longest economic expansion in American history,[258] which began in June 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the COVID-19 recession began.[259]
In December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The bill had been passed by both Republican-controlled chambers of Congress without any Democratic votes. It reduced tax rates for businesses and individuals, with business tax cuts to be permanent and individual tax cuts set to expire after 2025, and eliminated the Affordable Care Act's individual requirement to obtain health insurance.[260][261] The Trump administration claimed that the act would either increase tax revenues or pay for itself by prompting economic growth. Instead, revenues in 2018 were 7.6% lower than projected.[262]
Trump is a skeptic of trade liberalization, adopting these views in the 1980s, and sharply criticized NAFTA during the Republican primary campaign in 2015.[263][264] He withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations,[265] imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,[266] and launched a trade war with China by sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.[267][268] On several occasions, Trump said incorrectly that these import tariffs are paid by China into the U.S. Treasury.[269] Although Trump pledged during his 2016 campaign to significantly reduce the U.S.'s large trade deficits, the U.S. trade deficit reached its highest level in 12 years under his administration.[270] Following a 2017–2018 renegotiation, Trump signed the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) as the successor to NAFTA on January 29, 2020.[271] The revised trade deal became effective on July 1, 2020.[272]
Despite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump as president approved large increases in government spending, as well as the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50 percent, to nearly $1 trillion in 2019.[273] Under Trump, the U.S. national debt increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75 trillion by the end of his term; the U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio also hit a post-World War II high.[274]
Trump left office with 3 million fewer jobs in the U.S. than when he took office, making Trump the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce.[258]
An analysis published by The Wall Street Journal in October 2020 found the trade war Trump initiated in early 2018 neither revived American manufacturing nor resulted in the reshoring of factory production.[275]
Energy and climate
Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.[276][277] He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40% and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.[278] In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement.[279]
Trump rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing drilling in the Arctic Refuge.[280] Trump aimed to boost the production and exports of fossil fuels;[281][282] under Trump, natural gas expanded, but coal continued to decline.[283][284]
Deregulation
During his presidency, Trump dismantled many federal regulations on health, labor, and the environment, among other topics.[285] Trump signed 15 Congressional Review Act resolutions repealing federal regulations, becoming the second president to sign a CRA resolution, and the first president to sign more than one CRA resolution.[286] During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended or reversed ninety federal regulations.[287][288]
On January 30, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13771, which directed that for every new regulation administrative agencies issue "at least two prior regulations be identified for elimination."[289] Agency defenders expressed opposition to Trump's criticisms, saying the bureaucracy exists to protect people against well-organized, well-funded interest groups.[290]
Health care
During his campaign, Trump vowed to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act,[291] and urged Congress to do so. In May 2017, the Republican-controlled House of Representatives passed a bill to repeal the ACA in a party-line vote,[292] but repeal proposals were narrowly voted down in the Senate after three Republicans joined all Democrats in opposing it.[293]
Trump scaled back the implementation of the ACA through Executive Orders 13765[294] and 13813.[295] Trump expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail"; his administration cut the ACA enrollment period in half and drastically reduced funding for advertising and other ways to encourage enrollment.[296][297] The 2017 tax bill signed by Trump effectively repealed the ACA's individual health insurance mandate in 2019,[298] and a budget bill Trump signed in 2019 repealed the Cadillac plan tax.[299][300] Trump falsely claimed he saved the coverage of pre-existing conditions provided by the ACA;[301] in fact, the Trump administration joined a lawsuit seeking to strike down the entire ACA, including protections for those with pre-existing conditions.[302][303] If the lawsuit had succeeded, it would have eliminated health insurance coverage for up to 23 million Americans.[302] During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020 he suggested he was willing to consider cuts to such programs.[304]
Trump's policies in response to the opioid epidemic were widely criticized as ineffectual and harmful. U.S. opioid overdose deaths declined slightly in 2018, but surged to a new record of 50,052 deaths in 2019.[305]
Social issues
Trump favored modifying the 2016 Republican platform opposing abortion, to allow for exceptions in cases of rape, incest, and circumstances endangering the health of the mother.[306] He said he was committed to appointing "pro-life" justices, pledging in 2016 to appoint justices who would "automatically" overturn Roe v. Wade.[307] He says he personally supports "traditional marriage" but considers the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage a "settled" issue.[308] In March 2017, the Trump administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections against discrimination of LGBT people.[309]
Trump says he is opposed to gun control in general, although his views have shifted over time.[310] After several mass shootings during his term, Trump initially said he would propose legislation to curtail gun violence, but this was abandoned in November 2019.[311] The Trump administration took an anti-marijuana position, revoking Obama-era policies that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.[312]
Long favoring capital punishment,[313] Trump approved the first federal executions in 17 years;[314] under Trump, the federal government executed 13 prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined.[315] In 2016, Trump said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods such as waterboarding[316][317] but later appeared to recant this due to the opposition of Defense Secretary James Mattis.[318]
Pardons and commutations
Most of Trump's pardons were granted to people with personal or political connections to him.[319][320] In his term, Trump sidestepped regular Department of Justice procedures for considering pardons; instead he often entertained pardon requests from his associates or from celebrities.[319]
In 2017, Trump pardoned former Arizona sheriff Joe Arpaio who was convicted of contempt of court for disobeying a court order to halt the racial profiling of Latinos.[321] In 2018, Trump pardoned former Navy sailor Kristian Saucier, who was convicted of taking classified photographs of a submarine;[322] Scooter Libby, a political aide to former vice president Dick Cheney, who was convicted of obstruction of justice, perjury, and making false statements to the FBI;[323] conservative commentator Dinesh D'Souza, who had made illegal political campaign contributions;[324] and he commuted the life sentence of Alice Marie Johnson, who had been convicted of drug trafficking, following a request by celebrity Kim Kardashian.[325] In 2019, Trump pardoned or reversed the sentences of three American soldiers convicted or accused of war crimes in Afghanistan or Iraq.[326] In 2020, he pardoned four Blackwater mercenaries convicted of killing Iraqi civilians in the 2007 Nisour Square massacre.[327] He also pardoned white-collar criminals Michael Milken, Bernard Kerik, and Edward J. DeBartolo Jr. and commuted former Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich's 14-year corruption sentence.[328][329] In December 2020, he pardoned Charles Kushner, Ivanka Trump's father-in-law, who had served two years in federal prison for witness tampering, tax evasion, and illegal campaign donations.[319]
Trump pardoned or commuted the sentences for five people convicted as a result of investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential elections.[319][327] In November 2020, Trump pardoned his former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn and, in December, his 2016 campaign adviser George Papadopoulos and lawyer Alex van der Zwaan; all three had pleaded guilty of lying to federal officials during the investigations.[327] Also in December 2020, Trump pardoned his friend and advisor Roger Stone whose 40-month sentence for lying to Congress, witness tampering, and obstruction he had already commuted in July; and his 2016 campaign manager Paul Manafort who had been sentenced to more than seven years in prison for bank and tax fraud and other crimes.[330]
In his last full day in office, Trump granted 143 pardons and commutations. He pardoned his former chief strategist Steve Bannon; Trump fundraiser Elliott Broidy; and former Republican congressmen Rick Renzi, Robert Hayes, and Randall "Duke" Cunningham, and commuted the sentences of dozens of people including former Detroit mayor Kwame Kilpatrick and sports gambler Billy Walters; the latter had paid tens of thousands of dollars to former Trump attorney John M. Dowd to plead his case with Trump.[331]
Lafayette Square protester removal and photo op
On June 1, 2020, federal law enforcement officials used batons, rubber bullets, pepper spray projectiles, stun grenades, and smoke to remove a largely peaceful crowd of protesters from Lafayette Square, outside the White House.[332][333] Trump then walked to St. John's Episcopal Church, where protesters had set a small fire the night before; he posed for photographs holding a Bible, with senior administration officials later joining him in photos.[332][334] Trump said on June 3 that the protesters were cleared because "they tried to burn down the church [on May 31] and almost succeeded", describing the church as "badly hurt".[335]
Religious leaders condemned the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.[336] Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police brutality protesters.[337] The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Mark A. Milley, later apologized for accompanying Trump on the walk and thereby "creat[ing] the perception of the military involved in domestic politics."[338]
In June 2021, the Interior Inspector General, which reviewed U.S. Park Police actions, found that Attorney General William Barr had urged Park Police to clear the park, but concluded that this encouragement did not influence the decision by Park Police, which had already decided to clear the park to install fencing.[339] The report did not assess if Barr or Trump's planned visit "influenced the Secret Service's actions" in clearing the park.[340]
Immigration
Trump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter and contentious debate during the campaign. He promised to build a wall on the Mexico–United States border to restrict illegal movement and vowed Mexico would pay for it.[341] He pledged to deport millions of illegal immigrants residing in the United States,[342] and criticized birthright citizenship for incentivizing "anchor babies."[343] As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an "invasion" and conflated immigrants with the criminal gang MS-13, though research shows undocumented immigrants have a lower crime rate than native-born Americans.[344]
Trump has attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement, including harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.[345][346]
From 2018 onwards, Trump deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border,[347] to stop most Central American migrants from seeking U.S. asylum, and from 2020 used the public charge rule to restrict immigrants using government benefits from getting permanent residency via green cards.[348] Trump has reduced the number of refugees admitted into the U.S. to record lows. When Trump took office, the annual limit was 110,000; Trump set a limit of 18,000 in the 2020 fiscal year and 15,000 in the 2021 fiscal year.[349][350] Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump administration caused significant bottlenecks in processing refugee applications, resulting in fewer refugees accepted compared to the allowed limits.[351]
Travel ban
Following the 2015 San Bernardino attack, Trump proposed to ban Muslim foreigners from entering the United States until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.[352] He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a "proven history of terrorism."[353]
On January 27, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13769, which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without warning.[354] Confusion and protests caused chaos at airports.[355] Multiple legal challenges were filed against the order, and a federal judge blocked its implementation nationwide.[356] On March 6, Trump issued a revised order, which excluded Iraq and gave other exemptions, but was again blocked by federal judges in three states.[357] In a decision in June 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a "credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States."[358]
The temporary order was replaced by Presidential Proclamation 9645 on September 24, 2017, which permanently restricts travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further bans travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.[359] After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,[360] and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a June 2019 ruling.[361]
Family separation at border
The Trump administration separated more than 5,400 children of migrant families from their parents at the U.S.–Mexico border while attempting to enter the U.S, a sharp increase in the number of family separations at the border starting from the summer of 2017.[362][363] In April 2018, the Trump administration announced a "zero tolerance" policy whereby every adult suspected of illegal entry would be criminally prosecuted.[364] This resulted in family separations, as the migrant adults were put in criminal detention for prosecution, while their children were separated as unaccompanied alien minors.[365] Administration officials described the policy as a way to deter illegal immigration.[366]
The policy of family separations was unprecedented in previous administrations and sparked public outrage.[366][367] Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law, blaming Democrats, despite the separations being his administration's policy.[368][369][370]
Although Trump originally argued that the separations could not be stopped by an executive order, he proceeded to sign an executive order on June 20, 2018, mandating that migrant families be detained together, unless the administration judged that doing so would harm the child.[371][372] On June 26, 2018, a federal judge concluded that the Trump administration had "no system in place to keep track of" the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication and reunification;[373] the judge ordered for the families to be reunited, and family separations stopped, except in the cases where the parent(s) are judged unfit to take care of the child, or if there is parental approval.[374] Despite the federal court order, the Trump administration continued to practice family separations, with more than a thousand migrant children separated.[363]
Trump wall and government shutdown
In the longest U.S. government shutdown in history, the federal government was partially shut down for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019.[375][376] The shutdown occurred because Trump refused to extend government funding unless Congress allocated $5.6 billion in funds for his promised border wall.[377] About half of those polled blamed Trump for the shutdown, and Trump's approval ratings dropped.[378] Trump and Congress ended the shutdown by approving temporary funding that provided no funds for the wall but provided delayed paychecks to government workers.[375]
The shutdown resulted in around 800,000 government employees either being furloughed or working without pay, estimated congressional aides.[379] The shutdown resulted in an estimated permanent loss of $3 billion to the economy, according to the CBO.[380]
To prevent another imminent shutdown, Congress and Trump in February 2019 approved a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55 miles of border fencing, in lieu of Trump's intended wall.[381] Wanting even more funds for the wall, Trump simultaneously declared a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States in hopes of getting another $6.7 billion without congressional approval.[381] In doing so, Trump acknowledged that he "didn't need to" declare a national emergency to "do the wall", but he "would rather do it much faster".[381] Both the House and the Senate attempted to block Trump's national emergency declaration, but there were not enough votes in Congress for a veto override.[382] Legal challenges against Trump's fund diversions resulted in $2.5 billion of wall funding originally meant for anti-drug programs being approved, but $3.6 billion of wall funding originally meant for military construction was blocked.[383]
The "Trump wall" that was constructed was an expansion of the Mexico–United States barrier; most of this "wall" was bollard fencing.[384] Trump's target, from 2015 to 2017, was 1,000 miles of wall.[385] During his term, the U.S. government built 49 miles of new barriers and around 406 miles of replacement barriers.[386]
Foreign policy
Trump described himself as a "nationalist"[387] and his foreign policy as "America First."[388][389] He espoused isolationist, non-interventionist, and protectionist views.[390][391] His foreign policy was marked by praise and support of populist, neo-nationalist and authoritarian governments.[392] Hallmarks of foreign relations during Trump's tenure included unpredictability and uncertainty,[389] a lack of a consistent foreign policy,[393] and strained and sometimes antagonistic relationships with the U.S.'s European allies.[394]
Trump questioned the need for NATO,[390] criticized the U.S.'s NATO allies, and privately suggested on multiple occasions that the United States should withdraw from the alliance.[395][396]
Trump actively supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and in 2017 signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia,[397] In 2018, the USA provided limited intelligence and logistical support for the intervention.[398][399] Trump approved the deployment of additional U.S. troops to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates following a 2019 attack on Saudi oil facilities which the United States blamed on Iran.[400][401]
Trump supported many of the policies of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[402] Under Trump, the U.S. recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel[403] and Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights, [404] leading to international condemnation including from the United Nations General Assembly, the European Union and the Arab League.[405][406]
Afghanistan
U.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 in January 2017 to 14,000 a year later,[407] reversing Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.[408] In February 2020, the Trump administration signed a conditional peace agreement with the Taliban, which calls for the withdrawal of foreign troops in 14 months "contingent on a guarantee from the Taliban that Afghan soil will not be used by terrorists with aims to attack the United States or its allies."[409][410] By the end of Trump's term, 5,000 Taliban had been released, and, despite the Taliban continuing attacks on Afghan forces and integrating Al-Qaeda members into its leadership, U.S. troops had been reduced to 2,500.[411]
Syria
Trump ordered missile strikes in April 2017 and in April 2018 against the Assad regime in Syria, in retaliation for the Khan Shaykhun and Douma chemical attacks, respectively.[412][413]
In December 2018, Trump declared "we have won against ISIS," contradicting Department of Defense assessments, and ordered the withdrawal of all troops from Syria.[414][415] The next day, Mattis resigned in protest, calling his decision an abandonment of the U.S.'s Kurdish allies who played a key role in fighting ISIS.[416] One week after his announcement, Trump said he would not approve any extension of the American deployment in Syria.[417]
In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the White House acknowledged Turkey would carry out a military offensive into northern Syria, and U.S. troops in northern Syria were withdrawn from the area, and said that ISIS fighters captured by the U.S. in the area would be Turkey's responsibility.[418] As a result, Turkey launched an invasion, attacking and displacing American-allied Kurds in the area. Later that month, the U.S. House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354 to 60, condemned Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, for "abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe."[419][420]
Iran
In May 2018, Trump announced the United States' unilateral departure from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), a nuclear deal negotiated with the U.S., Iran, and five other world powers in 2015.[421] After withdrawing from the agreement, the Trump administration applied a policy of "maximum pressure" on Iran via economic sanctions, without support of other parties to the deal.[422][423]
Following Iranian missile tests in January 2017, the Trump administration sanctioned 25 Iranian individuals and entities.[424][425][426] In August 2017, Trump signed legislation imposing additional sanctions against Iran, Russia, and North Korea.[427]
In January 2020, Trump ordered a U.S. airstrike that killed Iranian general and Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani, Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces commander Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, and eight other people.[428] Trump publicly threatened to attack Iranian cultural sites, or react "in a disproportionate manner" if Iran retaliated.[429] Several days later, Iran retaliated with airstrikes against US airbases in Iraq, accidentally shooting down Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752.[430]
China
Before and during his presidency, Trump repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.[431] During his presidency, Trump launched a trade war against China, which was widely characterized as a failure;[432] sanctioned Huawei for its alleged ties to Iran;[433] significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese students and scholars;[434] and classified China as a currency manipulator.[435] Trump also juxtaposed verbal attacks on China with praise of Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping,[436] which was attributed to trade war negotiations with the leader.[437][438] After initially praising China for its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic,[439] he began a campaign of criticism over its response starting in March.[440]
Trump said he resisted punishing China for its human rights abuses against ethnic minorities in the northwestern Xinjiang region for fear of jeopardizing trade negotiations.[441] In July 2020, the Trump administration imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, in response to expanded mass detention camps holding more than a million of the country's Uyghur Muslim ethnic minority.[442]
North Korea
In 2017, when North Korea's nuclear weapons were increasingly seen as a serious threat,[443] Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean aggression would be met with "fire and fury like the world has never seen."[444][445] In 2017, Trump declared that he wanted North Korea's "complete denuclearization," and engaged in name-calling with leader Kim Jong-un.[444][446] After this period of tension, Trump and Kim exchanged at least 27 letters in which the two men described a warm personal friendship.[447][448]
Trump met Kim three times: in Singapore in 2018, in Hanoi in 2019, and in the Korean Demilitarized Zone in 2019.[449] Trump became the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader or to set foot in North Korea.[449] Trump also lifted some U.S. sanctions against North Korea.[450] However, no denuclearization agreement was reached,[451] and talks in October 2019 broke down after one day.[452] While conducting no nuclear tests since 2017, North Korea continued to build up its arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles.[453][454]
Russia
Trump has repeatedly praised and rarely criticized Russian president Vladimir Putin,[455][456] but has opposed some actions of the Russian government.[457][458] The Trump administration lifted U.S. sanctions imposed on Russia after its 2014 annexation of Crimea.[459][460] Trump also supported a potential return of Russia to the G7,[461] and did not confront Putin over its alleged bounties against American soldiers in Afghanistan.[462]
Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, citing alleged Russian non-compliance.[463][464] After he met Putin at the Helsinki Summit in July 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for accepting Putin's denial of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, rather than accepting the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies.[465][466][467]
Personnel
Trump's Cabinet nominations included U.S. senator from Alabama Jeff Sessions as Attorney General,[468] banker Steve Mnuchin as Treasury Secretary,[469] retired Marine Corps general James Mattis as Defense Secretary,[470] and ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson as Secretary of State.[471] Trump also brought on board politicians who had opposed him during the presidential campaign, such as neurosurgeon Ben Carson as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,[472] and South Carolina governor Nikki Haley as Ambassador to the United Nations.[473]
The Trump administration had a high turnover of personnel, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.[474] As of early July 2018[update], 61 percent of Trump's senior aides had left[475] and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.[476] Both figures set a record for recent presidents—more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.[477] Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Michael Flynn (after just 25 days in office), and Press Secretary Sean Spicer.[477] Close personal aides to Trump including Steve Bannon, Hope Hicks, John McEntee, and Keith Schiller quit or were forced out.[478] Some, like Hicks and McEntee, later returned to the White House in different posts.[479] Trump publicly disparaged several of his former top officials, calling them incompetent, stupid, or crazy.[480]
Trump had four White House chiefs of staff, marginalizing or pushing out several.[481] Reince Priebus was replaced after seven months by retired Marine general John F. Kelly.[482] Kelly resigned in December 2018 after a tumultuous tenure in which his influence waned, and Trump subsequently disparaged him.[483] Kelly was succeeded by Mick Mulvaney as acting chief of staff; he was replaced in March 2020 by Mark Meadows.[481]
On May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed FBI director James Comey. While initially attributing this action to Comey's conduct in the investigation about Hillary Clinton's emails, Trump said a few days later that he was concerned with Comey's roles in the ongoing Trump-Russia investigations, and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier.[484] According to a Comey memo of a private conversation in February, Trump said he "hoped" Comey would drop the investigation into National Security Advisor Michael Flynn.[485] In March and April, Trump told Comey the ongoing suspicions formed a "cloud" impairing his presidency,[486] and asked him to publicly state that he was not personally under investigation.[487]
Two of Trump's 15 original Cabinet members were gone within 15 months: Health and Human Services Secretary Tom Price was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft, and Trump replaced Tillerson as Secretary of State with Mike Pompeo in March 2018 over disagreements on foreign policy.[488][478] In 2018, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt and Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke resigned amid multiple investigations into their conduct.[489][490]
Trump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.[491] By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61 percent) and Trump had no nominee for 264 (37 percent).[492]
Judiciary
After Republicans won control of the U.S. Senate in 2014, only 28.6 percent of judicial nominees were confirmed, "the lowest percentage of confirmations from 1977 to 2018."[493] At the end of the Obama presidency, 105 judgeships were vacant.[494]
Trump appointed 226 Article III federal judges, including 54 federal appellate judges.[495][496][497] Senate Republicans, led by Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, rapidly confirmed Trump's judicial appointees, shifting the federal judiciary to the right.[496][498] The appointees were overwhelmingly white men and younger on average than the appointees of Trump's predecessors.[498] Many were affiliated with the Federalist Society.[498][499]
Trump appointed three judges Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett. In 2016, Senate Republicans had taken the unprecedented step of refusing to consider Obama's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy left by the death of Antonin Scalia in February 2016, arguing that the seat should not be filled in an election year. Gorsuch was confirmed to the seat in 2017 in a mostly party-line vote of 54–45, after Republicans invoked the "nuclear option" (a historic change to Senate rules removing the 60-vote threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations) to defeat a Democratic filibuster.[500] Trump nominated Kavanaugh in 2018 to replace retiring Justice Anthony Kennedy; the Senate confirmed Kavanaugh in a mostly party-line vote of 50–48, after a bitter confirmation battle centered on Christine Blasey Ford's allegation that Kavanaugh had attempted to rape her when they were teenagers, which Kavanaugh denied.[501] Five weeks before the November 2020 election, Trump nominated Amy Coney Barrett to fill the vacancy left by the death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Eight days before the election, after 60 million Americans had already voted, Senate Republicans confirmed Barrett to the Supreme Court without any Democratic votes. The confirmation was strongly criticized by many observers who argued that it was a gross violation of the precedent Republicans set in 2016.[502]
As president, Trump disparaged courts and judges whom he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. Trump's attacks on the courts have drawn rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, who are concerned about the effect of Trump's statements on the judicial independence and public confidence in the judiciary.[503][504][505]
COVID-19 pandemic
In December 2019, COVID-19 erupted in Wuhan, China; the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread worldwide within weeks.[506][507] The first confirmed case in the U.S. was reported on January 20, 2020.[508] The outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency by Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar on January 31, 2020.[509]
Trump's public statements on COVID-19 were at odds with his private statements. In February 2020 Trump publicly asserted that the outbreak in the U.S. was less deadly than influenza, was "very much under control," and would soon be over.[510] At the same time he acknowledged the opposite in a private conversation with Bob Woodward. In March 2020, Trump privately told Woodward that he was deliberately "playing it down" in public so as not to create panic.[511][512]
U.S. unemployment went from a 50-year low (3.5 percent) in February 2020 to a 90-year high (14.7 percent) in April, matching Great Depression levels. By December, it stood at 6.7 percent.[258][513]
Initial response
Trump was slow to address the spread of the disease, initially dismissing the imminent threat and ignoring persistent public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration and Secretary Azar.[514][515] Instead, throughout January and February he focused on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.[516] By mid-March, most global financial markets had severely contracted in response to the emerging pandemic.[517] Trump continued to claim that a vaccine was months away, although HHS and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) officials had repeatedly told him that vaccine development would take 12–18 months.[518] Trump also falsely claimed that "anybody that wants a test can get a test," despite the availability of tests being severely limited.[519]
On March 6, Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act into law, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies.[520] On March 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the spread of COVID-19 as a pandemic,[506] and Trump announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective March 13.[521] That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, calling the outbreak "horrible" but "a temporary moment" and saying there was no financial crisis.[522] On March 13, he declared a national emergency, freeing up federal resources.[523]
In September 2019, the Trump administration terminated United States Agency for International Development's PREDICT program, a $200 million epidemiological research program initiated in 2009 to provide early warning of pandemics abroad.[524][525] The program trained scientists in sixty foreign laboratories to detect and respond to viruses that have the potential to cause pandemics. One such laboratory was the Wuhan lab that first identified the virus that causes COVID-19. After revival in April 2020, the program was given two 6-month extensions to help fight COVID-19 in the U.S. and other countries.[526][527]
On April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of immigration to the United States.[528] In late spring and early summer, with infections and death counts continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of blaming the states for the growing pandemic, rather than accepting that his initial assessments of the course of the pandemic were overly-optimistic or his failure to provide presidential leadership.[529]
Trump established the White House Coronavirus Task Force on January 29, 2020.[530] Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily task force press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,[531] sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatments.[532] Trump was the main speaker at the briefings, where he praised his own response to the pandemic, frequently criticized rival presidential candidate Joe Biden, and denounced the press.[531][533] On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.[534] His repeated use of the terms "Chinese virus" and "China virus" to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts.[535][536][537]
By early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration's response, Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media, Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the WHO.[538] By mid-April 2020, some national news agencies began limiting live coverage of his daily press briefings, with The Washington Post reporting that "propagandistic and false statements from Trump alternate with newsworthy pronouncements from members of his White House Coronavirus Task Force, particularly coronavirus response coordinator Deborah Birx and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Director Anthony S. Fauci."[539] The daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after a briefing at which Trump suggested the dangerous idea of injecting a disinfectant to treat COVID-19;[540] the comment was widely condemned by medical professionals.[541][542]
In early May, Trump proposed the phase-out of the coronavirus task force and its replacement with another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, Trump said the task force would "indefinitely" continue.[543] By the end of May, the coronavirus task force's meetings were sharply reduced.[544]
World Health Organization
Prior to the pandemic, Trump criticized the WHO and other international bodies, which he asserted were taking advantage of U.S. aid.[545] His administration's proposed 2021 federal budget, released in February, proposed reducing WHO funding by more than half.[545] In May and April, Trump accused the WHO of "severely mismanaging and covering up the spread of the coronavirus" and alleged without evidence that the organization was under Chinese control and had enabled the Chinese government's concealment of the origins of the pandemic.[545][546][547] He then announced that he was withdrawing funding for the organization.[545] Trump's criticisms and actions regarding the WHO were seen as attempts to distract attention from his own mishandling of the pandemic.[545][548][549] In July 2020, Trump announced the formal withdrawal of the United States from the WHO effective July 2021.[546][547] The decision was widely condemned by health and government officials as "short-sighted," "senseless," and "dangerous."[546][547]
Testing
In June and July, Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases "makes us look bad."[550][551] The CDC guideline at the time was that any person exposed to the virus should be "quickly identified and tested" even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the virus.[552][553] In August 2020, however, the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, "do not necessarily need a test." The change in guidelines was made by HHS political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.[554][555][556] The day after this political interference was reported, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation, stressing that anyone who has been in contact with an infected person should be tested.[556]
Pressure to abandon pandemic mitigation measures
In April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized anti-lockdown protests against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;[557][558] Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,[559] even though the targeted states did not meet the Trump administration's own guidelines for reopening.[560] In April 2020, he first supported, then later criticized, Georgia Governor Brian Kemp's plan to reopen some nonessential businesses.[561] Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions as a way to reverse the damage to the country's economy.[562]
Trump often refused to wear a face mask at public events, contrary to his own administration's April 2020 guidance that Americans should wear masks in public[563] and despite nearly unanimous medical consensus that masks are important to preventing the spread of the virus.[564] By June, Trump had said masks were a "double-edged sword"; ridiculed Biden for wearing masks; continually emphasized that mask-wearing was optional; and suggested that wearing a mask was a political statement against him personally.[564] Trump's contradiction of medical recommendations weakened national efforts to mitigate the pandemic.[563][564]
Despite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump largely continued to downplay the pandemic, including his false claim in early July 2020 that 99 percent of COVID-19 cases are "totally harmless."[565][566] He also began insisting that all states should open schools to in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases.[567]
Political pressure on health agencies
Trump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,[554] such as approving unproven treatments[568][569] or speeding up the approval of vaccines.[569] Trump administration political appointees at HHS sought to control CDC communications to the public that undermined Trump's claims that the pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.[570][571] Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a "deep state" opposing him, and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.[572]
Outbreak at the White House
On October 2, 2020, Trump announced that he had tested positive for COVID-19.[573][574] He was treated at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center for a severe case of the disease while continuing to downplay the virus. His wife, their son Barron, and numerous staff members and visitors also became infected. [575][41]
Effects on the 2020 presidential campaign
By July 2020, Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic had become a major issue for the 2020 presidential election.[576] Democratic challenger Joe Biden sought to make the election a referendum on Trump's performance on the COVID-19 pandemic and the economy.[577] Polls suggested voters blamed Trump for his pandemic response[576] and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with an Ipsos/ABC News poll indicating 65 percent of respondents disapproved of his pandemic response.[578] In the final months of the campaign, Trump repeatedly claimed that the U.S. was "rounding the turn" in managing the pandemic, despite increasing numbers of reported cases and deaths.[579] A few days before the November 3 election, the United States reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.[580]
Investigations
The Crossfire Hurricane FBI investigation into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign was launched in mid-2016 during the campaign season. After he assumed the presidency, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, along with his private businesses, personal taxes, and charitable foundation.[51] There were 30 investigations of Trump, including ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve Congressional investigations.[581]
Hush money payments
During the 2016 presidential election campaign, American Media, Inc. (AMI), the parent company of the National Enquirer,[582] and a company set up by Trump's attorney Michael Cohen paid Playboy model Karen McDougal and adult film actress Stormy Daniels for keeping silent about their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.[583] Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at the direction of Trump to influence the presidential election.[584] Trump denied the affairs and claimed he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but he reimbursed him in 2017.[585][586] Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 2014.[587] Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.[588][589] Federal prosecutors closed the investigation in 2019,[590] but the Manhattan District Attorney subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the payments[591] and Trump and the Trump Organization for eight years of tax returns.[592]
Russian election interference
In January 2017, American intelligence agencies—the CIA, the FBI, and the NSA, represented by the Director of National Intelligence—jointly stated with "high confidence" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[593][594] In March 2017, FBI Director James Comey told Congress "the FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts."[595]
The connections between Trump associates and Russia were widely reported by the press.[596][597] One of Trump's campaign managers, Paul Manafort, worked from December 2004 to February 2010 to help pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych win the Ukrainian presidency.[598] Other Trump associates, including former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn and political consultant Roger Stone, were connected to Russian officials.[599][600] Russian agents were overheard during the campaign saying they could use Manafort and Flynn to influence Trump.[601] Members of Trump's campaign and later his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the November election.[602][603] On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about sanctions that were imposed that same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.[604] Trump told Kislyak and Sergei Lavrov in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[605]
Trump and his allies promoted a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election—which was also promoted by Russia to frame Ukraine.[606] After the Democratic National Committee was hacked, Trump first claimed it withheld "its server" from the FBI (in actuality there were more than 140 servers, of which digital copies were given to the FBI); second that CrowdStrike, the company which investigated the servers, was Ukraine-based and Ukrainian-owned (in actuality, CrowdStrike is U.S.-based, with the largest owners being American companies); and third that "the server" was hidden in Ukraine. Members of the Trump administration spoke out against the conspiracy theories.[607]
2017 FBI counterintelligence inquiry
After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump's personal and business dealings with Russia. It was discontinued after deputy attorney general Rod Rosenstein gave the bureau the false impression that the incipient Special Counsel investigation would pursue it.[608]
Special counsel investigation
On May 17, 2017, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Robert Mueller, a former director of the FBI, to serve as special counsel for the Department of Justice (DOJ) investigating "links and/or coordination" between the Russian government and Trump's campaign and any matters directly arising from the investigation, taking over the existing "Crossfire Hurricane" FBI investigation.[609] The special counsel also investigated whether Trump's dismissal of James Comey as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice[610] and the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Qatar, Israel, and China.[611]
Trump denied collusion between his campaign and the Russian government.[612] He sought to fire Mueller and shut down the investigation multiple times but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.[613] He bemoaned the recusal of his first Attorney General Jeff Sessions regarding Russia matters, and believed Sessions should have stopped the investigation.[614]
On March 22, 2019, Mueller concluded his investigation and gave his report to Attorney General William Barr.[615] Two days later, Barr sent a letter to Congress purporting to summarize the report's main conclusions. A federal court, as well as Mueller himself, said Barr had mischaracterized the investigation's conclusions, confusing the public.[616][617][618] Trump repeatedly and falsely claimed that the investigation "exonerated" him; in fact, the Mueller report expressly stated that it did not exonerate Trump.[619][620]
A redacted version of the report was publicly released on April 18, 2019. The first volume found that Russia interfered in 2016 to favor Trump's candidacy and hinder Clinton's.[621][622] Despite "numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign," the prevailing evidence "did not establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.[623][624] The report revealed sweeping Russian interference[624] and detailed how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged it, believing they would politically benefit.[625][626][627]
The Mueller report's second volume set forth ten "episodes" of potential obstruction of justice by Trump, but opted not to make any "traditional prosecutorial judgment" on whether Trump broke the law, suggesting that Congress should make such a determination.[628][629] Investigators decided they could not "apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes" as an Office of Legal Counsel opinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted, and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.[630] The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, "may apply the obstruction laws."[631] The House of Representatives subsequently launched an impeachment inquiry following the Trump–Ukraine scandal, but did not pursue an article of impeachment related to the Mueller investigation.[632][633]
Associates
In August 2018, former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort was convicted on eight felony counts of false tax filing and bank fraud.[634] Trump said he felt very badly for Manafort and praised him for resisting the pressure to cooperate with prosecutors. According to Rudy Giuliani, Trump's personal attorney, Trump had sought advice about pardoning Manafort but was counseled against it.[635]
In November 2018, Trump's former attorney Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build a Trump Tower in Moscow. Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump, who was identified as "Individual-1" in the court documents.[636]
Five Trump associates pleaded guilty or were convicted in connection with Mueller's investigation and related cases: Manafort, Cohen, deputy campaign manager Rick Gates, foreign policy advisor George Papadopoulos, Michael Flynn.[637][638]
In February 2020, Trump campaign adviser Roger Stone was sentenced to 40 months in prison for lying to Congress and witness tampering regarding his attempts to learn more about hacked Democratic emails during the 2016 election. The sentencing judge said Stone "was prosecuted for covering up for the president."[639]
First impeachment (2019–2020)
In August 2019, a whistleblower filed a complaint with the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky, during which Trump had pressured Zelensky to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden and his son Hunter, adding that the White House had attempted to cover-up the incident.[640] The whistleblower stated that the call was part of a wider campaign by the Trump administration and Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani, which may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Vice President Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.[641] Trump later confirmed that he withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradictory reasons for the decision.[642][643]
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi initiated a formal impeachment inquiry on September 24, 2019.[644] The Trump administration subsequently released a memorandum of the July 25 phone call, confirming that after Zelensky mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked Zelensky to investigate and to discuss these matters with Giuliani and Attorney General William Barr.[640][645] The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that this was part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.[646] In October 2019, William B. Taylor Jr., the chargé d'affaires for Ukraine, testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelensky was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelensky into making a public commitment to investigate the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[647] He said it was made clear that until Zelensky made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelensky to the White House.[648]
On December 13, 2019, the House Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: one for abuse of power and one for obstruction of Congress.[649] After debate, the House of Representatives impeached Trump on both articles on December 18.[650]
Impeachment trial in the Senate
The Senate impeachment trial began on January 16, 2020.[651] On January 22, the Republican Senate majority rejected amendments proposed by the Democratic minority to call witnesses and subpoena documents; evidence collected during the House impeachment proceedings was entered into the Senate record.[652]
For three days, January 22–24, the House impeachment managers presented their case to the Senate. They cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they created the Constitution's impeachment process.[653]
Responding over the next three days, Trump's lawyers did not deny the facts as presented in the charges but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.[654] They argued that the impeachment was "constitutionally and legally invalid" because Trump was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense.[654] On January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents; 51 Republicans formed the majority for this vote.[655] The impeachment trial was the first in U.S. history without witness testimony.[656]
Trump was acquitted of both charges by the Republican Senate majority, 52–48 on abuse of power and 53–47 on obstruction of Congress. Senator Mitt Romney was the only Republican who voted to convict Trump on one of the charges, the abuse of power.[657]
Following his acquittal, Trump fired impeachment witnesses and other political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.[658]
2020 presidential election
Breaking with precedent, Trump filed to run for a second term with the FEC within a few hours of assuming the presidency.[659] Trump held his first re-election rally less than a month after taking office.[660][661] In his first two years in office, Trump's reelection committee reported raising $67.5 million, allowing him to begin 2019 with $19.3 million cash on hand.[662] From the beginning of 2019 through July 2020, the Trump campaign and Republican Party raised $1.1 billion but spent $800 million of that amount, losing their cash advantage over the Democratic nominee, former vice president Joe Biden.[663] The cash shortage forced the campaign to scale-back advertising spending.[664]
Starting in spring 2020, Trump began to sow doubts about the election, repeatedly claiming without evidence that the election would be "rigged"[665] and that the expected widespread use of mail balloting would produce "massive election fraud."[666][667] On July 30, Trump raised the idea of delaying the election.[668] When in August the House of Representatives voted for a US$25 billion grant to the U.S. Postal Service for the expected surge in mail voting, Trump blocked funding, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.[669] Trump became the Republican nominee on August 24, 2020.[670] He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results of the election and commit to a peaceful transition of power if he lost.[671][672]
Trump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if his opponent, Biden, won the presidency.[673] Trump repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions during the campaign.[674][675][676] Trump's campaign message shifted to appeals to racism in an attempt to reclaim voters lost from his base.[677]
Biden won the election on November 3, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)[678][679] and winning the Electoral College by 306 to 232.[680][679][678]
Election aftermath
At 2 a.m. the morning after the election, with the results still unclear, Trump declared victory.[681] After Biden was projected the winner days later, Trump said, "this election is far from over" and baselessly alleged election fraud.[682] Trump and his allies filed many legal challenges to the results, which were rejected by at least 86 judges in both the state and federal courts, including by federal judges appointed by Trump himself, finding no factual or legal basis.[683][684] Trump's unsubstantiated allegations of widespread voting fraud were also refuted by state election officials.[685] After Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) director Chris Krebs contradicted Trump's fraud allegations, Trump dismissed him on November 17.[686] On December 11, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear a case from the Texas attorney general which asked the court to overturn the election results in four states won by Biden.[687]
Trump withdrew from public activities in the weeks following the election.[688] He initially blocked government officials from cooperating in Biden's presidential transition.[689][690] After three weeks, the administrator of the General Services Administration ascertained Biden the "apparent winner" of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.[691] Trump still did not formally concede while claiming he recommended the GSA begin transition protocols.[692]
The Electoral College formalized Biden's victory on December 14.[680] From November to January, Trump repeatedly sought help to overturn the results of the election, personally pressuring various Republican local and state office-holders, Republican state and federal legislators, and Vice President Pence, urging various actions such as replacing presidential electors, or a request for Georgia officials to "find" votes and announce a "recalculated" result.[693][694][695] On February 10, 2021, Georgia prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into Trump's efforts to subvert the election in Georgia.[696]
Trump did not attend Biden's inauguration, leaving Washington for Florida hours before.[697]
Concern about a possible coup attempt or military action
In December 2020, Newsweek reported the Pentagon was on "red alert," and ranking officers had discussed what they would do if the president decided to declare martial law. The Pentagon responded with quotes from defense leaders that the military has no role to play in the outcome of the election.[698]
When Trump moved supporters into positions of power at the Pentagon after the November 2020 election, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Milley and CIA director Gina Haspel became concerned about the threat of a possible coup attempt or military action against China or Iran.[699][700] He insisted that he should be consulted about any military orders from the president, including the use of nuclear weapons, and he instructed Haspel and NSA director Paul Nakasone to monitor developments closely.[701][702]
2021 storming of the Capitol
On January 6, 2021, while congressional certification of the presidential election results was taking place in the United States Capitol, Trump held a rally at the Ellipse, where he called for the election result to be overturned and urged his supporters to "take back our country" by marching to the Capitol to "show strength" and "fight like hell."[703][704] Trump's speech started at noon. By 12:30 p.m., rally attendees had gathered outside the Capitol, and at 1 p.m, his supporters pushed past police barriers onto Capitol grounds. Trump's speech ended at 1:10 p.m., and many supporters marched to the Capitol as he had urged, joining the crowd there. Around 2:15 p.m. the mob broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.[705] During the violence, Trump posted mixed messages on Twitter and Facebook, eventually tweeting to the rioters at 6 p.m, "go home with love & in peace", but describing them as "great patriots" and "very special", while still complaining that the election was stolen.[706][707] After the mob was removed from the Capitol, Congress reconvened and confirmed the Biden election win in the early hours of the following morning.[708] There were many injuries, and five people, including a Capitol Police officer, died.[709][710][711]
Second impeachment (2021)
On January 11, 2021, an article of impeachment charging Trump with incitement of insurrection against the U.S. government was introduced to the House.[712] The House voted 232–197 to impeach Trump on January 13, making him the first U.S. officeholder to be impeached twice.[713] The impeachment, which was the most rapid in history, followed an unsuccessful bipartisan effort to strip Trump of his powers and duties via Section 4 of the 25th Amendment.[714] Ten Republicans voted for impeachment—the most members of a party ever to vote to impeach a president of their own party.[715]
Senate Democrats asked to begin the trial immediately, while Trump was still in office, but then-Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell blocked the plan.[716] On February 13, following a five-day Senate trial, Trump was acquitted when the Senate voted 57–43 for conviction, falling ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required to convict; seven Republicans joined every Democrat in voting to convict, the most bipartisan support in any Senate impeachment trial of a president or former president.[717][718] Most Republicans voted to acquit Trump, though some held him responsible but felt the Senate did not have jurisdiction over former presidents (Trump had left office on January 20; the Senate voted 56–44 the trial was constitutional[719]). Included in the latter group was McConnell, who said Trump was "practically and morally responsible for provoking the events of the day" but "constitutionally not eligible for conviction".[720]
Post-presidency
After his term ended, Trump went to live at his Mar-a-Lago club in Palm Beach, Florida.[721][722] As provided for by the Former Presidents Act,[723] he established an office there to handle his post-presidential activities.[723][724]
Since leaving the presidency, Trump has been the subject of several probes into both his business dealings and his actions during the presidency. In February 2021, the District Attorney for Fulton County, Georgia, announced a criminal probe into Trump's phone calls to Brad Raffensperger.[725] Separately, the New York State Attorney General's Office is conducting a civil and criminal investigation into Trump's business activities. The criminal investigation is in conjunction with the Manhattan District Attorney's Office.[726] By May 2021, a special grand jury was considering indictments.[727][728] On July 1, 2021, New York prosecutors charged the Trump Organization with a "15 year 'scheme to defraud' the government". The organization's chief financial officer, Allen Weisselberg, was arraigned on grand larceny, tax fraud, and other charges.[729][730]
Trump's false claims concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the "big lie" by his critics and in reporting. In May 2021, Trump and his supporters attempted to co-opt the term, using "lie" to refer to the election itself, in similar fashion to how they co-opted the term "fake news" to characterize negative press coverage of Trump.[731][732][733] The Republican party used Trump's false election narrative as justification to impose new voting restrictions in its favor,[734][735][736] and Trump endorsed candidates like Mark Finchem and Jody Hice, who tried to overturn the 2020 election results and are running for secretary of state positions which would put them in charge of the 2024 elections.[737]
In June 2021, multiple national publications reported that Trump had told several people he could be reinstated as president in August.[738][739] On June 6, 2021, Trump resumed his campaign-style rallies with an 85-minute speech at the annual North Carolina Republican Party convention.[738][740] On June 26, he held his first public rally since his January 6 rally before the riot at the Capitol.[741]
Public profile
Approval ratings
For much of his term through September 2020, Trump's approval and disapproval ratings were unusually stable, reaching a high of 49 percent and a low of 35 percent.[742][743] He completed his term with a record-low approval rating of between 29 percent and 34 percent (the lowest of any president since modern scientific polling began); his average approval rating throughout his term was a record-low 41 percent.[744][745] Trump's approval ratings showed a record partisan gap: over the course of his presidency, Trump's approval rating among Republicans was 88 percent and his approval rating among Democrats was 7 percent.[745]
In Gallup's annual poll asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama for most admired man in 2019, and was named most admired in 2020.[746][747] Since Gallup started conducting the poll in 1948,[748] Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.[748]
A Gallup poll in 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between the years 2016 and 2017 found that Trump led Obama in job approval in only 29, most of them non-democracies,[749] with approval of US leadership plummeting among US allies and G7 countries. Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of the George W. Bush presidency.[750] By mid-2020, only 16% of international respondents expressed confidence in Trump according to a 13-nation Pew Research poll, a confidence score lower than those historically accorded to Russia's Vladimir Putin and China's Xi Jinping.[751]
C-SPAN, which conducted surveys of presidential leadership each time the administration changed since 2000,[752] ranked Trump fourth–lowest overall in their 2021 President Historians Survey, with Trump rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.[753][754]
Social media
Trump's social media presence attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in 2009. He frequently tweeted during the 2016 election campaign and as president, until his ban in the final days of his term.[755] Over twelve years, Trump posted around 57,000 tweets.[756] Trump frequently used Twitter as a direct means of communication with the public, sidelining the press.[756] A White House press secretary said early in his presidency that Trump's tweets were official presidential statements, used for announcing policies and personnel changes.[757][758][759]
Trump's tweets often contained falsehoods, eventually causing Twitter to tag some of them with fact-checking warnings beginning in May 2020.[760] Trump responded by threatening to "strongly regulate" or "close down" social media platforms.[761] In the days after the storming of the United States Capitol, Trump was banned from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other platforms.[762] Twitter blocked attempts by Trump and his staff to circumvent the ban through the use of others' accounts.[763] The loss of Trump's social media megaphone, including his 88.7 million Twitter followers, diminished his ability to shape events,[764][765] and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.[766] In May 2021, an advisory group to Facebook evaluated that site's indefinite ban of Trump and concluded that it had been justified at the time but should be re-evaluated in six months.[767] In June 2021, Facebook suspended the account for two years.[768] On June 26, Trump joined the video platform Rumble.[769]
False statements
As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently made false statements in public speeches and remarks[773][205] to an extent unprecedented in American politics.[774][775][211] His falsehoods became a distinctive part of his political identity.[775]
Trump's false and misleading statements were documented by fact-checkers, including at the Washington Post, which tallied a total of 30,573 false or misleading statements made by Trump over his four-year term.[770] Trump's falsehoods increased in frequency over time, rising from about 6 false or misleading claims per day in his first year as president to 16 per day in his second year to 22 per day in his third year to 39 per day in his final year.[776] He reached 10,000 false or misleading claims 27 months into his term; 20,000 false or misleading claims 14 months later, and 30,000 false or misleading claims five months later.[776]
Some of Trump's falsehoods were inconsequential, such as his claims of a large crowd size during his inauguration.[777][778] Others had more far-reaching effects, such as Trump's promotion of unproven antimalarial drugs as a treatment for COVID‑19 in a press conference and on Twitter in March 2020.[779][780] The claims had consequences worldwide, such as a shortage of these drugs in the United States and panic-buying in Africa and South Asia.[781][782] Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in England and Wales to the "spread of radical Islamic terror," served Trump's domestic political purposes.[783] As a matter of principle, Trump does not apologize for his falsehoods.[784]
Despite the frequency of Trump's falsehoods, the media rarely referred to them as lies.[785][786] Nevertheless, in August 2018, The Washington Post declared for the first time that some of Trump's misstatements (statements concerning hush money paid to Stormy Daniels and Playboy model Karen McDougal) were lies.[787][786]
In 2020, Trump was a significant source of disinformation on national voting practices and the COVID-19 pandemic.[788] Trump's attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices served to weaken public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,[665][789] while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.[788][515][790]
Some view the nature and frequency of Trump's falsehoods as having profound and corrosive consequences on democracy.[791] James Pfiffner, professor of policy and government at George Mason University, wrote in 2019 that Trump lies differently from previous presidents, because he offers "egregious false statements that are demonstrably contrary to well-known facts"; these lies are the "most important" of all Trump lies. By calling facts into question, people will be unable to properly evaluate their government, with beliefs or policy irrationally settled by "political power"; this erodes liberal democracy, wrote Pfiffner.[792]
Promotion of conspiracy theories
Before and throughout his presidency, Trump has promoted numerous conspiracy theories, including Obama birtherism, the Clinton Body Count theory, QAnon, the Global warming hoax theory, Trump Tower wiretapping allegations, a John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory involving Rafael Cruz, linking talk show host Joe Scarborough to the death of a staffer,[793] alleged foul-play in the death of Antonin Scalia, alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections, and that Osama bin Laden was alive and Obama and Biden had members of Navy SEAL Team 6 killed.[793][794][795] In at least two instances Trump clarified to press that he also believed the conspiracy theory in question.[795]
During and since the 2020 presidential election, Trump has promoted various conspiracy theories for his defeat including dead people voting,[796] voting machines changing or deleting Trump votes, fraudulent mail-in voting, throwing out Trump votes, and "finding" suitcases full of Biden votes.[797][798]
Relationship with the press
Throughout his career, Trump has sought media attention, with a "love–hate" relationship with the press.[799] Trump began promoting himself in the press in the 1970s.[800] Fox News anchor Bret Baier and former House speaker Paul Ryan have characterized Trump as a "troll" who makes controversial statements to see people's "heads explode."[801][802]
In the 2016 campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[204] New York Times writer Amy Chozick wrote in 2018 that Trump's media dominance, which enthralls the public and creates "can't miss" reality television-type coverage, was politically beneficial for him.[803]
As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the "fake news media" and "the enemy of the people."[804] In 2018, journalist Lesley Stahl recounted Trump's saying he intentionally demeaned and discredited the media "so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you."[805]
As president, Trump privately and publicly mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he viewed as critical.[806] His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[807] In 2019, a member of the foreign press reported many of the same concerns as those of media in the U.S., expressing concern that a normalization process by reporters and media results in an inaccurate characterization of Trump.[808] The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.[807]
As president, Trump deployed the legal system to intimidate the press.[809] In early 2020, the Trump campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN for alleged defamation in opinion pieces about Russian election interference.[810][811] Legal experts said that the lawsuits lacked merit and were not likely to succeed.[809][812] By March 2021, the lawsuits against The New York Times and CNN had been dismissed.[813][814]
Racial views
Many of Trump's comments and actions have been considered racist.[815] He has repeatedly denied this, asserting: "I am the least racist person there is anywhere in the world."[816] In national polling, about half of respondents say that Trump is racist; a greater proportion believe that he has emboldened racists.[817][818][819] Several studies and surveys have found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascent and have been more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.[820][821] Racist and Islamophobic attitudes are a strong indicator of support for Trump.[822]
In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters.[61] He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger case, even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. As of 2019, he maintained this position.[823]
Trump relaunched his political career in 2011 as a leading proponent of "birther" conspiracy theories alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the United States.[824][825] In April 2011, Trump claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the "long-form" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later saying this made him "very popular".[826][827] In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S. and falsely claimed the rumors had been started by Hillary Clinton during her 2008 presidential campaign.[828] In 2017, he reportedly still expressed birther views in private.[829]
According to an analysis in Political Science Quarterly, Trump made "explicitly racist appeals to whites" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[830] In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists."[831][832] His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding Trump University were also criticized as racist.[833]
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Trump's comment on the 2017 far-right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia—that there were "very fine people on both sides"—was widely criticized as implying a moral equivalence between the white supremacist demonstrators and the counter-protesters at the rally.[834][835][836]
In a January 2018 Oval Office meeting to discuss immigration legislation, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries".[837] His remarks were condemned as racist.[838][839]
In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen—all minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans—should "go back" to the countries they "came from".[840] Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his "racist comments".[841] White nationalist publications and social media sites praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.[842] Trump continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.[843]
Misogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct
Trump has a history of insulting and belittling women when speaking to media and on social media. He made lewd comments, demeaned women's looks, and called them names like 'dog', 'crazed, 'crying lowlife', 'face of a pig', or 'horseface'.[844][845][846]
In October 2016, two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 "hot mic" recording surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying "when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything... grab 'em by the pussy."[847] The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign[848] and caused outrage across the political spectrum.[849]
At least twenty-six women have publicly accused Trump of sexual misconduct as of September 2020[update], including his then-wife Ivana. There were allegations of rape, violence, being kissed and groped without consent, looking under women's skirts, and walking in on naked women.[850][851][852] In 2016, he denied all accusations, calling them "false smears," and alleged there was a conspiracy against him.[853]
Allegations of inciting violence
Research suggests Trump's rhetoric caused an increased incidence of hate crimes.[854][855][856] During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[857][858] Since then, some defendants prosecuted for hate crimes or violent acts cited Trump's rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive a lighter sentence.[859] In May 2020, a nationwide review by ABC News identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence by mostly white men against mostly members of minority groups.[860] On January 13, 2021, the House of Representatives impeached Trump for incitement of insurrection for his actions prior to the storming of the U.S. Capitol by a violent mob of his supporters[713] who acted in his name.[861]
Popular culture
Trump has been the subject of parody, comedy, and caricature. He has been parodied regularly on Saturday Night Live by Phil Hartman, Darrell Hammond, and Alec Baldwin, and on South Park via Mr. Garrison's presidency. Trump's wealth and lifestyle had been a fixture of hip hop lyrics since the 1980s; he was named in hundreds of songs, most often with a positive tone.[862] Mentions of Trump in hip-hop largely turned negative and pejorative after he ran for office in 2015.[862]
Notes
- ^ Presidential elections in the United States are decided by the Electoral College. Each state names a number of electors equal to its representation in Congress and (in most states) all delegates vote for the winner of the local state vote.
- ^ Mueller, Robert (March 2019). "Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election". I. p. 2. "In connection with that analysis, we addressed the factual question whether members of the Trump Campaign 'coordinat[ed]'—a term that appears in the appointment order—with Russian election interference activities. Like collusion, 'coordination' does not have a settled definition in federal criminal law. We understood coordination to require an agreement—tacit or express—between the Trump Campaign and the Russian government on election interference. That requires more than the two parties taking actions that were informed by or responsive to the other's actions or interests. We applied the term coordination in that sense when stating in the report that the investigation did not establish that the Trump campaign coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities."
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