شير
شير | |
|---|---|
 قدمت شير أداءً في لندن خلال جولتها Here We Go Again في أكتوبر 2019 | |
| ولد | شيريلين سركيسيان 20 مايو 1946 إل سنترو ، كاليفورنيا ، الولايات المتحدة |
| اسماء اخرى |
|
| احتلال |
|
| سنوات النشاط | 1963 حتى الوقت الحاضر |
| الزوج / الزوجة | |
| أطفال | |
| الآباء) | جون سركيسيان جورجيا هولت |
| الجوائز | القائمة الكاملة |
| مهنة موسيقية | |
| الأنواع | |
| الادوات | غناء |
| ملصقات | |
| الأفعال المرتبطة |
|
| موقع الكتروني | شير |
| إمضاء | |
 | |
شير ( / ʃ ɛr / من مواليد Cherilyn سركيسيان ، 20 مايو 1946) هي مغنية والممثلة والشخصية التلفزيونية الأميركية. غالبًا ما يشار إليها من قبل وسائل الإعلام باسم "إلهة البوب" ، [1] وقد وصفت بأنها تجسد استقلالية الإناث في صناعة يهيمن عليها الذكور. ومن المعروف شير لها مميزة رنان صوت الغناء ولأنها عملت في العديد من مجالات الترفيه، فضلا عن تبني مجموعة متنوعة من الأساليب والمظاهر طوال مسيرتها منذ ستة عقود طويلة.
اكتسبت شير شعبية في عام 1965 حيث بلغ نصف الثنائي الشعبي للزوج والزوجة Sonny & Cher بعد أغنيتهما " I Got You Babe " ذروته في المرتبة الأولى على قوائم الولايات المتحدة والمملكة المتحدة. بحلول نهاية عام 1967 ، باعوا 40 مليون سجل في جميع أنحاء العالم. تأسست مسيرتها المهنية الفردية خلال نفس الوقت ، مع أفضل عشر أغاني فردية " Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down) " و " You Better Sit Down Kids ". وقالت إنها أصبحت شخصية تلفزيونية في 1970s معها CBS البرامج وسوني وشير ملهاة ساعة ، وشاهد أكثر من 30 مليون مشاهد أسبوعيا خلال شوطه لمدة ثلاث سنوات، و شير. برزت كرائدة في الموضة من خلال ارتداء ملابس متقنة في برامجها التلفزيونية.
أثناء عملها على التلفزيون ، أصدرت شير أغنيتي بيلبورد هوت رقم واحد رقم واحد في الولايات المتحدة " Gypsys ، Tramps & Thieves " ، " Half-Breed " ، و " Dark Lady " ، لتصبح الفنانة صاحبة أكثر الأغاني الفردية في الولايات المتحدة. التاريخ في ذلك الوقت. بعد طلاقها من Sonny Bono في عام 1975 ، أصدرت ألبوم الديسكو Take Me Home (1979) وحصلت على 300000 دولار في الأسبوع مقابل إقامتها الموسيقية في 1979-1982 في لاس فيغاس .
في عام 1982 ، ظهرت شير لأول مرة في برودواي في مسرحية Come Back to the Five and Dime ، وجيمي دين ، وجيمي دين ، ولعبت دور البطولة في فيلمها التكيفي . حصلت لاحقًا على إشادة من النقاد لأدائها في أفلام مثل سيلكوود (1983) ، وماسك (1985) ، وساحرات إيستويك (1987) ، ومونستروك (1987) ، والتي فازت آخرها بجائزة الأوسكار لأفضل ممثلة . ثم أعادت إحياء مسيرتها الموسيقية من خلال تسجيل ألبومات شير (1987) ، و Heart of Stone (1989) ، و Love Hurts (1991) ، وكلها أسفرت عن أغاني فردية ناجحة مثل "I Found Someone"، " إذا كان بإمكاني إعادة الزمن إلى الوراء " ، و " الحب والتفاهم ". ساهمت شير في الموسيقى التصويرية لفيلمها التالي ، حوريات البحر (1990) ، الذي أنتج الأغنية رقم واحد في المملكة المتحدة " The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss) ". ظهرت لأول مرة في الإخراج مع مقطع في مختارات عن الإجهاض إذا كانت هذه الجدران يمكن أن تتحدث (1996).
وصل شير ذروة تجارية جديدة في عام 1998 مع بوب الرقص ألبوم صدق ، الذي مسار العنوان تصدرت لوحة نهاية السنة الساخن 100 الفردي عام 1999 وأصبح الأكثر مبيعا واحد في كل العصور من قبل فنانة في المملكة المتحدة. يتميز بالاستخدام الرائد للضبط التلقائي لتشويه غناءها ، والمعروف باسم "تأثير شير". لها 2002-2005 Living Proof: The Farewell Tour أصبحت واحدة من جولات الحفلات الموسيقية الأكثر ربحًا على الإطلاق ، حيث كسبت 250 مليون دولار. في عام 2008 ، وقعت صفقة بقيمة 60 مليون دولار لتتصدر الكولوسيوم في قصر قيصر في لاس فيغاس لمدة ثلاث سنوات. خلال عام 2010 ، حصلت على أدوار البطولة في الأفلامهزلي (2010) وماما ميا! Here We Go Again (2018) وأصدر ألبومات الاستوديو Closer to the Truth (2013) و Dancing Queen (2018) ، وكلاهما ظهر لأول مرة في المركز الثالث على Billboard 200 .
بعد أن باع 100 مليون سجل ، يعد Cher أحد أفضل فناني الموسيقى مبيعًا في العالم . إنجازاتها تشمل جائزة غرامي ، و جائزة إيمي ، وهي جائزة الأوسكار ، وثلاث جوائز غولدن غلوب ، و لوحة جائزة أيقونة ، وجوائز من مركز كينيدي يكرم و مجلس مصممي الأزياء الأمريكية . إنها الفنانة الوحيدة حتى الآن التي حصلت على رقم واحد على لوحة بيلبوردالرسم البياني في ستة عقود متتالية ، من الستينيات إلى العقد الأول من القرن الحادي والعشرين. بصرف النظر عن الموسيقى والتمثيل ، فهي معروفة بآرائها السياسية ، ووجودها على وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي ، والمساعي الخيرية ، والنشاط الاجتماعي ، بما في ذلك حقوق المثليين والوقاية من فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية / الإيدز .
الحياة و الوظيفة
1946-1961: بدايات حياته
وُلدت شير شيريلين سركيسيان في إل سنترو ، كاليفورنيا ، في 20 مايو 1946. [2] والدها ، جون سركيسيان ، كان سائق شاحنة أرمنيًا أمريكيًا يعاني من مشاكل المخدرات والمقامرة. كانت والدتها ، جورجيا هولت (من مواليد جاكي جين كراوتش) ، عارضة أزياء وممثلة جزئية تدعي أصولها الأيرلندية والإنجليزية والألمانية والشيروكي . [3] [4] نادرًا ما كان والد شير في المنزل عندما كانت رضيعة ، [5] وانفصل والداها عندما كان عمر شير عشرة أشهر. [2] تزوجت والدتها لاحقًا من الممثل جون سوثال ، وأنجبت منه ابنة أخرى ، جورجان ، أخت شير غير الشقيقة. [6]
تعيش والدة شير الآن في لوس أنجلوس ، وبدأت تتصرف أثناء عملها كنادلة. غيرت اسمها إلى جورجيا هولت ولعبت أدوارًا ثانوية في الأفلام والتلفزيون. قامت هولت أيضًا بتأمين أجزاء تمثيلية لبناتها كإضافات في برامج تلفزيونية مثل مغامرات أوزي وهارييت . [5] انتهت علاقة والدتها بساوثال عندما كانت شير تبلغ من العمر تسع سنوات ، لكنها تعتبره والدها وتتذكره على أنه "رجل طيب المحارب تحول إلى حرب عندما شرب كثيرًا". [7] تزوجت هولت مرة أخرى وطلقت عدة مرات ، ونقلت عائلتها في جميع أنحاء البلاد (بما في ذلك نيويورك وتكساس وكاليفورنيا). [5]غالبًا ما كان لديهم القليل من المال ، وتذكر شير أنها اضطرت إلى استخدام الأربطة المطاطية لتثبيت حذائها معًا. [7] ذات مرة ، غادرت والدتها شير في دار للأيتام لعدة أسابيع. [8] على الرغم من أنهما التقيا كل يوم ، وجد كلاهما التجربة مؤلمة. [7]
عندما كانت شير في الصف الخامس ، أنتجت أداءً لمسرحية أوكلاهوما الموسيقية ! لمعلمتها وفصلها. قامت بتنظيم مجموعة من الفتيات ، وقامت بتوجيه وتصميم رقصاتهن الروتينية. غير قادر على إقناع الأولاد بالمشاركة ، قامت بأدوار الذكور وغنت أغانيهم. في سن التاسعة ، كان صوتها منخفضًا بشكل غير عادي. [9] مفتونًا بنجوم السينما ، كان نموذج شير هو أودري هيبورن ، خاصة بسبب دورها في فيلم عام 1961 الإفطار في تيفاني . بدأ شير بأخذ الملابس والسلوك غير التقليدي لشخصية هيبورن. [10] كانت مستوحاة أيضا من مارلين ديتريش ، بيتي ديفيس ، و كاثرين هيبورن. [11] أصيبت بخيبة أمل بسبب عدم وجود ممثلات هوليوود ذوات الشعر الداكن اللواتي يمكن أن تقلدهن. [10] أرادت أن تصبح مشهورة منذ الطفولة لكنها شعرت بأنها غير جذابة وغير موهوبة ، وعلقت لاحقًا ، "لم أستطع التفكير في أي شيء يمكنني القيام به ... لم أكن أعتقد أنني سأكون مغنية أو راقصة. فقط فكرت ، حسنًا ، سأكون مشهورًا. كان هذا هدفي ". [12]
في عام 1961 ، تزوج هولت من مدير البنك جيلبرت لابير ، الذي تبنى شير (تحت اسم شيريل لابير) [13] وجورجان ، وسجلهما في مدرسة مونتكلير كوليدج الإعدادية ، وهي مدرسة خاصة في إنسينو ، كان طلابها في الغالب من عائلات ثرية. شكلت بيئة الطبقة العليا في المدرسة تحديًا لشر ؛ كتبت كاتبة السيرة الذاتية كوني بيرمان ، "لقد برزت عن الآخرين في مظهرها اللافت وشخصيتها المنتهية ولايتها". [12] علق أحد زملائه السابقين ، "لن أنسى رؤية شير لأول مرة. لقد كانت مميزة جدًا ... كانت مثل نجمة سينما ، في ذلك الوقت وهناك ... قالت إنها ستكون نجمة السينما وكنا نعلم أنها ستفعل ذلك ". [12]على الرغم من عدم كونه طالبًا ممتازًا ، إلا أن شير كان ذكيًا ومبدعًا ، وفقًا لبرمان. حصلت على درجات عالية وتفوقت في دروس اللغة الفرنسية والإنجليزية. كشخص بالغ ، اكتشفت أنها تعاني من عسر القراءة . برز سلوك شير غير التقليدي: قامت بأداء أغانٍ للطلاب خلال ساعات الغداء وفاجأت أقرانها عندما كانت ترتدي قمة الحجاب الحاجز. [10] وتذكرت لاحقًا ، "لم أكن في المدرسة أبدًا. كنت أفكر دائمًا عندما أكبر وأصبحت مشهورة." [5]
1962-1965: اختراق مهني منفرد
في سن 16 ، تركت شير المدرسة ، وغادرت منزل والدتها ، وانتقلت إلى لوس أنجلوس مع صديق. أخذت دروسًا في التمثيل وعملت على دعم نفسها ، والرقص في النوادي الصغيرة على طول شارع Sunset Strip في هوليوود وعرّفت نفسها على فناني الأداء والمديرين والوكلاء. [14] وفقًا لبرمان ، "لم تتردد [شير] في الاقتراب من أي شخص تعتقد أنه يمكن أن يساعدها في الحصول على قسط من الراحة ، أو إجراء اتصال جديد ، أو الحصول على اختبار." [15] التقى شير بالعازف سوني بونو في نوفمبر 1962 عندما كان يعمل مع منتج التسجيلات فيل سبيكتور . [15] غادر صديق شير ، وقبلت شير عرض سوني أن يكون مدبرة منزله . [16]قدم سوني شير إلى سبيكتور ، الذي استخدمها كمغنية احتياطية في العديد من التسجيلات ، بما في ذلك أغنية Ronettes " Be My Baby " و The Righteous Brothers " لقد فقدت هذا الشعور بالحب ". [17] أنتجت سبيكتور أغنيتها المنفردة الأولى " رينجو ، أنا أحبك " ، والتي سجلتها شير تحت اسم بوني جو ماسون. [18] وقد رفض أغنية من قبل العديد من المحطات الإذاعية المبرمجين كما ظنوا عميقة شير رنان كانت غناء غناء الرجل. لذلك ، اعتقدوا أنه كان مثليًا من الذكور يغني أغنية حب مخصصة لعازف الطبول فريق البيتلز رينجو ستار . [19]
أصبح شير وسوني صديقين مقربين ، وعشاق في نهاية المطاف ، وأقاموا حفل زفافهم غير الرسمي في غرفة فندق في تيخوانا ، المكسيك ، في 27 أكتوبر 1964. [17] [20] على الرغم من أن سوني أراد إطلاق شير كفنان منفرد ، شجعته على الأداء معها لأنها عانت من رعب المسرح ، وبدأ ينضم إليها على خشبة المسرح ، وهو يغني التناغم. أخفت شير توترها من خلال النظر إلى سوني. وعلقت فيما بعد بأنها غنت للناس من خلاله. [21] في أواخر عام 1964 ، ظهروا كثنائي يُدعى Caesar & Cleo ، وأطلقوا الأغاني المنفردة التي حظيت بشكل سيئ مثل " Do You Wanna Dance؟ " و " Love Is Strange " و " Let the Good Times Roll ". [22]
وقعت شير مع حرية سجلات " الإمبراطورية بصمة في نهاية عام 1964، وأصبحت سوني المنتجة لها. وحظيت الأغنية المنفردة "دريم بيبي" ، التي صدرت تحت اسم "Cherilyn" ، بالبث في لوس أنجلوس. [18] شجعت إمبريال شير على العمل مع سوني على أغنيتها المنفردة الثانية للملصق ، وهي نسخة غلاف من بوب ديلان " كل ما أريد فعله حقًا ". [18] بلغ ذروته في المرتبة 15 على الولايات المتحدة بيلبورد هوت 100 في عام 1965. [23] وفي الوقت نفسه ، بيردسأصدروا نسختهم الخاصة من نفس الأغنية. عندما بدأت المنافسة على مخططات الفردي بين Cher و Byrds ، بدأت علامة تسجيل المجموعة في الترويج للجانب B من أغنية Byrds. علق Roger McGuinn من Byrds ، "لقد أحببنا إصدار Cher ... لم نرغب في إزعاج. لذلك قمنا للتو بتحويل رقمنا القياسي." [24] ألبوم Cher الأول ، All I Really Want to Do (1965) ، وصل إلى رقم 16 على Billboard 200 . [25] وصفها لاحقًا تيم سندرا من AllMusic بأنها "واحدة من أقوى تسجيلات البوب الشعبية في تلك الحقبة". [26]
1965-1967: صعود سوني وشير إلى النجومية
في أوائل عام 1965 ، بدأ قيصر وكليو يطلقون على أنفسهم سوني وشير . [27] بعد تسجيل " I Got You Babe " ، سافروا إلى إنجلترا في يوليو 1965 بناءً على نصيحة رولينج ستونز . يتذكر شير ، "[هم] أخبرونا ... أن الأمريكيين لم يفهمونا وأنه إذا أردنا أن نجعلها كبيرة ، فسيتعين علينا الذهاب إلى إنجلترا." [28] وفقًا للكاتب سينترا ويلسون ، "ظهر مصورو الصحف الإنجليزية عندما تم طرد شركة إس آند سي من لندن هيلتون [بسبب ملابسهم] في الليلة التي وصلوا فيها - كانوا حرفياً بين عشية وضحاها ، كانوا نجوماً. نظرة S & C ،الذي لم يكن مودًا ولاالروك . " [29]
وصلت أغنية "I Got You Babe" إلى المركز الأول على مخطط Billboard Hot 100 [30] وأصبحت ، وفقًا لبروس إيدير من AllMusic ، "واحدة من أكثر أغاني البوب / روك مبيعًا والأكثر شهرة في منتصف الستينيات" ؛ [18] أدرجتها رولينج ستون ضمن " أعظم 500 أغنية في كل العصور " في عام 2003. [31] عندما أطاحت الأغنية بفرق البيتلز من أعلى المخططات البريطانية ، بدأ المراهقون الإنجليز في محاكاة أسلوب أزياء سوني وشير ، مثل قيعان الجرس ، والسراويل المخططة ، والقمصان المكشكشة ، والسحابات الصناعية والسترات المصنوعة من الفرو. [32] عند عودتهما إلى الولايات المتحدة ، ظهر الثنائي عدة مرات في عروض موسيقى البوب المراهقين Hullabaloo وحفلة راقصة! [33] وأكمل جولة في بعض أكبر الساحات في الولايات المتحدة. [34] اجتذبت عروضهم مظهر شير - "الفتيات اللواتي كن يقمن بكي شعرهن بشكل مستقيم وصبغته باللون الأسود ، لارتداء السترات الواقية من الرصاص وقيعان الجرس". [35] وسعت شير مجموعتها الإبداعية من خلال تصميم خط ملابس. [36]
ألبوم Sonny and Cher الأول ، Look at Us (1965) ، الذي صدر لقسم Atco Records من Atlantic Records ، [18] أمضى ثمانية أسابيع في المركز الثاني على Billboard 200 ، خلف Beatles ' Help! . [37] موادها أصبحت شعبية، والثنائي تتنافس بنجاح مع المهيمنة الغزو البريطاني و موتاون الأصوات في تلك الحقبة. [36] وصف المؤلف جوزيف موريلز Sonny و Cher بأنهما "جزء من الدعاة الرئيسيين لنوع موسيقى الروك الشعبي من الأغاني ، وهي مزيج يجمع بين أفضل آلات موسيقى الروك وآلاتها مع القصائد الغنائية الشعبية وغالبًا كلمات الاحتجاج ."[38] Sonny and Cher charted ten Billboard top 40 singles between 1965 and 1972, including five top-ten singles: "I Got You Babe", "Baby Don't Go", "The Beat Goes On", "All I Ever Need Is You", and "A Cowboy's Work Is Never Done".[39] At one point, they had five songs in the top 50 at the same time, a feat equaled only by the Beatles and Elvis Presley.[40] By the end of 1967, they had sold 40 million records worldwide and had become, according to Time magazine's Ginia Bellafante, rock's "it" couple.[41]
حافظت إصدارات Cher التالية على مسيرتها المهنية المنفردة بشكل كامل مع عملها مع Sonny. [18] يتميز Sonny Side of Chér (1966) بأغنية Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down) ، والتي وصلت إلى المرتبة الثانية في الولايات المتحدة والمرتبة الثالثة في المملكة المتحدة وأصبحت أول أغنية فردية لها منفردة بمليون بائع. تم إصدار Chér أيضًا في عام 1966 ، ويحتوي على مقطوعة Burt Bacharach و Hal David " Alfie " ، والتي تمت إضافتها إلى اعتمادات النسخة الأمريكية من فيلم 1966 الذي يحمل نفس الاسم وأصبحت النسخة الأولى من الولايات المتحدة للأغنية الشعبية. مع الحب ، يتضمن Chér (1967) الأغاني التي وصفها كاتب السيرة الذاتية مارك بيغوعلى أنها "قصص صغيرة من المسلسلات الدرامية تستمع إلى موسيقى الروك" مثل أغنية الولايات المتحدة العشرة الأولى " You Better Sit Down Kids ". [42]
1967-1970: رد فعل عنيف من جيل الشباب ، الزواج الأول
By the end of the 1960s, Sonny and Cher's music had ceased to chart. According to Berman, "the heavy, loud sound of groups like Jefferson Airplane and Cream made the folk-rock music of Sonny and Cher seem too bland."[43] Cher later said, "I loved the new sound of Led Zeppelin, Eric Clapton, the electric-guitar oriented bands. Left to myself, I would have changed with the times because the music really turned me on. But [Sonny] didn't like it—and that was that."[44] Their monogamous lifestyle during the period of the sexual revolution[45] and the anti-drug position they adopted at the height of the drug culture lost them popularity among American youths.[46] According to Bego, "in spite of their revolutionary unisex clothes, Sonny and Cher were quite 'square' when it came to sex and drugs."[46] In an attempt to recapture their young audience, the duo produced and starred in the film Good Times (1967), which was commercially unsuccessful.[43]
Cher's next album, Backstage (1968), in which she explores diverse musical genres including Brazilian jazz and anti-war protest settings, was not a commercial success.[47] In 1969, she was dropped from Imperial Records while Sonny and Cher had been dropped from Atco; however, the label wanted to sign Cher for a solo album.[48] 3614 Jackson Highway (1969) was recorded without the guidance of Sonny in Alabama with prominent session musicians, the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section (who appear on the album's cover along with Cher) and incorporates experiments in rhythm and blues and soul music. AllMusic's Mark Deming proclaimed it "arguably the finest album of her career", and still "a revelation" decades later.[49] Displeased with the 3614 Jackson Highway album, Sonny prevented Cher from releasing more recordings for Atco.[48]
Meanwhile, Sonny dated others, and by the end of the 1960s their relationship had begun to unravel. According to People magazine, "[Sonny] tried desperately to win her back, telling her he wanted to marry and start a family."[50] They officially married after she gave birth on March 4, 1969, to Chaz Bono.[50][51]
The duo spent $500,000 and mortgaged their home to make the film Chastity (1969). Written and produced by Sonny, who did not appear in the movie, it tells the story of a young woman, played by Cher, searching for the meaning of life.[52] The art film failed commercially, putting the couple $190,000 in debt with back taxes. However, some critics noted that Cher showed signs of acting potential;[34] Cue magazine wrote, "Cher has a marvelous quality that often makes you forget the lines you are hearing."[43]
At the lowest point of their career, the duo put together a nightclub routine that relied on a more adult approach to sound and style.[53] According to writer Cintra Wilson, "Their lounge act was so depressing, people started heckling them. Then Cher started heckling back. Sonny ... reprimanded her; then she'd heckle Sonny".[29] The heckling became a highlight of the act and attracted viewers.[29] Television executives took note, and the couple began making guest appearances on prime-time shows, in which they presented a "new, sophisticated, and mature" image.[54] Cher adopted alluring, low-cut gowns that became her signature outfits.[54]
1971–1974: Television career breakthrough, first musical comeback
CBS head of programming Fred Silverman offered Sonny and Cher their own television program after he noticed them as guest-hosts on The Merv Griffin Show in 1971.[55] The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour premiered as a summer replacement series on August 1, 1971, and had six episodes. Because it was a ratings success, the couple returned that December with a full-time show.[34]
شاهدها أكثر من 30 مليون مشاهد أسبوعيًا خلال مسيرتها التي استمرت لثلاث سنوات ، [53] تمت الإشادة بساعة Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour لتوقيتها الكوميدي ، وسخرت شير من سوني من مظهره وقصر مكانته. ووفقًا لبرمان ، فإنهم "ينضحون بهالة من الدفء ، والمرح ، والاهتمام التي عززت جاذبيتهم فقط. وكان المشاهدون مفتونين أكثر عندما ظهر شاب [تشاز] أيضًا في العرض. بدوا وكأنهم عائلة مثالية." [56] شحذ شير لها مهارات العمل في الكوميديا رسم الأدوار مثل افيرن صراخ ربة منزل، وتهكمي نادلة روزا، والرقعات التاريخية، [57] بما في ذلك كليوباترا و ملكة جمال سادي طومسون . [58] وBob Mackie-designed clothing Cher wore was part of the show's attraction, and her style influenced the fashion trends of the 1970s.[59]
In 1971, Sonny and Cher signed with the Kapp Records division of MCA Records, and Cher released the single "Classified 1A", in which she sings from the point of view of a soldier who bleeds to death in Vietnam. Written by Sonny, who felt that her first solo single on the label had to be poignant and topical, the song was rejected by radio station programmers as uncommercial.[60]
Since Sonny's first attempts at reviving their recording career as a duo had also been unsuccessful, Kapp Records recruited Snuff Garrett to work with them. He produced Cher's second US number-one single, "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves", which "proved that ... Garrett knew more about Cher's voice and her persona as a singer than Sonny did", writes Bego.[60] "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves" was the first single by a solo artist to rank number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at the same time as on the Canadian Singles Chart.[61] Billboard called it "one of the 20th century's greatest songs".[62] It was featured on the 1971 album Chér (eventually reissued under the title Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves), which was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[63] Its second single, "The Way of Love", reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart[64] and established Cher's more confident image as a recording artist.[18]
In 1972, Cher released the all-ballad set Foxy Lady, demonstrating the evolution of her vocal abilities, according to Bego.[65] Following the release of the album, Garrett quit as producer after disagreeing with Sonny about the kind of material Cher should record.[66] At Sonny's insistence, in 1973 Cher released an album of standards called Bittersweet White Light, which was commercially unsuccessful.[67] That year, lyricist Mary Dean brought Garrett "Half-Breed", a song about the daughter of a Cherokee mother and a white father, that she had written especially for Cher. Although Garrett did not have Cher as a client at the time, he was convinced that "it's a smash for Cher and for nobody else", so he held the song for months until he got Cher back.[66] "Half-Breed" was featured on the album of the same name and became Cher's third US number-one single.[68] Both the album and the single were certified gold by the RIAA.[69]
In 1974, Cher released the song "Dark Lady" as the lead single from the namesake album.[68] It reached the top position on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Cher's fourth number-one single and making her the female artist with the most number-one singles in United States history at the time.[70] Later that year, she released a Greatest Hits album that, according to Billboard magazine, proved her to be "one of the most consistent hitmakers of the past five years", as well as a "proven superstar who always sells records".[71]
Between 1971 and 1973, Sonny and Cher's recording career was revived with four albums released under Kapp Records and MCA Records: Sonny & Cher Live (1971), All I Ever Need Is You (1972), Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs (1973), and Live in Las Vegas Vol. 2 (1973).[72] Cher later commented on this period: "I could do a whole album ... in three days ... We were on the road ... and we were doing the Sonny & Cher Show".[73]
1974–1979: Divorce from Sonny Bono, second marriage, decline in popularity
Cher and Sonny had marital problems since late 1972, but appearances were maintained until 1974. "The public still thinks we are married," Sonny wrote in his diary at the time, "[and] that's the way it has to be."[75] In February 1974, Sonny filed for a separation, citing "irreconcilable differences".[76] A week later, Cher countered with a divorce suit and charged Sonny with "involuntary servitude", claiming that he withheld money from her and deprived her of her rightful share of their earnings.[76] The couple battled in court over finances and the custody of Chaz, which was eventually granted to Cher.[76] Their divorce was finalized on June 26, 1975.[77]
In 1974, Cher won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy for The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour.[78] The same year, Sonny premiered a solo show on ABC, The Sonny Comedy Revue, which carried the creative team behind the Sonny and Cher show. It was canceled after 13 weeks.[79]
During the divorce proceedings, Cher had a two-year romantic relationship with record executive David Geffen, who freed her from her business arrangement with Sonny, under which she was required to work exclusively for Cher Enterprises, the company he ran.[80] Geffen secured a $2.5 million deal for Cher with Warner Bros. Records,[81] and she began work on her first album under that label in 1975. According to Bego, "it was their intention that [this album] was going to make millions of fans around the world take her seriously as a rock star, and not just a pop singer."[82]
Despite Cher's efforts to develop her musical range by listening to artists such as Stevie Wonder, Elton John, James Taylor, Carly Simon, Joni Mitchell, and Bob Dylan, the resulting album Stars was commercially and critically unsuccessful.[82] Janet Maslin of The Village Voice wrote, "Cher is just no rock and roller ... Image, not music, is Cher Bono's main ingredient for both records and TV."[83] The album has since become a cult classic and is generally considered among her best work.[73]
On February 16, 1975, Cher returned to television with a solo show on CBS. Called Cher, it began as a highly rated special with guests Flip Wilson, Elton John, and Bette Midler.[84] The show was produced by Geffen and centered on Cher's songs, monologues, comedy performance, and her variation of clothing,[85] which was the largest for a weekly TV show.[86] Early critical reception was favorable; the Los Angeles Times exclaimed that "Sonny without Cher was a disaster. Cher without Sonny, on the other hand, could be the best thing that's happened to weekly television this season."[86] Cherاستمرت لمدة أقل من عام ، وحل محله عرض جديد اجتمعت فيه بشكل احترافي مع زوجها السابق سوني ؛ [87] قالت ، "تقديم عرض بمفردي كان أكثر مما أستطيع تحمله." [88]
On June 30, 1975, four days after finalizing her divorce from Sonny, Cher married rock musician Gregg Allman, co-founder of The Allman Brothers Band.[89] She filed for divorce nine days later because of his heroin and liquor problems, but they reconciled within a month.[90] They had one son, Elijah Blue, on July 10, 1976.[91] Sonny and Cher's TV reunion, The Sonny and Cher Show, debuted on CBS in February 1976—the first show ever to star a divorced couple. Although the show was a ratings success on its premiere,[92] Cher and Sonny's insulting onscreen banter about their divorce,[87] her reportedly extravagant lifestyle, and her troubled relationship with Allman caused a public backlash[93] that eventually contributed to the show's cancellation in August 1977.[92]
In 1976, Mego Toys released a line of toys and dolls in the likeness of Sonny and Cher, which coincided with the popularity of The Sonny and Cher Show. The miniature version of Cher ended up being the highest selling doll of 1976, surpassing Barbie.[94]
Cher's next albums, I'd Rather Believe in You (1976) and Cherished (1977), the latter a return to her pop style at Warner's producers' insistence, were commercially unsuccessful;[95] Orange Coast magazine's Keith Tuber commented, "A weekly television series ... can spell disaster for a recording artist ... Regular exposure on TV allowed people to see and hear these performers without having to buy their records ... That's what happened to Cher[.]"[96] In 1977, under the rubric "Allman and Woman", she recorded alongside Allman the duet album Two the Hard Way. Their relationship ended following the release of the album,[90] and their divorce was finalized in 1979.[97] Beginning in 1978,[98] she had a two-year[99] live-in relationship with Kiss member Gene Simmons.[100] That year, she legally changed her name from Cherilyn Sarkisian La Piere Bono Allman to Cher, to eliminate the use of four surnames.[101] She returned to prime time television with the ABC specials Cher... Special (1978)—featuring a 15-minute segment in which she performs all of the roles in her version of West Side Story—[102] and Cher... And Other Fantasies (1979).[103]
1979–1982: Second musical comeback, shift from disco music to rock
A single mother with two children, Cher realized that she had to make a choice about the direction of her singing career. Deciding to temporarily abandon her desire to be a rock singer, she signed with Casablanca Records and launched a comeback with the single "Take Me Home" and the album of the same name, both of which capitalized on the disco craze.[104] Both the album and the single became instant successes, remained bestsellers for more than half of 1979,[104] and were certified gold by the RIAA.[69] Sales of the album may have been boosted[104] by the image of a scantily clad Cher in a Viking outfit on its cover.[105] Despite her initial lack of enthusiasm for disco music, she changed her mind after the success, commenting, "I never thought I would want to do disco ... [but] it's terrific! It's great music to dance to. I think that danceable music is what everybody wants."[104]
Encouraged by the popularity of Take Me Home, Cher planned to return to rock music in her next album, Prisoner (1979).[106] The album's cover features Cher draped in chains as a "prisoner of the press",[107] which caused controversy among feminist groups for her perceived portrayal of a sex slave.[108] She included rock songs, which made the disco release seem unfocused and led to its commercial failure.[107] Prisoner produced the single "Hell on Wheels", featured on the soundtrack of the film Roller Boogie. The song exploits the late 1970s roller-skating fad and contributed to its popularity.[73]
In 1980, alongside Italian record producer Giorgio Moroder, Cher wrote her last Casablanca disco recording, "Bad Love", for the film Foxes.[109] She formed the rock band Black Rose that year with her then-lover, guitarist Les Dudek. Although Cher was the lead singer, she did not receive top billing because she wanted to create the impression that all band members were equal. Since she was easily recognized when she performed with the band, she developed a punk look by cutting her trademark long hair. Despite appearances on television, the band failed to earn concert dates.[110] Their album Black Rose received unfavorable reviews; Cher told Rolling Stone, "The critics panned us, and they didn't attack the record. They attacked me. It was like, 'How dare Cher sing rock & roll?'"[53]
Black Rose disbanded in 1981.[111] During Black Rose's active period, Cher was simultaneously doing a residency show at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, earning $300,000 a week.[112] Titled Cher in Concert, the three-year performance residency opened in June 1979 and eventually became Cher's first world concert tour as a solo artist (also referred to as the Take Me Home Tour), with additional dates in North America, Europe, South Africa, and Australia.[113] It yielded two television specials: Standing Room Only: Cher in Concert (1981)[114] and Cher... A Celebration at Caesars (1983),[115] the latter of which won Cher the CableACE Award for Best Actress in a Variety Program.[116]
In 1981, Cher released a duet with musician Meat Loaf called "Dead Ringer for Love", which reached number five on the UK Singles Chart and was later described by AllMusic's Donald A. Guarisco as "one of the more inspired rock duets of the 1980s".[117] In 1982, Columbia Records released the album I Paralyze, later deemed by Bego as Cher's "strongest and most consistent solo album in years" despite its low sales.[118]
1982–1986: Film career breakthrough, musical hiatus
With decreasing album sales and a lack of commercially successful singles, Cher decided to further develop her acting career.[119] While she had previously aspired to venture into film, she had only the critically and commercially unsuccessful movies Good Times and Chastity to her credit, and the Hollywood establishment did not take her seriously as an actress.[119] Cher later recalled, "I was making a fortune on the road, but I was dying inside. Everyone kept saying, 'Cher, there are people who would give anything to have standing room only at Caesars Palace. It would be the pinnacle of their careers.' And I kept thinking, 'Yes, I should be satisfied' ... But I wasn't satisfied."[120] She moved to New York in 1982 to take acting lessons with Lee Strasberg, founder of the Actors Studio, but never enrolled after her plans changed.[29] She auditioned for and was signed by director Robert Altman for the Broadway stage production Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean, playing a member of a James Dean fan club holding a 20-year reunion. That year, Altman cast her again in the film adaptation of the same title.[121] Cher credits Altman for launching her acting career: "Without Bob [Robert Altman] I would have never had a film career. Everyone told him not to cast me ... I am convinced that Bob was the only one who was brave enough to do it."[122]
Director Mike Nichols, who had seen Cher onstage in Jimmy Dean, offered her the part of Dolly Pelliker, a plant co-worker and Meryl Streep's lesbian roommate in the film Silkwood.[121] When it premiered in 1983, audiences questioned Cher's ability as an actress. She recalls attending a film preview during which the audience laughed when they saw her name in the credits.[123] For her performance, Cher received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture.[121]
In 1985, Cher formed the film production company Isis.[124] Her next film, Mask (1985), reached number two at the box office[125] and was Cher's first critical and commercial success as a leading actress.[121] For her role as a drug addict biker with a teenage son who has a severe physical deformity, she won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress.[121] During the making of the film, however, she clashed with director Peter Bogdanovich. She attended the 58th Academy Awards in a tarantula-like costume "to show her scorn for the 'system'", according to authors James Parish and Michael Pitts.[121] The incident garnered her much publicity.[126]
Cher's May 1986 guest appearance on talk show Late Night with David Letterman, during which she called Letterman "an asshole", attracted much media coverage; Letterman later recalled, "It did hurt my feelings. Cher was one of the few people I've really wanted to have on the show ... I felt like a total fool, especially since I say all kinds of things to people."[127] She returned to the show in 1987, reuniting with Sonny for the last time before his death to sing an impromptu version of "I Got You Babe". According to Rolling Stone's Andy Greene, "they weren't exactly the best of friends at this point, but both of them knew it would make for unforgettable television. Had YouTube existed back then, this would have gone insanely viral the next morning." Rolling Stone listed the performance among "David Letterman's Top 10 Musical Moments" in 2015.[128]
1987–1992: Film stardom, third musical comeback
Cher starred in three films in 1987.[121] In Suspect, she played a public defender who is both helped and romanced by one of the jurors in the homicide case she is handling. Alongside Susan Sarandon and Michelle Pfeiffer, she starred as one of three divorcees involved with a mysterious and wealthy visitor from hell who comes to a small New England town in the comedy horror The Witches of Eastwick. In Norman Jewison's romantic comedy Moonstruck, she played an Italian widow in love with her fiancé's younger brother.[121]تم تصنيف الفيلمين الأخيرين من بين أفضل عشرة أفلام ربحًا لعام 1987 ، في المرتبة العاشرة والخامسة على التوالي. [129]
The New York Times' Janet Maslin wrote Moonstruck "offers further proof that Cher has evolved into the kind of larger-than-life movie star who's worth watching whatever she does."[130] For that film, Cher won the Academy Award for Best Actress[131] and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical.[78] By 1988, Cher had become one of the most bankable actresses of the decade, commanding $1 million per film.[121] That year, she released the fragrance Uninhibited, which earned about $15 million in its first year sales.[132]
In 1987, Cher signed with Geffen Records and revived her musical career with what music critics Johnny Danza and Dean Ferguson describe as "her most impressive string of hits to date", establishing her as a "serious rock and roller ... a crown that she'd worked long and hard to capture".[73] Michael Bolton, Jon Bon Jovi, Desmond Child, and Richie Sambora produced her first Geffen album, Cher.[73] Despite facing strong retail and radio airplay resistance upon its release,[133] the album proved to be a commercial success, certified platinum by the RIAA.[69] Cher features the rock ballad "I Found Someone", Cher's first US top-ten single in more than eight years.[73]
By the end of the 1980s, Cher was also receiving attention for her controversial lifestyle, including her tattoos, plastic surgeries, exhibitionist fashion sense, and affairs with younger men.[134] She had romantic relationships with actors Val Kilmer, Eric Stoltz, and Tom Cruise, hockey player Ron Duguay, film producer Josh Donen, Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora, and Rob Camilletti, a bagel baker 18-years her junior whom she dated from 1986 to 1989.[135]
Cher's 19th studio album Heart of Stone (1989) was certified triple platinum by the RIAA.[69] The music video for its second single, "If I Could Turn Back Time",[136] caused controversy due to Cher's performance on the battleship USS Missouri, straddling a cannon,[137] and wearing a leather thong that revealed her tattooed buttocks.[138] The song topped the Australian charts for seven weeks,[136] reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became one of Cher's most successful singles.[23] Other songs from Heart of Stone to reach the US top ten were "After All", a duet with Peter Cetera, and "Just Like Jesse James".[139] At the 1989 People's Choice Awards, Cher won the Favorite All-Around Female Star Award.[140] She embarked on the Heart of Stone Tour in 1989.[141] Most critics liked the tour's nostalgic nature and admired Cher's showmanship.[142] Its parent television special Cher at the Mirage (1991) was filmed during a concert in Las Vegas.[141]
In her first film in three years, Mermaids (1990), Cher paid tribute to her own mother in this story about a woman who moves her two daughters from town to town at the end of a love affair.[124] She clashed with the film's first two directors, Lasse Hallström and Frank Oz, who were replaced by Richard Benjamin.[143] Believing Cher would be the star attraction, the producers allowed her creative control for the film.[144] Mermaids was a box office success and received generally positive reviews.[145][146] One of the two songs Cher recorded for the film's soundtrack, a cover version of Betty Everett's "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)", topped the UK Singles Chart for five weeks.[147][148]
Cher's final studio album for Geffen Records, Love Hurts (1991),[149] stayed at number one in the UK for six weeks and produced the UK top-ten single "Love and Understanding".[148] The album was certified gold by the RIAA.[69] In later years, Cher commented that her Geffen label "hit years" had been especially significant to her, "because I was getting to do songs that I really loved ... songs that really represented me, and they were popular!"[73] She released the exercise book Forever Fit in 1991,[150] followed by the 1992 fitness videos CherFitness: A New Attitude and CherFitness: Body Confidence.[81] She embarked on the Love Hurts Tour during 1992.[151] That year, the UK-only[152] compilation album Greatest Hits: 1965–1992 peaked at number one in the country for seven weeks.[148] It features three new songs: "Oh No Not My Baby", "Whenever You're Near", and "Many Rivers to Cross".[153]
1992–1997: Health and professional struggles, directorial debut
Partially due to her experiences filming Mermaids, Cher turned down leading roles in such films as The War of the Roses and Thelma & Louise.[143] According to Berman, "After the success of Moonstruck, she was so worried about her next career move that she was overly cautious."[154] In the early 1990s, she contracted the Epstein–Barr virus[143] and developed chronic fatigue syndrome, which left her too exhausted to sustain her music and film careers.[155] Because she needed to earn money and was not healthy enough to work on other projects, she starred in infomercials launching health, beauty, and diet products,[156] which earned her close to $10 million in fees.[157] The skits were parodied on Saturday Night Live[158] and critics considered them a sellout,[157] many suggesting her film career was over.[159] She told Ladies' Home Journal, "Suddenly I became the Infomercial Queen and it didn't occur to me that people would focus on that and strip me of all my other things."[156]
Cher made cameo appearances in the Robert Altman films The Player (1992) and Prêt-à-Porter (1994).[151] In 1994, she started a mail-order catalogue business, Sanctuary, selling Gothic-themed products,[160] and contributed a rock version of "I Got You Babe" to MTV's animated series Beavis and Butt-head.[161] Alongside Chrissie Hynde, Neneh Cherry, and Eric Clapton, she topped the UK Singles Chart in 1995 with the charity single "Love Can Build a Bridge".[162] Later that year, she signed with Warner Music UK's label WEA and released the album It's a Man's World (1995), which came out of her idea of covering men's songs from a woman's point of view.[149] In general, critics favored the album and its R&B influences, some saying her voice had improved.[163] Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that "From an artistic standpoint, this soulful collection of grown-up pop songs ... is the high point of her recording career."[164] It's a Man's World reached number 10 on the UK Albums Chart and spawned the UK top-ten single "One by One".[148] تم إعادة مزج المقاطع الصوتية للإصدار الأمريكي للألبوم ، متخليًا عن صوت الروك الأصلي الخاص به لصالح أسلوب يمكن الوصول إليه بسهولة أكبر للراديو الأمريكي. [165] فشل الإصدار الأمريكي تجاريًا ، حيث وصل إلى رقم 64 على بيلبورد 200. [166]
في عام 1996 ، لعبت شير دور زوجة رجل أعمال يستأجر قاتل محترف لقتلها في فيلم الكوميديا السوداء شاز بالمينتيري Faithful . على الرغم من أن الفيلم تلقى آراء سلبية من النقاد ، فقد تم الإشادة بشير لدورها ؛ [167] نيويورك تايمز " كتبت جانيت ماسلين أنها" لا لعبة لها أفضل لإيجاد إمكانيات كوميدية في دور الضحية ". [168] رفض شير الترويج للفيلم ، مدعيا أنه "فظيع". [143] ظهرت لأول مرة في الإخراج مع مقطع في مختارات بعنوان الإجهاض إذا كانت هذه الجدران يمكن أن تتحدث (1996) ، والتي لعبت فيها دور البطولة كطبيبة قتلت على يد متعصب مناهض للإجهاض. [163] It drew the highest ratings for an original HBO movie to date, registering an 18.7 rating with a 25 share in HBO homes and attracting 6.9 million viewers.[169][170] Her music played a large role in the American TV series The X-Files episode "The Post-Modern Prometheus", which aired in November 1997.[171] Written for her,[172] it tells the story of a scientist's grotesque creature who adores Cher because of her role in Mask, in which her character cares for her disfigured son.[173]
1998–1999: Death of Sonny Bono, fourth musical comeback
Following Sonny Bono's death in a skiing accident in 1998, Cher delivered a tearful eulogy at his funeral, calling him "the most unforgettable character" she had met.[174] She paid tribute to him by hosting the CBS special Sonny & Me: Cher Remembers, which aired on May 20, 1998.[175] That month, Sonny and Cher received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Television.[176] Later that year, Cher published The First Time, a collection of autobiographical essays of "first-time" events in her life, which critics praised as down-to-earth and genuine.[177] Although the manuscript was almost finished when Sonny died, she could not decide whether to include his death in the book; she feared being criticized for capitalizing on the event. She told Rolling Stone, "I couldn't ignore it, could I? I might have if I cared more about what people think than what I know is right for me."[178]
Cher's 22nd studio album Believe (1998) marked a musical departure for her, as it comprises dance-pop songs, many of which capture the "disco-era essence"; Cher said, "It's not that I think this is a '70s album ... but there's a thread, a consistency running through it that I love.'"[73] Believe was certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA[69] and went on to be certified gold or platinum in 39 countries,[179] selling 10 million copies worldwide.[180] The album's title track reached number one in more than 23 countries and sold over 10 million copies worldwide.[181][182] It became the best-selling recording of 1998 and 1999, respectively, in the UK[181] and the US,[183] and Cher's most successful single to date.[184] "Believe" topped the UK Singles Chart for seven weeks and became the biggest-selling single of all time by a female artist in the UK, selling over 1.84 million copies in the country up until October 2018.[185] It also topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for four weeks,[186] selling over 1.8 million units in the US up until December 1999.[187] The song earned Cher the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording[188] and the 1999 Billboard Music Awardلـ Hot 100 أغنية فردية لهذا العام . [189]
On January 31, 1999, Cher performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the Super Bowl XXXIII.[190] Two months later, she sang on the television special VH1 Divas Live 2, which attracted 19.4 million viewers.[191] According to VH1, it was the most popular, and most watched program in the television network's history, as Cher's presence was "a huge part of making it exactly that."[192] The Do You Believe? tour ran from 1999 to 2000 and was sold out in every American city in which it was booked,[193] amassing a global audience of more than 1.5 million.[194] Its companion television special, Cher: Live in Concert – From the MGM Grand in Las Vegas (1999), was the highest rated original HBO program in 1998–99,[195] registering a 9.0 rating among adults 18 to 49 and a 13.0 rating in the HBO universe of about 33 million homes.[196] Capitalizing on the success of "Believe", Cher's former record company Geffen Records released in April 1999 the US-only compilation album If I Could Turn Back Time: Cher's Greatest Hits, which features the previously unreleased song "Don't Come Cryin' to Me".[197] It was certified gold by the RIAA.[69] Seven months later, Cher released the compilation album The Greatest Hits, which sold three million copies outside of the US up until January 2000.[194]
Cher was named the number-one dance artist of 1999 by Billboard.[183] At the 1999 World Music Awards, she received the Legend Award for her "lifelong contribution to the music industry".[198] Her next film, Franco Zeffirelli's Tea with Mussolini (1999),[199] received generally positive reviews,[200] and she earned critical acclaim for her performance as a rich, flamboyant American socialite whose visit to Italy is not welcome among the Englishwomen; one reviewer from Film Comment wrote, "It is only after she appears that you realize how sorely she's been missed from movie screens! For Cher is a star. That is, she manages the movie star trick of being at once a character and at the same time never allowing you to forget: that's Cher."[201]
2000–2009: Touring success, retirement, Vegas residency
Not.com.mercial (2000) was written mostly by Cher after she had attended a songwriters' conference in 1994; it marked her first attempt at writing most of the tracks for an album. As the album was rejected by her record label for being uncommercial, she chose to sell it only on her website. In the song "Sisters of Mercy", she criticized as "cruel, heartless and wicked" the nuns who prevented her mother from retrieving her from a Catholic orphanage. The Catholic church denounced the song.[202]
Cher's highly anticipated dance-oriented follow-up to Believe,[203] Living Proof (2001), entered the Billboard 200 at number nine[204] and was certified gold by the RIAA.[69] The album includes the UK top-ten single "The Music's No Good Without You"[148] and "Song for the Lonely", the latter song dedicated to "the courageous people of New York" following the September 11 attacks.[203] In May 2002, she performed during the benefit concert VH1 Divas Las Vegas.[205] At the 2002 Billboard Music Awards, she won the Dance/Club Play Artist of the Year Award and was presented with the Artist Achievement Award by Steven Tyler for having "helped redefine popular music with massive success on the Billboard charts".[206][207] That year, her wealth was estimated at $600 million.[208]
In June 2002, Cher embarked on the Living Proof: The Farewell Tour,[209] announced as the final live concert tour of her career, although she vowed to continue making records and films.[210] The show highlighted her successes in music, television, and film, featuring video clips from the 1960s onwards and an elaborate backdrop and stage set-up.[211]
Initially scheduled for 49 shows,[212] the worldwide tour was extended several times. By October 2003, it had become the most successful tour ever by a woman, grossing $145 million from 200 shows and playing to 2.2 million fans.[213] A collection of live tracks taken from the tour was released in 2003 as the album Live! The Farewell Tour.[214] The NBC special Cher – The Farewell Tour (2003) attracted 17 million viewers.[215] It was the highest rated network-TV concert special of 2003[216] and earned Cher the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Special.[217]
After leaving Warner UK in 2002, Cher signed a worldwide deal with the US division of Warner Bros. Records in September 2003.[218] The Very Best of Cher (2003), a greatest-hits collection that surveys her entire career, peaked at number four on the Billboard 200[219] and was certified double platinum by the RIAA.[69] She played herself in the Farrelly brothers comedy Stuck on You (2003), mocking her public image as she appears in bed with a much younger boyfriend.[220]
Cher's 326-date Farewell Tour ended in 2005 as one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time, seen by over 3.5 million fans and earning $250 million.[221] After three years of retirement,[222] she began in 2008 a three-year, 200-performance residency at the Colosseum at Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, for which she earned a reported $60 million.[223] Titled Cher, the production featured state-of-the-art video and special effects, elaborate set designs,[224] 14 dancers, four aerialists and more than 20 costume changes.[225]
2010–2017: Burlesque, return to music and touring
In Burlesque (2010), Cher's first musical film since 1967's Good Times, the actress plays a nightclub impresario whom a young Hollywood hopeful is looking to impress. One of the two songs she recorded for the film's soundtrack, the power ballad "You Haven't Seen the Last of Me",[226] reached number one on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart in January 2011, making Cher the only artist to date to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in six consecutive decades, from the 1960s to the 2010s.[227] In November 2010, she received the honor of placing her handprints and footprints in cement in the courtyard in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.[228] The next year, she lent her voice to Janet the Lioness in the comedy Zookeeper.[229] Dear Mom, Love Cher, a documentary she produced about her mother Georgia Holt, aired on Lifetime in May 2013.[230]
Closer to the Truth, Cher's 25th studio album and the first since 2001's Living Proof, entered the Billboard 200 at number three in October 2013, her highest position on that chart to date.[37] Michael Andor Brodeur of The Boston Globe commented that "Cher's 'Goddess of Pop' sash remains in little danger of undue snatching; at 67, she sounds more convincing than J-Lo or Madonna reporting from 'the club'".[231] Cher premiered the lead single "Woman's World" on the season four finale of the talent show The Voice, her first live TV performance in over a decade.[230] انضمت لاحقًا إلى الموسم الخامس من البرنامج كمستشار لفريقالقاضي بليك شيلتون . [232]
On June 30, 2013, Cher headlined the annual Dance on the Pier benefit, celebrating Gay Pride day. It became the event's first sellout in five years.[233] In November 2013, she appeared as a guest performer and judge on the seventeenth season of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, during its eighth week, which was dedicated to her.[234] She embarked on the Dressed to Kill Tour in March 2014, nearly a decade after announcing her "farewell tour".[235] She quipped about that fact during the shows, saying this would actually be her last farewell tour while crossing fingers.[236] The tour's first leg, which included 49 sold-out shows in North America, grossed $54.9 million.[235] In November 2014, she cancelled all remaining dates due to an infection that affected kidney function.[237]
On May 7, 2014, Cher confirmed a collaboration with American hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan on their album Once Upon a Time in Shaolin. Credited as Bonnie Jo Mason, she uses an alias of hers originated in 1964.[238] Only one copy of the album has been produced, and it was sold by online auction in November 2015.[239] It is the most expensive single album ever sold.[240] After appearing as Marc Jacobs' guest at the 2015 Met Gala, Cher posed for his brand's fall/winter advertising campaign.[241] The fashion designer stated, "This has been a dream of mine for a very, very long time."[242]
Classic Cher, a three-year concert residency at both the Park Theater at Monte Carlo Resort and Casino, Las Vegas, and The Theater at MGM National Harbor, Washington, opened in February 2017.[243] At the 2017 Billboard Music Awards, Cher performed "Believe" and "If I Could Turn Back Time", her first awards show performance in more than 15 years, and was presented with the Billboard Icon Award by Gwen Stefani, who called her "a role model for showing us how to be strong and true to ourselves [and] the definition of the word Icon."[244]
2018 إلى الوقت الحاضر: العودة إلى الفيلم ، Dancing Queen ، المشاريع القادمة
In 2018, Cher returned to film for the romantic musical comedy film Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. New York magazine's Viviana Olen and Matt Harkins commented that "it's only at the climax of the movie when its true promise is fulfilled: Cher arrives ... It becomes clear that every single movie—no matter how flawless—would be infinitely better if it included Cher."[245] She stars as Ruby Sheridan, who is the grandmother of Sophie, played by Amanda Seyfried, and the mother of Donna, portrayed by Meryl Streep.[246] Cher recorded two ABBA songs for the film's soundtrack: "Fernando" and "Super Trouper".[247] Björn Ulvaeus of ABBA commented, "She makes Fernando her own. It's her song now."[248]
On March 4, 2018, Cher headlined the 40th Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Tickets sold out within three hours after she hinted her performance on her Twitter account.[249] In September 2018, Cher embarked on the Here We Go Again Tour.[250]
While promoting Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, Cher confirmed she was working on an album that would feature cover versions of songs from ABBA.[251] The album, Dancing Queen, was released on September 28, 2018.[252] Brittany Spanos from Rolling Stone commented that "the 72-year-old makes ABBA songs not only sound like they should've been written for her in the first place but like they firmly belong in 2018".[253] Marc Snetiker from Entertainment Weekly called it Cher's "most significant release since 1998's Believe" and noted that "the album ender, 'One of Us', is frankly one of Cher's best recordings in years."[254] Dancing Queen debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, tying with 2013's Closer to the Truth for Cher's highest-charting solo album in the US. With first-week sales of 153,000 units, it earned the year's biggest sales week for a pop album by a female artist, as well as Cher's largest sales week since 1991. Dancing Queen also topped Billboard's Top Album Sales chart, making it Cher's first number-one album on that chart.[255]
The Cher Show, a jukebox musical based on Cher's life and music, officially premiered at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago, on June 28, 2018, and played through July 15.[256] It began Broadway previews November 1, with its official opening on December 3, 2018. Written by Rick Elice, it features three actresses playing Cher during different stages of her life.[257] The Cher Show is set to launch a US tour in 2021 after being postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[258]
On December 2, 2018, Cher received a Kennedy Center Honors prize, the annual Washington distinction for artists who have made extraordinary contributions to culture.[259] The ceremony featured tribute performances by Cyndi Lauper, Little Big Town and Adam Lambert.[260] During 2018, Cher used Twitter to announce she was working on four new projects for the next two years: a Christmas album;[261] a second album of ABBA covers;[261] an autobiography;[262] and a biographical film about her life.[262]
In October 2019, Cher launched a new perfume, Cher Eau de Couture, which was four years in the making. Described as "genderless", it is Cher's second fragrance after 1987's Uninhibited.[263] On February 4, 2020, Cher was announced as the new face of fashion brand Dsquared2.[264] She starred in the brand's spring/summer advertising campaign, which was directed by photographers Mert and Marcus.[265] In May, Cher released her first Spanish-language song, a cover of ABBA's "Chiquitita". Proceeds from the single were donated to UNICEF following the COVID-19 pandemic.[266] In November, Cher spawned a UK top-ten single as part of the charity supergroup BBC Radio 2 Allstars with "Stop Crying Your Heart Out", an Oasis cover recorded in support of BBC's Children in Need charity.[267][268]
Cher appeared in a voice-over role as a bobblehead version of herself in the animated feature film Bobbleheads: The Movie (2020).[269] The same year, she was featured on The New York Times Magazine's list of "The Best Actors of 2020",[270] the first time an actor not in a current-year theatrical release made it on the annual list;[271] film critics Wesley Morris and A. O. Scott commented, "Cher's radiant performance in Moonstruck warmed us in quarantine."[270]
Artistry
Music and voice
Cher has employed various musical styles, including folk rock, pop rock, power ballads, disco, new wave music, rock music, punk rock, arena rock, and hip hop;[273] she said she has done this to "remain relevant and do work that strikes a chord".[274] Her music has mainly dealt with themes of heartbreak, independence, and self-empowerment for women; by doing so, she became "a brokenhearted symbol of a strong but decidedly single woman", according to Out magazine's Judy Wieder.[275] Goldmine magazine's Phill Marder credited Cher's "nearly flawless" song selection as what made her a notorious rock singer; while several of her early songs were penned by or sung with Sonny Bono, most of her solo successes, which outnumbered Sonny and Cher's successes, were composed by independent songwriters, selected by Cher.[276] Not.com.mercial (2000), Cher's first album mostly written by herself, presents a "1970s singer-songwriter feel" that proves "Cher adept in the role of storyteller", according to AllMusic's Jose F. Promis.[277]
Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times writes, "There were a lot of great records by female singers in the early days of rock ... None, however, reflected the authority and command that we associate with rock 'n' roll today as much as [Cher's] key early hits".[278] Some of Cher's early songs discuss subjects rarely addressed in American popular music such as divorce, prostitution, unplanned and underaged pregnancy, and racism.[276] According to AllMusic's Joe Viglione, the 1972 single "The Way of Love" is "either about a woman expressing her love for another woman, or a woman saying au revoir to a gay male she loved" ("What will you do/When he sets you free/Just the way that you/Said good-bye to me"). Her ability to carry both male and female ranges allowed her to sing solo in androgynous and gender-neutral songs.[279]
Cher has a contralto singing voice,[280] described by author Nicholas E. Tawa as "bold, deep, and with a spacious vibrato".[273] Ann Powers of The New York Times called it "a quintessential rock voice: impure, quirky, a fine vehicle for projecting personality."[281] AllMusic's Bruce Eder wrote that the "tremendous intensity and passion" of Cher's vocals coupled with her "ability to meld that projection with her acting skills" can provide "an incredibly powerful experience for the listener."[282] The Guardian's Laura Snapes described her voice as "miraculous ... capable of conveying vulnerability, vengeance and pain all at once".[283] Paul Simpson, in his book The Rough Guide to Cult Pop (2003), posits that "Cher [is] the possessor of one of the huskiest, most distinctive voices in pop ... which can work wonders with the right material directed by the right producer".[284] He further addresses the believability of her vocal performances: "she spits out the words ... with such conviction you'd think she was delivering an eternal truth about the human condition".[284]
Writing about Cher's musical output during the 1960s, Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times stated that "Rock was subsequently blessed with the staggering blues exclamations of Janis Joplin in the late '60s and the raw poetic force of Patti Smith in the mid-'70s. Yet no one matched the pure, seductive wallop of Cher".[278] By contrast, her vocal performances during the 1970s were described by Eder as "dramatic, highly intense ... [and] almost as much 'acted' as sung".[18] First heard in the 1980 record Black Rose,[285] Cher employed sharper, more aggressive vocals on her hard rock-oriented albums, establishing her sexually confident image.[286] For the 1995 album It's a Man's World, she restrained her vocals, singing in higher registers and without vibrato.[149]
The 1998 song "Believe" has an electronic vocal effect proposed by Cher,[274] and was the first commercial recording to feature Auto-Tune—an audio processor originally intended to disguise or correct off-key inaccuracies in vocal music recordings—as a deliberate creative effect. According to Rolling Stone's Christopher R. Weingarten, the "producers ... used the pitch correction software not as a way to fix mistakes in Cher's iconic voice, but as an aesthetic tool."[287] After the success of the song, the technique became known as the "Cher effect"[272] and has since been widely used in popular music.[288] Cher continued to use Auto-Tune on the albums Living Proof (2001),[289] Closer to the Truth (2013),[290] and Dancing Queen (2018).[254]
In a 2013 interview with the Toronto Sun, Cher reflected on how her voice has evolved throughout her career, becoming stronger and suppler over the years. She said working with vocal coaches had made a significant difference: "It's so freaky because people my age are having to lose notes and I'm gaining notes, so that's pretty shocking."[291]
Films, videos, and stage
كتبت باربرا ويكنز من مجلة ماكلين : "لقد برزت شير على الأرجح باعتبارها النجمة السينمائية الأكثر روعة في جيلها ... [لأنها] تمكنت في الحال من أن تكون صادمة بجرأة وغامضة في نهاية المطاف." [292] يعزوالناقد السينمائي في نيويورك بوست ديفيد إدلشتاين "جودة النجوم العالية المستوى" لشير إلى قدرتها على إظهار "الصدق والقسوة والعاطفية. إنها ترتدي ضعفها على جعبتها." [292] كتب جيف ياربرو من The Advocate أن شير كانت "واحدة من أوائل النجوم الذين" لعبوا مثليًا "بتعاطف وبدون أي تلميح من التنميط" ، حيث صورت مثلية في فيلم سيلكوود عام 1983. [293]
الكاتب ايفون تاسكر ، في كتابها بنات العمل: الجنس والجنسية في السينما الشعبية (2002)، وتلاحظ أن شير في فيلم أدوار في كثير من الأحيان المرايا صورتها العامة كما المتمردة، مستقلة عن طريق الاتصال الجنسي، و عصامي امرأة. [294] في أفلامها، وقالت انها تخدم متكرر كوسيط اجتماعي لشخصيات الذكور المحرومين، مثل إريك ستولتز الصورة Craniodiaphyseal النمو الشاذ ضحية في قناع (1985)، ليام نيسون الصورة المخضرم بلا مأوى والبكم في المشتبه به (1987)، و نيكولاس كيج خباز منعزل اجتماعياً بيد خشبية في Moonstruck (1987). [295]كتبت الناقد السينمائي كاثلين رو عن Moonstruck أن تصوير شخصية شير على أنها "امرأة في القمة" [] تعززه الشخصية النجمية الجامحة التي يجلبها شير إلى الجزء ". [296]
ل معتوه ، في المرتبة شير 1 على لوحة " قائمة الصورة كتاب" أفضل 100 بالإنابة الأداء من قبل الموسيقيين في أفلام "، ووصف أداءه بأنه" المعيار الذي كنت عقليا تحقق من كل الآخرين ". [297] تم الاعتراف بمونستروك من قبل المعهد الأمريكي للأفلام باعتباره ثامن أفضل فيلم كوميدي رومانسي على الإطلاق. [298]
تنعكس صورة شير العامة أيضًا في مقاطع الفيديو الموسيقية والعروض الحية ، حيث "تعلق مرارًا وتكرارًا على بنائها الخاص ، وعلى بحثها عن الكمال وعلى أداء الجسد الأنثوي" ، كتب تاسكر. [299] على عكس الأعمال الأخرى في ذلك الوقت ، والتي غالبًا ما تضمنت داعمات تقلد أداء المغنية ، تستخدم شير راقصًا يرتدي زيها في فيديو الحفلة الموسيقية عام 1992 Cher at the Mirage ؛ [299] علقت المؤلفة ديان نيجرا ، "في التصريح بالاقتباس الخاص بها ، تعترف شير بنفسها على أنها إنتاج خيالي ، وتقدم لجمهورها تعددية ممتعة." [300] جيمس سوليفان من سان فرانسيسكو كرونيكل wrote that "Cher is well aware that her chameleonic glitz set the stage for the current era of stadium-size razzle-dazzle. She's comfortable enough to see such imitation as flattery, not theft."[301] American singer Pink, who is recognized by her acrobatic stage presence, started studying Aerial silks after watching Cher's Living Proof: The Farewell Tour in 2004.[302]
احتلت شير المرتبة 17 على قائمة VH1 "لأعظم 50 امرأة في عصر الفيديو". [303] يتضمن فيديو 1980 لـ " Hell on Wheels " تقنيات سينمائية [304] وكان من أوائل مقاطع الفيديو الموسيقية على الإطلاق. [305] اعتبرت "مثيرة للجدل" لأدائها على متن البارجة يو إس إس ميسوري ، على جانبي المدفع ، [137] وارتداء ثونج جلدي كشف عن أردافها الموشومة ، [138] الفيديو الموسيقي لعام 1989 لـ " إذا كان بإمكاني الرجوع إلى الوراء " كان أول من حظرته MTV على الإطلاق. [299]
الصورة العامة
موضة
Time magazine's Cady Lang described Cher as a "cultural phenomenon [who] has forever changed the way we see celebrity fashion."[306] Cher emerged as a fashion trendsetter in the 1960s, popularizing "hippie fashion with bell-bottoms, bandanas, and Cherokee-inspired tunics".[307] She began working as a model in 1967 for photographer Richard Avedon after then-Vogue magazine editor Diana Vreeland discovered her at a party for Jacqueline Kennedy that year.[307] Avedon took the controversial photo of Cher in a beaded and feathered nude gown designed by Bob Mackie for the cover of Time magazine in 1975;[308] Billboard magazine's Brooke Mazurek described it as "one of the most recreated and monumental looks of all time."[309] Cher first wore the gown to the 1974 Met Gala. According to Vogue magazine's André Leon Talley, "it was really the first time a Hollywood celebrity attended, and it changed everything. We are still seeing versions of that look on The Met red carpet 40 years later."[309] Billboard wrote that Cher has "transformed fashion and [become] one of the most influential style icons in red carpet history".[309]
لها من خلال 1970s البرامج التلفزيونية، أصبح شير و رمز الجنس معها مبتكرة وملابس مصممة مكي كاشفة، وحارب الرقابة شبكة لالعارية لها السرة . [134] على الرغم من أن شير نُسبت خطأً إلى كونها أول امرأة تعرض سرتها على شاشة التلفزيون (على سبيل المثال Nichelle Nichols و BarBara Luna و Diana Ewing في المسلسل التلفزيوني Star Trek في الستينيات ) ، [310] كانت الأكثر شهرة في القيام بذلك [311] منذ إنشاء مدونة الممارسات الأمريكية للمذيعين التلفزيونيين في عام 1951 ، [312] والتي دفعت مراقبي الشبكة إلى حظر عرض السرة على التلفزيون الأمريكي.[313] People dubbed Cher the "pioneer of the belly beautiful".[314] In 1972, after she was featured on the annual "Best Dressed Women" lists, Mackie stated: "There hasn't been a girl like Cher since Dietrich and Garbo. She's a high-fashion star who appeals to people of all ages."[315]
In May 1999, after the Council of Fashion Designers of America recognized Cher with an award for her influence on fashion, Robin Givhan of the Los Angeles Times called her a "fashion visionary" for "striking just the right note of contemporary wretched excess".[316] Givhan referenced Tom Ford, Anna Sui and Dolce & Gabbana as "[i]nfluential designers [who] have evoked her name as a source of inspiration and guidance."[316] She concluded that "Cher's Native American showgirl sexpot persona now seems to epitomize the fashion industry's rush to celebrate ethnicity, adornment and sex appeal."[316] Vogue proclaimed Cher "[their] favorite fashion trendsetter" and wrote that "[she] set the grounds for pop stars and celebrities today", describing her as "[e]ternally relevant [and] the ruler of outré reinvention".[317] Alexander Fury of The Independent lauded Cher as "the ultimate fashion icon" and traced her influence among female celebrities such as Beyoncé, Jennifer Lopez, and Kim Kardashian, stating that "[t]hey all graduated from the Cher school of never sharing the stage, with anyone, or anything ... They're trying to share the spotlight, to have Cher's success."[318]
Physical appearance
جذبت شير انتباه وسائل الإعلام لمظهرها الجسدي - لا سيما مظهرها الشاب والوشم. كثيرا ما أطلق عليها الصحفيون لقب "الفتاة الملصقة" لجراحة التجميل. [319] المؤلف جرانت مكراكين ، في كتابه التحولات: بناء الهوية في الثقافة المعاصرة (2008) ، يقارن بين جراحات شير التجميلية والتحولات في حياتها المهنية: "الجراحة التجميلية التي أجرتها ليست مجرد تجميل. فوق القمة ... انخرطت شير في تقنية تحويلية مثيرة ولا رجعة فيها. " [319] كارولين رمضان أوغلو ، مؤلفة كتاب "ضد فوكو: استكشافات لبعض التوترات بين فوكو والنسوية" (1993), wrote that "Cher's operations have gradually replaced a strong, decidedly 'ethnic' look with a more symmetrical, delicate, 'conventional' ... and ever-youthful version of female beauty ... Her normalised image ... now acts as a standard against which other women will measure, judge, discipline and 'correct' themselves."[320]
Cher has six tattoos. The Baltimore Sun called her the "Ms. Original Rose Tattoo".[321] She got her first tattoo in 1972.[321] According to Sonny Bono, "Calling her butterfly tattoos nothing was like ignoring a sandstorm in the Mojave. That was exactly the effect Cher wanted to create. She liked to do things for the shock they created. She still does. She'll create some controversy and then tell her critics to stick it."[322] In the late 1990s, she began having laser treatments to remove her tattoos.[323] The process was still underway in the 2000s. She commented, "When I got tattooed, only bad girls did it: me and Janis Joplin and biker chicks. Now it doesn't mean anything. No one's surprised."[324]
In 1992, Madame Tussauds wax museum honored Cher as one of the five "most beautiful women of history" by creating a life-size statue.[325] She was ranked 26th on VH1's list of the "100 Sexiest Artists" published in 2002.[326]
كان شير مصدر إلهام لـ Mother Gothel ، وهي شخصية خيالية ظهرت في فيلم الرسوم المتحركة الطويل Tangled (2010) من Walt Disney Pictures . مدير بايرون هوارد أوضح أن ظهور الغريبة Gothel، والذي الجمال، والظلام شعر مجعد والشكل حسي صممت عمدا لتكون بمثابة احباط ل رابونزيل الصورة، واستند على المظهر "الغريبة والقوطية تبحث" شير، واستمرار هذا المغني "كان بالتأكيد أحد الأشخاص الذين نظرنا إليهم بصريًا ، بقدر ما يمنحك شخصية ملفتة للنظر ". [327]
وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي
استمد وجود شير على وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي تحليلات من الصحفيين. [328] أطلق عليها تايم لقب "المعلق الأكثر صراحة (والمحبوب) على تويتر". [306] أثنت جينا وورثام ، كاتبة نيويورك تايمز ، على شير لاستخدامها لوسائل التواصل الاجتماعي ، قائلة: "يشعر معظم المشاهير بالوعي الذاتي والعطش بشكل مؤلم ... آخر مستخدم تويتر رفيع المستوى لم يتم إعادة بنائه للوقوف على منبرها الرقمي والصراخ (إلى حد ما) بشكل غير مفهوم ، ويتم مكافأته على ذلك. غالبًا ما يتم تنسيق الأساطير عبر الإنترنت والأصالة بعناية. تزدهر شير على نسخة من العري والصدق التي نادرًا ما يتم الاحتفال بها في نظر الجمهور ". [329] مونيكا هيسي من صحيفة الغارديان described Cher's Twitter account as "a jewel in the bizarro crown of the internet", and remarked, "While many celebrities use Twitter for carefully crafted self-promotion, Cher just lets it all hang out."[330]
As a gay icon
The reverence held for Cher by members of the LGBT community has been attributed to her career accomplishments, her sense of style, and her longevity.[331] Cher is considered a gay icon, and has often been imitated by drag queens.[332] According to Salon magazine's Thomas Rogers, "[d]rag queens imitate women like Judy Garland, Dolly Parton and Cher because they overcame insult and hardship on their path to success, and because their narratives mirror the pain that many gay men suffer on their way out of the closet."[332] According to Maclean'sمجلة Elio Iannacci ، Cher كانت "واحدة من أوائل من جلبوا السحب للجماهير" ، حيث استأجرت اثنين من ملكات السحب لأداء معها في مقر إقامتها في لاس فيغاس في عام 1979. [333] دور شير كمثلية في فيلم سيلكوود ، بالإضافة إلى انتقالها إلى موسيقى الرقص والنشاط الاجتماعي ، فقد ساهمت أيضًا في أن تصبح رمزًا للمثليين. [334] اعترفت Will & Grace في المسلسل الهزلي على شبكة إن بي سي بوضع شير بجعلها معبودة لشخصية المثليين جاك ماكفارلاند . لعبت شير دور البطولة مرتين في البرنامج ، في عام 2000 - مما جعل الحلقة " Gypsies، Tramps and Weed " (سميت على اسم أغنيتها عام 1971 "Gypsys، Tramps & Thieves") ويل & جريس's second-highest rating ever—[335] and 2002.[336]
Other interests
Philanthropy
Cher's primary philanthropic endeavors have included support of health research and patients' quality of life, anti-poverty initiatives, veterans rights, and vulnerable children.[337] The Cher Charitable Foundation supports international projects such as the Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund, Operation Helmet, and the Children's Craniofacial Association.[338]
Children
ابتداءً من عام 1990 ، عملت شير كمانحة ورئيسة وطنية ومتحدثًا فخريًا لجمعية الأطفال القحفي الوجهي ، التي تتمثل مهمتها في "تمكين الأطفال المشوهين وعائلاتهم وإعطاء الأمل لهم". [337] يقام منتجع Cher's Family Retreat السنوي في شهر يونيو من كل عام لتوفير فرصة لمرضى الجمجمة وإخوتهم وأولياء أمورهم للتفاعل مع الآخرين الذين مروا بتجارب مماثلة. إنها تدعم وتعزز Get A-Head Charitable Trust ، والتي تهدف إلى تحسين نوعية الحياة للأشخاص الذين يعانون من أمراض الرأس والرقبة. [337]
Cher is a donor, fundraiser, and international spokesperson for Keep a Child Alive, an organization that seeks to accelerate action to combat the AIDS pandemic, including the provision of antiretroviral medicine to children and their families with HIV/AIDS.[337] In 1996, she hosted the American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) Benefit alongside Elizabeth Taylor at the Cannes Film Festival.[339] In 2015, she received the amfAR Award of Inspiration for "her willingness and ability to use her fame for the greater good" and for being "one of the great champions in the fight against AIDS".[340]
In 2007, Cher became the primary supporter of the Peace Village School (PVS) in Ukunda, Kenya, which "provides nutritious food, medical care, education and extracurricular activities for more than 300 orphans and vulnerable children, ages 2 to 13 years."[337] Her support enabled the school to acquire land and build permanent housing and school facilities, and in partnership with Malaria No More and other organizations, she piloted an effort to eliminate malaria mortality and morbidity for the children, their caregivers and the surrounding community.[337]
Soldiers and veterans
كان شير مؤيدًا صريحًا للجنود الأمريكيين وقدامى المحاربين العائدين. وقد ساهمت الموارد اللازمة لعملية الخوذة، وهي المنظمة التي تقدم خوذة مجانا مجموعات الترقية للقوات في العراق و أفغانستان . وقد ساهمت في صندوق Intrepid Fallen Heroes ، الذي يخدم العسكريين الذين أصيبوا بإعاقة في العمليات في العراق وأفغانستان ، والذين أصيبوا بجروح خطيرة في عمليات أخرى. [337] في عام 1993 ، شاركت في جهد إنساني في أرمينيا ، حيث نقلت المواد الغذائية والإمدادات الطبية إلى المنطقة التي مزقتها الحرب . [341]
فقر
شارك شير في بناء منازل مع موئل من أجل الإنسانية وشغل منصب الرئيس الفخري الوطني لمبادرة القضاء على الفقر في الموئل "رفع السقف" ، وهي محاولة لإشراك الفنانين في عمل المنظمة أثناء القيام بجولة. [337]
بيئة
In 2016, after the discovery of lead contamination in the drinking water of Flint, Michigan, Cher donated more than 180,000 bottles of water to the city as part of a partnership with Icelandic Glacial.[342] The next year, Cher weighed in on the need to protect elder rights as she executive produced Edith+Eddie, a documentary about a nonagenarian interracial couple. It received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject).[343]
COVID-19
Following the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020, Cher launched the CherCares Pandemic Resource and Response Initiative (CCPRRI) alongside Dr. Irwin Redlener, the head of Columbia University's Pandemic Resource and Response Center. The charity's initial plan is to distribute $1 million to "chronically neglected and forgotten people" during the pandemic through the Entertainment Industry Foundation (EIF). Cher told Billboard, "There are rural areas where people of color and Latinos and Native Americans were getting no services. It's not a lot of money — $1 million goes in the blink of an eyelash! — so now I'm trying to get my friends to make it a lot more so we can do something that will really meet people's needs. A friend once told me, 'When people walk in your path, then you know what you have to do.'"[266]
Animal rights
In November 2020, Cher joined Four Paws International and traveled to Pakistan to advocate for and work with the country's government to have Kaavan, an elephant who had been confined to a zoo for 35 years, transferred to a sanctuary in Cambodia.[344]
LGBT rights
ظهر طفل شير الأكبر ، تشاز بونو ، لأول مرة كمثلية في سن 17 ، مما تسبب في شعور شير "بالذنب والخوف والألم". [334] ومع ذلك ، سرعان ما توصلت إلى قبول التوجه الجنسي لشاز ، وتوصلت إلى استنتاج مفاده أن الأشخاص المثليين "ليس لديهم نفس الحقوق مثل أي شخص آخر ، [وهي] تعتقد أن هذا غير عادل". [345] كانت المتحدثة الرئيسية في مؤتمر الآباء والعائلات والأصدقاء للمثليين والمثليات ( PFLAG ) لعام 1997 ، وأصبحت منذ ذلك الحين واحدة من أكثر المدافعين عن مجتمع المثليين . [345] في مايو 1998 ، حصلت على جائزة GLAAD Vanguard Award for having "made a significant difference in promoting equal rights for lesbians and gay men".[346] On June 11, 2009, Chaz came out as a transgender man, and his transition from female to male was legally finalized on May 6, 2010.[51]
Politics
قالت شير إنها ليست ديمقراطية مسجلة ، لكنها حضرت العديد من المؤتمرات والفعاليات الديمقراطية . [347] على مر السنين ، جذبت وجهات نظر شير السياسية اهتمام وسائل الإعلام ، وكانت منتقدة صريحة للحركة المحافظة . وفي مقابلة مع مجلة فانيتي فير ، كانت تنتقد مجموعة متنوعة من الموضوعات السياسية، بما في ذلك السياسيين الجمهوريين مثل سارة بالين و جان بريور . [348] وقد علقت بأنها لا تفهم سبب كون أي شخص جمهوريًا لأن ثماني سنوات تحت إدارة جورج دبليو بوش "كادت تقتل [هي]". [349]
During the 2000 United States presidential election, ABC News wrote that she was determined to do "whatever possible to keep him [Bush] out of office".[347] She told the site, "If you're black in this country if you're a woman in this country, if you are any minority in this country at all, what could possibly possess you to vote Republican? ... You won't have one fucking right left."[347] She added, "I don't like Bush. I don't trust him. I don't like his record. He's stupid. He's lazy."[347]
في 27 أكتوبر 2003 ، اتصلت شير بشكل مجهول ببرنامج هاتف C-SPAN لتروي الزيارة التي قامت بها للجنود المشوهين في مركز والتر ريد الطبي العسكري وانتقدت عدم وجود تغطية إعلامية واهتمام الحكومة بالجنود المصابين. لاحظت أنها تشاهد C-SPAN كل يوم. على الرغم من أنها عرّفت نفسها على أنها فنانة لم تذكر اسمها ، فقد تم التعرف عليها من قبل مضيف C-SPAN ، الذي استجوبها لاحقًا حول دعمها لعام 1992 للمرشح الرئاسي المستقل روس بيرو. She said, "When I heard him talk right in the beginning, I thought that he would bring some sort of common-sense business approach and also less partisanship, but then ... I was completely disappointed like everyone else when he just kind of cut and run and no one knew exactly why ... Maybe he couldn't have withstood all the investigation that goes on now".[350]
On Memorial Day weekend in 2006, Cher called into C-SPAN's Washington Journal endorsing Operation Helmet, a group that provides helmets to help soldiers avoid head injuries while in the war zone.[351] On June 14, 2006, she made a guest appearance on C-SPAN with Dr. Bob Meaders, the founder of Operation Helmet.[352] That year, in an interview with Stars and Stripes, she explained her "against the war in Iraq but for the troops" position: "I don't have to be for this war to support the troops because these men and women do what they think is right. They do what they're told to do. They do it with a really good heart. They do the best they can. They don't ask for anything."[353]
Cher supported Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign.[348] After Obama won the Democratic nomination, she supported his candidacy on radio[354] and TV programs.[355] However, in a 2010 interview with Vanity Fair, she commented that she "still thinks Hillary would have done a better job", although she "accepts the fact that Barack Obama inherited insurmountable problems".[348] During the 2012 United States presidential election, Cher and comedian Kathy Griffin released a public service announcement titled "Don't Let Mitt Turn Back Time on Women's Rights". In the PSA, the pair criticized Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney for his support of Richard Mourdock, the US Senate candidate who suggested that pregnancies resulting from rape were "part of God's plan".[356]
In September 2013, Cher declined an invitation to perform at the 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Russia due to the country's controversial anti-gay legislation that overshadowed preparations for the event.[357] In June 2015, after Donald Trump announced his candidacy for president, she made a series of critical comments on Twitter, stating that "Donald Trump's punishment is being Donald Trump".[358] In October 2018, after the victory in Brazil's presidential election of right-wing populist Jair Bolsonaro, Cher called him a "pig" and "a politician from hell", before declaring that Bolsonaro should be "locked in prison for the rest of his life".[359]
In September 2020, Cher raised nearly $2 million for Joe Biden's presidential campaign at a virtual, LGBTQ-themed fundraiser.[360] In October, she traveled to Nevada and Arizona to campaign on behalf of Biden,[361] and released a cover version of "Happiness is Just a Thing Called Joe", a song conceived for the 1943 musical film Cabin in the Sky, with lyrics updated to be about Biden.[362] The same month, Cher posted messages on Twitter in support of Armenia and Artsakh regarding the Nagorno-Karabakh war. She stated, "We stand with the people of Armenia [and] urge our leaders in Washington to conduct the sustained and rigorous diplomacy necessary to bring peace to the Artsakh region."[363]
Legacy
Rolling Stone's Rob Sheffield stated how "there are no other careers remotely like hers, [particularly] in the history of pop music" and referred to Cher as "the one-woman embodiment of the whole gaudy story of pop music."[364] According to Goldmine magazine's Phill Marder, Cher "has been and remains today one of the Rock Era's most dominant figures".[365] He described her as the leader of an effort in the 1960s to "advance feminine rebellion in the rock world [and] the prototype of the female rock star, setting the standard for appearance, from her early hippie days to her later outlandish outfits, and her attitude—the perfect female punk long before punk even was a rock term."[365] Billboard's Joe Lynch described Cher as "a woman who pioneered an androgynous musical identity in the mid '60s", and who by doing so "teed things up for people like Bowie and Patti Smith".[366]
Billboard's Keith Caulfield wrote that "there's divas, and then there's Cher."[367] The New York Times' Matthew Schneier stated, "[Cher] has earned her mononym. Her star power is such that she has spored an entire industry of imitators, both figurative and literal."[242] Dazed magazine's Shon Faye elaborates: "If Madonna and Lady Gaga and Kylie and Cyndi Lauper were playing football, Cher would be the stadium they played on, and the sun that shone down on them."[368] According to Jeff Miers from The Buffalo News, "Her music has changed with the times over the decades, rather than changing those times through groundbreaking work"; however, he felt that subsequent female pop singers were heavily inspired by Cher's abilities to combine "showmanship with deep musicality ... to make valid statements in a wide variety of trend-driven idioms ... to ease effortlessly between pop subgenres [and] to shock without alienating her fans", as well as by her charismatic stage presence and the strong LGBT support among her fan base.[369]
Cher is commonly referred to by the media as the "Goddess of Pop."[1] Her work in music, film, television, and fashion has influenced artists including Benjamin Francis Leftwich,[370] Betsy,[371] Beyoncé,[372] Bonnie McKee,[373] Britney Spears,[374] Bruno Mars,[375] Christina Aguilera,[376] Cleo,[377] Cyndi Lauper,[369] Drew Barrymore,[378] Dua Lipa,[379] Gwen Stefani,[244] Helena Vondráčková,[380] Jennifer Lopez,[381] Kacey Musgraves,[382] Kanye West,[383] Katy Perry,[309] Lady Gaga,[384][385] Lil' Kim,[386] Lizzo,[387] Miley Cyrus,[388] Paulina Rubio,[389] Pink,[302] Madonna,[369] Marc Jacobs,[242] Ralph,[390] Rihanna,[309] Rita Ora,[391] Rob Halford of Judas Priest,[392] RuPaul,[393] Sarah Paulson,[394] Saweetie,[395] Shirley Manson of Garbage,[396] Taylor Swift,[397] Tina Turner,[398] Tracy Chapman,[399] Troye Sivan,[400] and Zendaya.[401]
Cher has repeatedly reinvented herself through various personas,[402] for which Professor Richard Aquila from Ball State University called her "the ultimate pop chameleon".[403] According to Entertainment Weekly's Marc Snetiker, "Cher has floated through generation after generation, scooping up new fans, thrilling old ones, reinventing her own myth and glittering splendidly through it all."[254] Billboard magazine's Brooke Mazurek credited Cher as having "revolutionized the idea of what a pop star could visually accomplish, the way they could create multiple personas that live on and off-stage."[309] James Reed from The Boston Globe elaborates: "Along with David Bowie, she is one of the original chameleons in pop music, constantly in flux and challenging our perceptions of her[.]"[404] The New York Times declared Cher as the "Queen of the Comeback".[164] According to author Lucy O'Brien, "Cher adheres to the American Dream of reinvention of self: 'Getting old does not have to mean getting obsolete.'"[405]
Author Craig Crawford, in his book The Politics of Life: 25 Rules for Survival in a Brutal and Manipulative World (2007), describes Cher as "a model of flexible career management", and relates her career successes to a constant reshaping of her image according to the evolving trends of popular culture.[406] He further explains that she billed "each dramatic turnaround of style as another example of rebellion—an image that allowed her to make calculated changes while appearing to be consistent."[406] Author Grant McCracken stated, "The term 'reinvention' is now often used to talk about the careers of American celebrities. But in Cher's case, it is particularly apt [because she] is inclined to lock on to each new fashion wave [and] is swept violently down the diffusion stream and out of fashion. Only substantial re-creation permits her to return to stardom."[319] Her "integrity" and "perseverance" are highlighted in the Reaching Your Goals book series of illustrated inspirational stories for children, in which her life is detailed emphasizing the importance of self-actualization: "For years, Cher worked hard to become a successful singer. Then she worked hard to become an actress. Even when she needed money, she turned down movie roles that weren't right for her. Her goal has always been to be a good actress, not just a rich and famous one."[295]
Cher's "ability to forge an immensely successful and lengthy career as a woman in a male-dominated entertainment world"[369] has drawn attention from feminist critics.[407] According to author Diane Negra, Cher was presented in the beginning of her career as a product of male creativity;[408] Cher remembers, "It was a time when girl singers were patted on the head for being good and told not to think".[164] However, her image eventually changed due to her "refusal of dependence on a man and the determination not only to forge a career (as an actor) on her own terms but to refuse the conventional role assigned to women over forty years old in an industry that fetishises youth", wrote author Yvonne Tasker.[409] She was featured in the 16th-anniversary edition of Ms. magazine as an "authentic feminist hero" and a 1980s role model for women: "Cher, the straightforward, tattooed, dyslexic single mother, the first Oscar winner to have entered into matrimony with a known heroin addict and to have admitted to being a fashion victim by choice, has finally landed in an era that's not afraid to applaud real women."[410]
Stephanie Brush from The New York Times wrote, following the telecast of Cher's Oscar win in 1988, that she "performs the function for women moviegoers that Jack Nicholson has always fulfilled for men. Free of the burden of ever having been America's sweetheart, she is the one who represents us [women] in our revenge fantasies, telling all the fatheads ... exactly where they can go. You need to be more than beautiful to get away with this. You need to have been Cher for 40 years."[45] Cher's 1996 interview for Dateline NBC's Jane Pauley became a viral video in 2016; in it, Cher tells the story of her mother asking her to "settle down and marry a rich man," to which Cher replies, "Mom, I am a rich man."[411] Cher's "Mom, I am a rich man" quote was included in Taylor Swift's 2019 music video "You Need to Calm Down". Bustle magazine's Erica Kam commented, "[Cher's quote] puts a spin on typical gender norms ... It would make sense, then, that Swift would want to follow Cher's example."[397]
Alec Mapa of The Advocate elaborates: "While the rest of us were sleeping, Cher's been out there for the last four decades living out every single one of our childhood fantasies ... Cher embodies an unapologetic freedom and fearlessness that some of us can only aspire to."[331] Rolling Stone's Jancee Dunn wrote, "Cher is the coolest woman who ever stood in shoes. Why? Because her motto is, 'I don't give a shit what you think, I'm going to wear this multicolored wig.' There are folks all over America who would, in their heart of hearts, love to date people half their age, get multiple tattoos and wear feathered headdresses. Cher does it for us."[412] Alexander Fury of The Independent wrote that Cher "represents a seemingly immortal, omnipotent, uni-monikered level of fame."[318] Bego stated: "No one in the history of show business has had a career of the magnitude and scope of Cher's. She has been a teenage pop star, a television hostess, a fashion magazine model, a rock star, a pop singer, a Broadway actress, an Academy Award-winning movie star, a disco sensation, and the subject of a mountain of press coverage."[413] Lynch wrote that "the world would certainly be different if she hadn't stayed so irrevocably Cher from the start."[366]
Achievements
As a solo artist, Cher has sold 100 million records worldwide (in addition to 40 million as part of the duo Sonny & Cher), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.[41][348][414] She is one of the few artists to win three of the four major American entertainment awards (EGOT—Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony),[415] and one of five actor-singers to have had a US number-one single and won an acting Academy Award.[57] Her breakthrough single, Sonny & Cher's "I Got You Babe", is a Grammy Hall of Fame inductee[416] and was featured on Rolling Stone's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list compiled in 2003.[31] Her 1971 single "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves" was called "one of the 20th century's greatest songs" by Billboard magazine.[62] Her 1998 song "Believe" is the biggest-selling single of all time by a female artist in the UK.[185] It was voted the world's eighth favorite song in a poll conducted by BBC in 2003—the only American song to be named on the list.[417] In 1988, she became the first performer to receive an Academy Award for acting and a RIAA-certified gold album in the same year since the inception of gold awards in 1958.[418]
Cher is the only artist to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in six consecutive decades, from the 1960s to the 2010s.[227] She has held US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles over the longest period of time in history: 33 years, seven months and three weeks between "I Got You Babe", which topped the chart for the first time on August 14, 1965, and "Believe", whose last week at number one was April 3, 1999.[186] With "Believe", she became the oldest female artist to have a US number-one song in the rock era, at the age of 52.[419] Billboard ranked her at number 43 on their "Greatest Hot 100 Artists of All Time" list.[420] In 2014, the magazine listed her as the 23rd highest-grossing touring act since 1990, with total earned revenue of $351.6 million and 4.5 million attendance at her shows.[421]
Cher has received numerous honorary awards, including the 1985 Woman of the Year Award by the Hasty Pudding Theatricals society at Harvard University,[422] the Vanguard Award at the 1998 GLAAD Media Awards,[346] the Legend Award at the 1999 World Music Awards,[198] a special award for influence on fashion at the 1999 CFDA Fashion Awards,[316] the Lucy Award for Innovation in Television at the 2000 Women in Film Awards,[423] the Artist Achievement Award at the 2002 Billboard Music Awards,[207] the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2010 Glamour Awards,[424] the Legend Award at the 2013 Attitude Awards,[425] the Award of Inspiration at the 2015 amfAR Gala,[340] the Icon Award at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards,[244] the 2018 Kennedy Center Honor,[259] the Ambassador for the Arts Award at the 2019 Chita Rivera Awards for Dance and Choreography,[426] and the 2020 Spirit of Katharine Hepburn Award.[427] In 2010, Cher received the honor of placing her handprints and footprints in cement in the courtyard in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.[228] Her name is on a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame as part of the duo Sonny & Cher.[176] She had also been selected for the honour as a solo artist in 1983, but forfeited her opportunity by declining to schedule the mandatory personal appearance.[428]
In 2003, Cher appeared at number 41 on VH1's list of "The 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons", which recognizes "the folks that have significantly inspired and impacted American society".[429] She was ranked 31st on VH1's list of "The 100 Greatest Women in Music" for the period 1992–2012.[430] Esquire magazine placed her at number 44 on their list of "The 75 Greatest Women of All Time".[431] She was featured on the "100 Greatest Movie Stars of our Time" list compiled by People.[432] In a 2001 poll, Biography magazine ranked her as their third favorite leading actress of all time, behind Audrey Hepburn and Katharine Hepburn.[433]
Discography
Studio albums
- All I Really Want to Do (1965)
- The Sonny Side of Chér (1966)
- Chér (1966)
- With Love, Chér (1967)
- Backstage (1968)
- 3614 Jackson Highway (1969)
- Chér / Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves (1971)
- Foxy Lady (1972)
- Bittersweet White Light (1973)
- Half-Breed (1973)
- Dark Lady (1974)
- Stars (1975)
- I'd Rather Believe in You (1976)
- Cherished (1977)
- Take Me Home (1979)
- Prisoner (1979)
- I Paralyze (1982)
- Cher (1987)
- Heart of Stone (1989)
- Love Hurts (1991)
- It's a Man's World (1995)
- Believe (1998)
- Not.com.mercial (2000)
- Living Proof (2001)
- Closer to the Truth (2013)
- Dancing Queen (2018)
Collaboration albums
- Two the Hard Way with Gregg Allman as Allman and Woman (1977)
- Black Rose as lead vocalist of Black Rose (1980)
Tours and residencies
Headlining concerts
- Take Me Home Tour (1979–1982)
- Heart of Stone Tour (1989–1990)
- Love Hurts Tour (1991–1992)
- Do You Believe? (1999–2000)
- Living Proof: The Farewell Tour (2002–2005)
- Dressed to Kill Tour (2014)
- Here We Go Again Tour (2018–2020)
Collaborative concerts
- Two the Hard Way Tour with Gregg Allman as Allman and Woman (1977)
- The Black Rose Show as lead vocalist of Black Rose (1980)
Concert residencies
- Cher in Concert (1979–1982)
- Cher (2008–2011)
- Classic Cher (2017–2020)
Filmography
Films
- Wild on the Beach (1965)
- Good Times (1967)
- Chastity (1969)
- Come Back to the 5 & Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (1982)
- Silkwood (1983)
- Mask (1985)
- Suspect (1987)
- The Witches of Eastwick (1987)
- Moonstruck (1987)
- Mermaids (1990)
- The Player (1992)
- Prêt-à-Porter (1994)
- Faithful (1996)
- If These Walls Could Talk (1996)
- Tea with Mussolini (1999)
- Stuck on You (2003)
- Burlesque (2010)
- Zookeeper (2011)
- Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018)
- Bobbleheads: The Movie (2020)
Headlining television shows and specials
- The Sonny & Cher Nitty Gritty Hour (1970)
- The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour (1971–1974)
- Cher (1975–1976)
- The Sonny and Cher Show (1976–1977)
- Cher... Special (1978)
- Cher... And Other Fantasies (1979)
- Standing Room Only: Cher in Concert (1981)
- Cher... A Celebration at Caesars (1983)
- Cher at the Mirage (1991)
- Sonny & Me: Cher Remembers (1998)
- Cher: Live in Concert – From the MGM Grand in Las Vegas (1999)
- Cher – The Farewell Tour (2003)
- Dear Mom, Love Cher (2013)
- Cher and the Loneliest Elephant (2021)[434]
See also
- Culture of the United States
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- List of Academy Award Best Actress winners by age
- List of artists who reached number one in the United States
- List of best-selling music artists
- List of highest-grossing concert tours
- Mononymous person
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Sources
- Bego, Mark (2001). Cher: If You Believe. Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN 0-8154-1153-7.
- Berman, Connie (2001). Cher. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7910-5907-4.
- Bernstein, Robert A. (2003). Straight Parents, Gay Children: Keeping Families Together. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-452-1.
- Bono, Sonny (1992). And the Beat Goes On. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-69367-0.
- Bronson, Fred (1997). The Billboard Book of Number One Hits. Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7641-5.
- Carson, Mina; Lewis, Tisa; Shaw, Susan M. (2004). Girls Rock! Fifty Years of Women Making Music. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2904-4.
- Cher; Coplon, Jeff (1998). The First Time. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80900-1.
- Chunovic, Louis (2000). One Foot on the Floor: The Curious Evolution of Sex on Television from I Love Lucy to South Park. TV Books. ISBN 1-57500-186-1.
- Crampton, Luke; Rees, Dafydd (1999). Rock Stars Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7894-4613-8.
- Crawford, Craig (2007). The Politics of Life: 25 Rules for Survival in a Brutal and Manipulative World. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1297-8.
- Hochman, Steve (1999). Popular Musicians. Salem Press. ISBN 0-89356-990-9.
- Howard, Josiah (2014). Cher: Strong Enough. Plexus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85965-897-3.
- Hyatt, Wesley (2003). Short-Lived Television Series, 1948–1978: Thirty Years of More Than 1,000 Flops. McFarland. ISBN 1-4766-0515-7.
- Larkin, Colin (2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8.
- Laufenberg, Norbert B. (2005). Entertainment Celebrities. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-4120-5335-8.
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- McCracken, Grant David (2008). Transformations: Identity Construction in Contemporary Culture. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21957-2.
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External links
Media from Wikimedia Commons- Quotations from Wikiquote
- Data from Wikidata
- Official website
- Cher at AllMovie
- Cher at AllMusic
- Cher in the Hollywood Walk of Fame Directory
- Cher at IMDb
- Cher at the TCM Movie Database
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