بيل كلينتون
بيل كلينتون | |
|---|---|
 صورة رسمية ، 1993 | |
| 42nd الرئيس للولايات المتحدة | |
| في المنصب 20 يناير 1993 - 20 يناير 2001 | |
| نائب الرئيس | آل غور |
| اخراج بواسطة | جورج اتش دبليو بوش |
| نجحت | جورج دبليو بوش |
| 40 و 42 حاكم ولاية أركنساس | |
| في المنصب 11 يناير 1983-12 ديسمبر 1992 | |
| أيتها الملازم |
|
| اخراج بواسطة | فرانك د |
| نجحت | جيم جاي تاكر |
| في المنصب 9 يناير 1979-19 يناير 1981 | |
| أيتها الملازم | جو بورسيل |
| اخراج بواسطة | جو بورسيل (التمثيل) |
| نجحت | فرانك د |
| 50 المدعي العام لأركنساس | |
| في المنصب 3 يناير 1977-9 يناير 1979 | |
| محافظ حاكم |
|
| اخراج بواسطة | جيم جاي تاكر |
| نجحت | ستيف كلارك |
| تفاصيل شخصية | |
| ولد | وليام جيفرسون بليث الثالث 19 أغسطس 1946 هوب ، أركنساس ، الولايات المتحدة |
| حزب سياسي | ديمقراطي |
| الزوج / الزوجة | |
| أطفال | تشيلسي كلينتون |
| الآباء | |
| الأقارب | عائلة كلينتون |
| إقامة |
|
| تعليم | جامعة جورج تاون ( بكالوريوس ) الكلية الجامعية ، أكسفورد (التحق بها) جامعة ييل ( دينار ) |
| احتلال |
|
| الجوائز | قائمة الأوسمة والجوائز |
| إمضاء |  |
| ||
|---|---|---|
|
حاكم أركنساس الأربعون والأربعون
42nd الرئيس للولايات المتحدة
سياسات
تعيينات
الفصل الدراسي الأول
الفصل الثاني
الحملات الرئاسية
الخلافات
بعد الرئاسة
 |
||
ويليام جيفرسون كلينتون ( né Blythe III ؛ من مواليد 19 أغسطس 1946) هو سياسي أمريكي شغل منصب الرئيس الثاني والأربعين للولايات المتحدة من 1993 إلى 2001. وقبل رئاسته ، شغل منصب حاكم أركنساس من 1979 إلى 1981 و 1983 حتى عام 1992 وشغل منصب المدعي العام لأركنساس من عام 1977 إلى عام 1979. كان كلينتون عضوًا في الحزب الديمقراطي ، وكان معروفًا بالديمقراطي الجديد ، وكانت العديد من سياساته تعكس فلسفة سياسية " الطريق الثالث " الوسطية . هو زوج هيلاري كلينتون التي كانت وزيرة للخارجيةمن 2009 إلى 2013 وترشح للرئاسة في عامي 2008 و 2016 .
وُلدت كلينتون وترعرعت في أركنساس والتحق بجامعة جورج تاون . ثم حصل على منحة رودس إلى الدراسة في كلية جامعة أكسفورد ، و مدرسة القانون في جامعة ييل . التقى بهيلاري رودهام في جامعة ييل وتزوجا في عام 1975. بعد تخرجه من كلية الحقوق ، عاد كلينتون إلى أركنساس وفاز في الانتخابات كمدعي عام للولاية ، تلتها فترتين غير متتاليتين كحاكم لأركنساس. كحاكم ، أصلح نظام التعليم في الولاية وشغل منصب رئيس جمعية الحكام الوطنيين . تم انتخاب كلينتون رئيسا في عام 1992 ، بعد هزيمة الرئيس الجمهوري الحالي جورج اتش دبليو بوش . في سن 46 ، أصبحثالث أصغر رئيس وأول جيل من جيل الطفرة السكانية يفوز بالبيت الأبيض.
ترأست كلينتون أطول فترة توسع اقتصادي في زمن السلم في التاريخ الأمريكي. وقع على اتفاقية التجارة الحرة لأمريكا الشمالية (نافتا) وقانون مكافحة الجريمة العنيفة وقانون إنفاذ القانون ، لكنه فشل في تمرير خطته لإصلاح الرعاية الصحية الوطنية . في انتخابات 1994 ، فاز الحزب الجمهوري بسيطرة موحدة على الكونغرس لأول مرة منذ 40 عامًا. في عام 1996 ، أعيد انتخابه بأغلبية ساحقة. خلال هذا الوقت بدأت كلينتون تطور الأيديولوجي لأنه أصبح أكثر تحفظا كبيرا في سياسته الداخلية الدعوة ل إصلاح نظام الرعاية الاجتماعية و برنامج التأمين الصحي الحكومي للطفولة، فضلا عن تدابير تحرير المالية. وعين أيضا روث بادر غينسبورغ و ستيفن براير إلى المحكمة العليا في الولايات المتحدة . خلال السنوات الثلاث الأخيرة من رئاسة كلينتون، و مكتب الميزانية في الكونغرس ذكرت في تحقيق فائض في الميزانية الأول من نوعه فائض منذ عام 1969. وفي السياسة الخارجية، أمر كلينتون التدخل العسكري الأمريكي في البوسنة و كوسوفو الحروب، وقعت اتفاق دايتون للسلام ، وقعت العراق قانون تحرير في المعارضة ل صدام حسين ، وشارك في اتفاقية أوسلو و قمة كامب ديفيد للمضي قدما فيعملية السلام الإسرائيلية الفلسطينية ، وساعدت عملية السلام في أيرلندا الشمالية .
وسيهيمن على ولاية كلينتون الثانية فضيحة مونيكا لوينسكي التي بدأت في عام 1996 عندما بدأت كلينتون علاقة جنسية مع المتدربة في البيت الأبيض مونيكا لوينسكي البالغة من العمر 22 عامًا . في يناير 1998 ، تصدرت أخبار العلاقة الجنسية عناوين الصحف الشعبية. تصاعدت الفضيحة على مدار العام ، وبلغت ذروتها في 19 ديسمبر عندما تم عزل كلينتون من قبل مجلس النواب لتصبح ثاني رئيس أمريكي يتم عزله. استندت مادتا المساءلة التي أقرها مجلس النواب إلى استخدام كلينتون لسلطات الرئاسة لعرقلة التحقيق وأن كلينتون كذبت تحت القسم . شهد العام التالي بدء محاكمة الإقالة في مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي، ولكن تمت تبرئة كلينتون من كلتا التهمتين لأن مجلس الشيوخ فشل في الإدلاء بـ 67 صوتًا أو 2 / 3s بما يكفي للوصول إلى عتبة الإدانة.
تركت كلينتون المنصب مع أعلى معدل موافقة في نهاية المنصب لأي رئيس أمريكي منذ فرانكلين دي روزفلت . صُنفت رئاسته من بين المستويات العليا في التصنيف التاريخي لرؤساء الولايات المتحدة ، لكن سلوكه الشخصي وفضائح الاعتداء الجنسي واجهت انتقادات كبيرة. منذ تركها منصبها ، شاركت كلينتون في الخطابة والعمل الإنساني. وقال انه انشأ مؤسسة كلينتون لأسباب دولية عنوان مثل الوقاية من فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية / الإيدز و ظاهرة الاحتباس الحراري . في عام 2009 ، تم تعيينه مبعوثًا خاصًا للأمم المتحدة إلى هايتي ، وبعدزلزال هايتي 2010 ، تعاون مع جورج دبليو بوش لتشكيل صندوق كلينتون بوش هاييتي . ظل ناشطًا في سياسات الحزب الديمقراطي ، حيث قام بحملات في الحملات الرئاسية لزوجته في الانتخابات الرئاسية لعامي 2008 و 2016 ، وقام بحملات باراك أوباما في الانتخابات الرئاسية لعام 2012 .
الحياة المبكرة والوظيفة
وُلدت كلينتون ويليام جيفرسون بلايث الثالث في 19 أغسطس 1946 ، في مستشفى جوليا تشيستر في هوب ، أركنساس . [1] هو ابن وليام جيفرسون بلايث جونيور ، بائع متجول توفي في حادث سيارة قبل ثلاثة أشهر من ولادته ، وفيرجينيا ديل كاسيدي (لاحقًا فيرجينيا كيلي). [2] تزوج والديه في 4 سبتمبر 1943 ، لكن هذا الزواج أثبت لاحقًا أنه كان يجمع بين زوجتين ، حيث كان بليث لا يزال متزوجًا من زوجته الثالثة. [3] سافرت فيرجينيا إلى نيو أورلينز لدراسة التمريض بعد ولادة بيل بفترة وجيزة ، وتركته في هوب مع والديها إلدريدج وإديث كاسيدي ، اللذين كانا يمتلكان ويديران متجرًا صغيرًا للبقالة. [4]في الوقت الذي كان فيه جنوب الولايات المتحدة منفصلاً عرقياً ، باع أجداد كلينتون البضائع بالدين للناس من جميع الأجناس. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] في عام 1950 ، عادت والدة بيل من مدرسة التمريض وتزوجت من روجر كلينتون الأب ، الذي شارك في امتلاك وكالة سيارات في هوت سبرينغز ، أركنساس ، مع شقيقه وإيرل تي. ريكس . [4] انتقلت العائلة إلى الينابيع الساخنة في عام 1950. [9]
على الرغم من أنه افترض على الفور استخدام لقب زوج والدته ، إلا أنه لم يتبنى رسميًا اللقب كلينتون إلا بعد أن بلغ كلينتون 15 عامًا [10] كبادرة تجاهه. [4] وصف كلينتون زوج أمه بأنه مقامر ومدمن على الكحول يسيء بانتظام إلى والدته وأخيه غير الشقيق روجر كلينتون الابن . وهدد زوج والدته بالعنف عدة مرات لحمايتهم. [11]
في هوت سبرينغز ، التحق كلينتون بمدرسة سانت جون الكاثوليكية الابتدائية ، ومدرسة رامبل الابتدائية ، ومدرسة هوت سبرينغز الثانوية ، حيث كان قائدًا نشطًا للطلاب ، وقارئًا نهمًا ، وموسيقيًا. [4] كان كلينتون في الجوقة وعزف على الساكسفون التينور ، وفاز بأول كرسي في قسم الساكسفون في فرقة الولاية. فكر لفترة وجيزة في تكريس حياته للموسيقى ، ولكن كما أشار في سيرته الذاتية My Life :
بدأ كلينتون اهتمامه بالقانون في مدرسة هوت سبرينغز هاي ، عندما تولى تحدي الدفاع عن السناتور الروماني القديم كاتيلين في محاكمة صورية في فصله اللاتيني. [12] بعد دفاع قوي استفاد من "مهاراته الخطابية والسياسية الناشئة" ، أخبر معلمة اللاتينية إليزابيث باك أن ذلك "جعله يدرك أنه في يوم من الأيام سيدرس القانون". [13]
حدد كلينتون لحظتين مؤثرتين في حياته ، حدثت كلتاهما في عام 1963 ، وساهمتا في قراره أن يصبح شخصية عامة. إحداها كانت زيارته كعضو في مجلس الشيوخ عن بويز نيشن إلى البيت الأبيض للقاء الرئيس جون إف كينيدي . [11] كان الآخر يشاهد خطاب مارتن لوثر كينغ جونيور عام 1963 بعنوان " لدي حلم " على شاشة التلفزيون ، والذي أثار إعجابه كثيرًا لدرجة أنه حفظها لاحقًا. [14]
سنوات الكلية والقانون
جامعة جورج تاون
بمساعدة المنح الدراسية ، التحقت كلينتون بكلية الخدمة الخارجية بجامعة جورج تاون في واشنطن العاصمة ، وحصلت على بكالوريوس العلوم في الخدمة الخارجية في عام 1968. كانت جورج تاون هي المدرسة الوحيدة التي تقدم فيها كلينتون. [15]
في عامي 1964 و 1965 ، فازت كلينتون في انتخابات رئاسة الفصل . [16] من عام 1964 إلى عام 1967 ، كان متدربًا ثم كاتبًا في مكتب سيناتور أركنساس جي ويليام فولبرايت . [4] أثناء وجوده في الكلية ، أصبح أخًا لأخوة الخدمة Alpha Phi Omega [17] وتم انتخابه لعضوية Phi Beta Kappa . كان كلينتون أيضًا عضوًا في Order of DeMolay ، [18] وهي مجموعة شبابية تابعة للماسونية ، لكنه لم يصبح ماسونيًا أبدًا. وهو عضو في الأخوية الفخرية لفرقة Kappa Kappa Psi . [19]
أكسفورد
بعد تخرجه من جامعة جورجتاون في عام 1968 ، فاز كلينتون بمنحة رودس الدراسية في جامعة أكسفورد ، حيث قرأ في البداية للحصول على درجة البكالوريوس. في الفلسفة والسياسة والاقتصاد ولكنها انتقلت إلى B.Litt. في السياسة ، وفي النهاية ، بكالوريوس. في السياسة. [20] لم يتوقع كلينتون العودة للسنة الثانية بسبب التجنيد ولذلك قام بتغيير البرامج. كان هذا النوع من النشاط شائعًا بين علماء رودس الآخرين من جماعته. وكان قد تلقى عرضا لدراسة في مدرسة الحقوق بجامعة ييل ، جامعة ييل ، وحتى انه غادر في وقت مبكر للعودة إلى الولايات المتحدة ولم يحصل على شهادة من جامعة أكسفورد. [11][21] [22]
خلال الفترة التي قضاها في أكسفورد ، أقام كلينتون صداقة مع زميله الأمريكي رودس الباحث فرانك ألير. في عام 1969 ، تلقى ألير مسودة خطاب يفرض نشره في حرب فيتنام . كان لانتحار ألير عام 1971 تأثير مؤثر على كلينتون. [20] [23] قالت الكاتبة والناشطة النسائية البريطانية سارة ميتلاند عن كلينتون ، "أتذكر أن بيل وفرانك ألير أخذاني إلى حانة في شارع والتون في صيف عام 1969 وتحدثا إلي عن حرب فيتنام. لم أكن أعرف شيئًا عن عندما بدأ فرانك في وصف قيلولة المدنيين ، بدأت في البكاء. قال بيل إن الشعور بالسوء لم يكن جيدًا بما فيه الكفاية. كانت هذه هي المرة الأولى التي واجهت فيها فكرة أن الحساسيات الليبرالية لم تكن كافية وكان عليك فعل شيء عن مثل هذه الأشياء ".[20] كان كلينتون عضوًا في نادي كرة السلة بجامعة أكسفورد ولعب أيضًالفريق اتحاد الرجبي بجامعة أكسفورد. [24]
عندما كان كلينتون رئيسًا في عام 1994 ، حصل على درجة فخرية وزمالة من جامعة أكسفورد ، خاصةً لكونه "بطلًا قويًا لا يكل لقضية السلام العالمي" ، ولديه "متعاون قوي مع زوجته" ، ول نال "تصفيقا عاما لما حققه في حل الجمود الذي حال دون موازنة متفق عليها". [21] [25]
معارضة حرب فيتنام ومسودة الجدل
خلال حرب فيتنام ، تلقى كلينتون تأجيلات في مسودة التعليم أثناء وجوده في إنجلترا في عامي 1968 و 1969. [26] أثناء وجوده في أكسفورد ، شارك في احتجاجات حرب فيتنام ونظم وقفًا مؤقتًا لإنهاء الحرب في فيتنام في أكتوبر 1969. [4] ] كان يخطط للالتحاق بكلية الحقوق في الولايات المتحدة وكان يعلم أنه قد يفقد تأجيله. حاول كلينتون دون جدوى للحصول على وظائف في الحرس الوطني و القوات الجوية المدرسة مرشح ضابط ، وقال انه بعد ذلك ترتيبات للانضمام إلى ضباط الاحتياط فيلق تدريب برنامج (تدريب ضباط الاحتياط) في جامعة أركنساس . [27] [28]
قرر لاحقًا عدم الانضمام إلى ROTC ، قائلاً في رسالة إلى الضابط المسؤول عن البرنامج إنه يعارض الحرب ، لكنه لا يعتقد أنه من دواعي الشرف استخدام ضباط تدريب ضباط الاحتياط أو الحرس الوطني أو خدمة الاحتياط لتجنب الخدمة في فيتنام. وذكر كذلك أنه بسبب معارضته للحرب ، فإنه لن يتطوع للخدمة بالزي العسكري ، ولكنه سيخضع نفسه للتجنيد ، ولن يخدم إلا إذا تم اختياره فقط كطريقة "للحفاظ على قابليتي للحياة السياسية داخل النظام". [29] سجل كلينتون للتجنيد وحصل على رقم مرتفع (311) ، مما يعني أن أولئك الذين تم تحديد أعياد ميلادهم كأرقام من 1 إلى 310 سيتم كتابتهم قبله ، مما يجعل من غير المحتمل استدعائه. (في الواقع ، كان أعلى عدد تمت صياغته هو 195.) [30]
اشتبه الكولونيل يوجين هولمز ، ضابط الجيش الذي شارك في طلب كلينتون لفريق تدريب ضباط الاحتياط ، في أن كلينتون حاولت التلاعب بالموقف لتجنب التجنيد وتجنب الخدمة بالزي العسكري. أصدر بيانًا موثقًا خلال الحملة الرئاسية عام 1992:
خلال حملة عام 1992 ، تم الكشف عن أن عم كلينتون حاول تأمينه لمنصب في احتياطي البحرية ، الأمر الذي كان سيمنعه من الانتشار في فيتنام. لم ينجح هذا الجهد وقال كلينتون في عام 1992 إنه لم يكن على علم به حتى ذلك الحين. [32] على الرغم من كونها قانونية ، إلا أن تصرفات كلينتون فيما يتعلق بالتجنيد والبت في الخدمة العسكرية تعرضت لانتقادات خلال حملته الرئاسية الأولى من قبل المحافظين وبعض قدامى المحاربين في فيتنام ، والذين اتهم بعضهم أنه استخدم نفوذ فولبرايت لتجنب الخدمة العسكرية. [33] [34] مدير حملة كلينتون عام 1992 ، جيمس كارفيل، جادل بنجاح بأن خطاب كلينتون الذي رفض فيه الانضمام إلى ROTC يجب أن يتم نشره علنًا ، مع الإصرار على أن الناخبين ، الذين عارض الكثير منهم أيضًا حرب فيتنام ، سوف يفهمون موقفه ويقدرونه. [35]
مدرسة القانون
بعد أكسفورد ، التحق كلينتون بكلية الحقوق بجامعة ييل وحصل على درجة الدكتوراه في القانون عام 1973. [11] في عام 1971 ، التقى بزوجته المستقبلية هيلاري رودهام في مكتبة ييل للقانون . كانت أمامه سنة دراسية. [36] بدأوا المواعدة وسرعان ما أصبحوا غير منفصلين. فقط بعد نحو شهر، تأجيل كلينتون خطط الصيف في أن يكون منسق ل جورج ماكغفرن حملة لل انتخابات الرئاسية 1972 الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية من أجل التحرك في معها في ولاية كاليفورنيا. [37] واصل الزوجان العيش معًا في نيو هافن عندما عادا إلى كلية الحقوق. [38]
انتقل كلينتون في النهاية إلى تكساس مع رودهام في عام 1972 لتولي وظيفة يقود جهود ماكغفرن هناك. أمضى وقتًا طويلاً في دالاس ، في المقر المحلي للحملة في ليمون أفينيو ، حيث كان لديه مكتب. عملت كلينتون مع المستقبل فترتين عمدة دالاس رون كيرك ، [39] المستقبل حاكما لولاية تكساس ان ريتشاردز ، [40] وبعد ذلك المخرج التلفزيوني غير معروف والمخرج ستيفن سبيلبرغ . [41]
حاكم أركنساس (1979-1981 ، 1983-1992)
بعد تخرجه من كلية الحقوق بجامعة ييل ، عاد كلينتون إلى أركنساس وأصبح أستاذًا للقانون في جامعة أركنساس. في عام 1974 ، ترشح لمجلس النواب . خاضت حملة كلينتون في الدائرة الثالثة المحافظة ضد الجمهوري الحالي جون بول هامرشميدت ، وقد تعززت حملة كلينتون بسبب المزاج المناهض للجمهوريين والمعارضين للحكم الناجم عن فضيحة ووترغيت . هامرشميت ، الذي حصل على 77 في المائة من الأصوات في عام 1972 ، هزم كلينتون بفارق 52 في المائة مقابل 48 في المائة فقط. في عام 1976 ، ترشحت كلينتون لمنصب المدعي العام في أركنساس . مع وجود معارضة طفيفة فقط في الانتخابات التمهيدية وعدم وجود معارضة على الإطلاق في الانتخابات العامة ، [42] تم انتخاب كلينتون.[11]
في عام 1978 ، دخلت كلينتون الانتخابات التمهيدية لحاكم ولاية أركنساس. كان يبلغ من العمر 31 عامًا فقط ، وكان أحد أصغر المرشحين لمنصب الحاكم في تاريخ الولاية. تم انتخاب كلينتون حاكمًا لأركنساس في عام 1978 ، بعد أن هزمت المرشح الجمهوري لين لوي ، وهو مزارع من تيكساركانا . كان كلينتون يبلغ من العمر 32 عامًا فقط عندما تولى منصبه ، وكان أصغر حاكم في البلاد في ذلك الوقت وثاني أصغر حاكم في تاريخ أركنساس. [43] نظرًا لظهوره الشاب ، كان يُطلق على كلينتون في كثير من الأحيان لقب "الحاكم الصبي". [44] [45] [46]عمل على الإصلاح التعليمي وأدار صيانة طرق أركنساس ، حيث قادت زوجته هيلاري لجنة ناجحة لإصلاح الرعاية الصحية في المناطق الحضرية. ومع ذلك ، شملت فترة ولايته ضريبة السيارات التي لا تحظى بشعبية وغضب المواطنين بسبب هروب اللاجئين الكوبيين (من سفينة مارييل للقوارب ) المحتجزين في فورت تشافي في عام 1980. مونرو شوارزلوز ، من كينغزلاند في مقاطعة كليفلاند ، حصل على 31 في المائة من الأصوات ضد كلينتون. في الانتخابات التمهيدية للحكام الديموقراطيين لعام 1980. اقترح البعض أن إقبال شوارزلوز غير المتوقع على التصويت ينذر بهزيمة كلينتون أمام منافسه الجمهوري فرانك د.في الانتخابات العامة في ذلك العام. وكما قال كلينتون ذات مرة ، كان أصغر حاكم سابق في تاريخ الأمة. [11]
انضمت كلينتون إلى شركة ليتل روك للمحاماة التابعة لصديقها بروس ليندسي والمؤلفة من رايت وليندسي وجينينغز. [47] في عام 1982 ، تم انتخابه حاكمًا للمرة الثانية وتولى المنصب لمدة عشر سنوات. سارية مع انتخابات 1986 ، غيرت ولاية أركنساس فترة ولاية الحاكم من سنتين إلى أربع سنوات. خلال فترة ولايته ، ساعد في تحويل اقتصاد أركنساس وتحسين النظام التعليمي للولاية. [48] بالنسبة لكبار السن ، قام بإزالة ضريبة المبيعات من الأدوية وزيادة الإعفاء من ضريبة الأملاك المنزلية. [49] أصبح شخصية بارزة بين الديمقراطيين الجدد ، وهي مجموعة من الديمقراطيينالذين دافعوا عن إصلاح الرفاه ، والحكومة الأصغر ، والسياسات الأخرى التي لا يدعمها الليبراليون. نظمت رسميا باسم مجلس قيادة الحزب الديمقراطي (DLC)، جادل الديمقراطيون الجدد أنه في ظل الرئيس رونالد ريغان الصورة فوزا ساحقا في عام 1984 ، والحزب الديمقراطي اللازمة لتبني موقف سياسي أكثر وسطية من أجل تحقيق النجاح على المستوى الوطني. [49] [50] ألقى كلينتون الرد الديمقراطي على خطاب حالة الاتحاد لعام 1985 لريغان وعمل كرئيس لجمعية الحكام الوطنيين من 1986 إلى 1987 ، مما جعله يحضر لجمهور خارج أركنساس. [11]
في أوائل الثمانينيات من القرن الماضي ، جعل كلينتون إصلاح نظام التعليم في أركنساس أولوية قصوى لإدارته في منصب الحاكم. ترأست لجنة معايير التعليم في أركنساس هيلاري زوجة كلينتون ، والتي كانت أيضًا محامية ورئيسة مؤسسة الخدمات القانونية . غيرت اللجنة نظام التعليم في أركنساس. تضمنت الإصلاحات المقترحة المزيد من الإنفاق للمدارس (مدعومة بزيادة ضريبة المبيعات) ، وفرص أفضل للأطفال الموهوبين ، والتعليم المهني ، ورواتب المعلمين الأعلى ، والمزيد من تنوع الدورات ، وامتحانات كفاءة المعلمين الإجبارية. تمت الموافقة على الإصلاحات في سبتمبر 1983 بعد دعوة كلينتون لعقد جلسة تشريعية خاصة - وهي الأطول في تاريخ أركنساس. [48]اعتبر الكثيرون هذا الإنجاز الأعظم لحكم كلينتون. [11] [49] هزم أربعة مرشحين جمهوريين لمنصب الحاكم: لوي (1978) ، وايت (1982 و 1986) ، رجال الأعمال جونزبورو وودي فريمان (1984) ، شيفيلد نيلسون من ليتل روك (1990). [42]
في الثمانينيات أيضًا ، تضمنت الشؤون الشخصية والتجارية لكلينتون المعاملات التي أصبحت أساس تحقيق الجدل في وايت ووتر ، والذي طاح لاحقًا إدارته الرئاسية. [51] بعد تحقيق مكثف على مدى عدة سنوات ، لم يتم توجيه أي لوائح اتهام ضد آل كلينتون فيما يتعلق بالسنوات التي أمضاها في أركنساس. [11] [52]
وفقًا لبعض المصادر ، كان كلينتون معارضًا لعقوبة الإعدام في سنواته الأولى ، لكنه في النهاية غير مناصبه. [53] [54] على الرغم من أنه ربما شعر سابقًا ، بحلول عام 1992 ، كان كلينتون يصر على أن الديمقراطيين "يجب ألا يشعروا بالذنب فيما يتعلق بحماية الأبرياء". [55] خلال الولاية الأخيرة لكلينتون كحاكم ، نفذت أركنساس أول إعدامات لها منذ عام 1964 (أعيد تطبيق عقوبة الإعدام في عام 1976). [56] بصفته حاكمًا ، أشرف على عمليات الإعدام الأربعة الأولى التي نفذتها ولاية أركنساس منذ إعادة تطبيق عقوبة الإعدام هناك في عام 1976: واحد بالكرسي الكهربائي وثلاثة بالحقنة المميتة .[57] للفت الانتباه إلى موقفه من عقوبة الإعدام ، عاد كلينتون إلى منزله في منتصف حملة أركنساس في عام 1992 ، من أجل التأكيد شخصيًا على أن الإعدام المثير للجدل لريكي راي ريكتور ، سيمضي قدمًا كما هو مقرر. [58] [59]
1988 الانتخابات التمهيدية الرئاسية الديمقراطية
في عام 1987 ، تكهنت وسائل الإعلام بأن كلينتون ستدخل السباق الرئاسي بعد أن رفض حاكم نيويورك الحالي ماريو كومو الترشح وانسحب المرشح الديمقراطي غاري هارت بسبب الكشف عن العديد من الخيانات الزوجية. [60] قررت كلينتون البقاء حاكمة أركنساس (بعد النظر في الترشيح المحتمل لهيلاري لمنصب الحاكم ، الذي تفضله السيدة الأولى في البداية - ولكن في النهاية رفضته -). [61] بالنسبة للترشيح ، أيدت كلينتون حاكم ماساتشوستس مايكل دوكاكيس . ألقى خطاب ليلة الافتتاح المتلفز على المستوى الوطني في المؤتمر الوطني للحزب الديمقراطي لعام 1988، ولكن خطابه ، الذي كان مدته 33 دقيقة ومرتين طوله المتوقع ، تعرض لانتقادات لكونه طويلاً للغاية [62] وسوء الإلقاء. [63] قدم كلينتون نفسه على أنه معتدل وكعضو في الجناح الديمقراطي الجديد للحزب الديمقراطي ، وترأس مجلس القيادة الديمقراطية المعتدل في عامي 1990 و 1991. [49] [64]
الرئاسة (1993-2001)
أدت "الطريقة الثالثة" لليبرالية المعتدلة التي اتبعها كلينتون إلى بناء الصحة المالية للبلاد ووضع الأمة على أسس ثابتة في الخارج وسط العولمة وتطور المنظمات الإرهابية المناهضة لأمريكا. [65]
During his presidency, Clinton advocated for a wide variety of legislation and programs, most of which were enacted into law or implemented by the executive branch. His policies, particularly the North American Free Trade Agreement and welfare reform, have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance.[66][67] His policy of fiscal conservatism helped to reduce deficits on budgetary matters.[68][69] Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history.[70][71][72]
The Congressional Budget Office reported budget surpluses of $69 billion in 1998, $126 billion in 1999, and $236 billion in 2000,[73] during the last three years of Clinton's presidency.[74] Over the years of the recorded surplus, the gross national debt rose each year. At the end of the fiscal year (September 30) for each of the years a surplus was recorded, The U.S. treasury reported a gross debt of $5.413 trillion in 1997, $5.526 trillion in 1998, $5.656 trillion in 1999, and $5.674 trillion in 2000.[75][76] Over the same period, the Office of Management and Budget reported an end of year (December 31) gross debt of $5.369 trillion in 1997, $5.478 trillion in 1998, $5.606 in 1999, and $5.629 trillion in 2000.[77] في نهاية فترة رئاسته ، انتقل آل كلينتون إلى 15 أولد هاوس لين في تشاباكوا ، نيويورك ، من أجل تلبية متطلبات الإقامة لزوجته للفوز في الانتخابات كعضو في مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي من نيويورك.
1992 الحملة الرئاسية
في أول مسابقة أولية ، تجمع آيوا ، أنهت كلينتون المركز الثالث بعيدًا عن السناتور عن ولاية أيوا توم هاركين . خلال الحملة الانتخابية التمهيدية في نيو هامبشاير ، ظهرت تقارير تفيد بأن كلينتون قد انخرطت في علاقة خارج نطاق الزواج مع جينيفر فلاورز . وتأخرت كلينتون كثيراً عن السناتور السابق عن ولاية ماساتشوستس بول تسونجاس في استطلاعات الرأي في نيو هامبشاير. [11] بعد Super Bowl XXVI ، ذهب كلينتون وزوجته هيلاري في 60 دقيقة لرفض التهم. كان ظهورهم التلفزيوني يمثل مجازفة محسوبة ، لكن كلينتون استعادت العديد من المندوبين. احتل المركز الثاني بعد تسونغاس في الانتخابات التمهيدية في نيو هامبشايرولكن بعد أن جاء متأخراً بشكل سيئ في استطلاعات الرأي وفاز في خانة واحدة ، اعتبرته وسائل الإعلام انتصاراً. وصفته وكالات الأنباء بأنه "The Comeback Kid" لحصوله على المركز الثاني بشكل ثابت. [78]
إن الفوز بالجوائز الكبيرة في فلوريدا وتكساس والعديد من الانتخابات التمهيدية الجنوبية يوم الثلاثاء الكبير منح كلينتون تفوقًا كبيرًا في المندوبين. ومع ذلك ، كان حاكم كاليفورنيا السابق جيري براون يسجل انتصارات ولم يفز كلينتون بعد بمسابقة مهمة خارج موطنه الجنوب. [11] [64] مع عدم وجود ولاية جنوبية رئيسية متبقية ، استهدفت كلينتون نيويورك ، التي كان لها العديد من المندوبين. لقد حقق انتصارًا ساحقًا في مدينة نيويورك ، وتخلص من صورته كمرشح إقليمي. [64] بعد أن تحول إلى مرشح توافقي ، حصل على ترشيح الحزب الديمقراطي ، وانتهى بفوزه في ولاية كاليفورنيا ، مسقط رأس جيري براون. [11]
خلال الحملة ، ظهرت أسئلة حول تضارب المصالح فيما يتعلق بأعمال الدولة وشركة روز للمحاماة القوية سياسياً ، والتي كانت هيلاري رودهام كلينتون شريكة فيها. جادل كلينتون بأن الأسئلة كانت موضع نقاش لأن جميع المعاملات مع الدولة قد تم خصمها قبل تحديد أجر هيلاري الثابت. [79] ظهر مزيد من القلق عندما أعلن بيل كلينتون أنه مع هيلاري ، سيحصل الناخبون على رئيسين "بسعر واحد". [80]
كان كلينتون لا يزال حاكم أركنساس أثناء حملته الانتخابية لمنصب رئيس الولايات المتحدة ، وعاد إلى ولايته ليرى أن ريكي راي ريكتور سيتم إعدامه. بعد مقتل ضابط شرطة ومدني ، أطلق ريكتور النار على رأسه ، مما أدى إلى ما وصفه محاموه بأنها دولة لا يزال بإمكانه التحدث فيها لكنه لم يفهم فكرة الموت. وفقًا لقانون ولاية أركنساس والقانون الفيدرالي ، لا يمكن إعدام نزيل يعاني من إعاقة عقلية خطيرة. اختلفت المحاكم مع ادعاء الإصابة بضعف عقلي خطير وسمحت بالإعدام. تم تأطير عودة كلينتون إلى أركنساس لإعدامه في مقال لصحيفة نيويورك تايمز كخطوة سياسية محتملة لمواجهة اتهامات "التلين بشأن الجريمة". [53] [81]
كانت معدلات قبول بوش حوالي 80 في المائة خلال حرب الخليج ، ووُصف بأنه لا يهزم. عندما تنازل بوش مع الديمقراطيين لمحاولة خفض العجز الفيدرالي ، نكث بوعده بعدم زيادة الضرائب ، مما أضر بتأييده. ندد كلينتون مرارا بوش بوعده الذي فشل في الوفاء به. [64] بحلول موعد الانتخابات ، كان الاقتصاد متوترًا وشهد بوش انخفاضًا حادًا في نسبة التأييد له إلى ما يزيد قليلاً عن 40 في المائة. [64] [82] أخيرًا ، كان المحافظون متحدين في السابق من خلال مناهضة الشيوعية ، ولكن مع نهاية الحرب الباردة ، افتقر الحزب إلى قضية توحيد. عندما بات بوكانان و بات روبرتسونتناول موضوعات مسيحية في المؤتمر القومي للحزب الجمهوري - مع انتقاد بوش للديمقراطيين لحذفهم الله من برنامجهم - تم عزل العديد من المعتدلين. [83] ثم أشار كلينتون إلى سجله المعتدل "للديمقراطيين الجدد" كحاكم لأركنساس ، على الرغم من أن البعض من الجانب الأكثر ليبرالية في الحزب ظلوا مرتابين. [84] حول العديد من الديمقراطيين الذين دعموا رونالد ريغان وبوش في الانتخابات السابقة دعمهم لكلينتون. [85] قام كلينتون وزميله في الترشح ، آل جور ، بجولة في البلاد خلال الأسابيع الأخيرة من الحملة ، وحشدوا الدعم وتعهدوا بـ "بداية جديدة". [85]
في 26 آذار (مارس) 1992 ، خلال حملة جمع الأموال للحملة الرئاسية للحزب الديمقراطي ، واجه روبرت رافسكي حاكم ولاية أركنساس آنذاك ، بيل كلينتون ، وسأل عما سيفعله بشأن الإيدز ، فأجابته كلينتون ، "أشعر بألمك". [86] أدى التبادل المتلفز إلى أن أصبح الإيدز قضية في انتخابات 1992 الرئاسية. في 4 أبريل ، التقى المرشح كلينتون بأعضاء ACT UP وغيرهم من دعاة الإيدز البارزين لمناقشة جدول أعماله حول الإيدز ووافقوا على إلقاء خطاب رئيسي حول سياسة الإيدز ، لجعل الأشخاص المصابين بفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية يتحدثون إلى المؤتمر الديمقراطي ، والتوقيع على الإيدز خطة عمل يونايتد من خمس نقاط. [87]
فازت كلينتون في الانتخابات الرئاسية عام 1992 (370 صوتًا انتخابيًا) ضد الجمهوري جورج بوش الأب (168 صوتًا انتخابيًا) والملياردير الشعبوي روس بيرو (صفر أصوات انتخابية) ، الذي خاض الانتخابات كمستقل على برنامج يركز على القضايا المحلية. كان تراجع بوش الحاد في قبول الرأي العام جزءًا مهمًا من نجاح كلينتون. [85] أنهى فوز كلينتون في الانتخابات اثني عشر عامًا من الحكم الجمهوري للبيت الأبيض وعشرين عامًا من الأربعة والعشرين عامًا الماضية. أعطت الانتخابات الديمقراطيين السيطرة الكاملة على كونغرس الولايات المتحدة ، [2] في المرة الأولى التي يسيطر فيها حزب واحد على كل من الفرعين التنفيذي والتشريعي منذ أن عقد الديمقراطيون96 كونغرس الولايات المتحدة خلال رئاسة جيمي كارتر . [88] [89]
وفقًا لسيمور مارتن ليبست ، كان لانتخابات عام 1992 العديد من الخصائص الفريدة. شعر الناخبون أن الظروف الاقتصادية كانت أسوأ مما كانت عليه في الواقع ، مما أضر ببوش. حدث نادر هو وجود مرشح قوي من حزب ثالث. أطلق الليبراليون رد فعل عنيف ضد 12 عامًا من حكم البيت الأبيض المحافظ. كان العامل الرئيسي هو توحيد كلينتون لحزبه ، والفوز بعدد من المجموعات غير المتجانسة. [90]
الفترة الأولى (1993-1997)
"يجب ألا تكون ديمقراطيتنا حسد العالم فحسب ، بل يجب أن تكون محرك تجديدنا. لا حرج في أمريكا لا يمكن علاجه بما هو صحيح مع أمريكا".
الخطاب الافتتاحي ، 20 يناير 1993. [91]
تم تنصيب كلينتون كرئيس رقم 42 للولايات المتحدة في 20 يناير 1993. كانت كلينتون منهكة جسديًا في ذلك الوقت ، وكان لديها طاقم عمل يفتقر إلى الخبرة. انخفضت مستويات دعمه الجماهيري العالية في الأسابيع القليلة الأولى ، حيث ارتكب سلسلة من الأخطاء. لم يكن اختياره الأول للنائب العام قد دفع لها الضرائب على جليسات الأطفال واضطر إلى الانسحاب. كما انسحب المعين الثاني للسبب نفسه. لقد وعد كلينتون مرارًا وتكرارًا بتشجيع المثليين في الخدمة العسكرية ، على الرغم مما كان يعلم أنه معارضة شديدة من القيادة العسكرية. لقد حاول على أي حال ، وعارضه كبار الجنرالات علنًا ، وأجبره الكونجرس على اتخاذ موقف توفيقي هو " لا تسأل ، لا تخبر " حيث يمكن للمثليين أن يخدموا إذا وفقط إذا أبقوا الأمر سراً.[92]ابتكر حزمة تحفيز بقيمة 16 مليار دولار في المقام الأول لمساعدة برامج المدينة الداخلية التي يرغب فيها الليبراليون ، لكنها هُزمت من قبل الجمهوريين في مجلس الشيوخ. [93] كانت شعبيته عند علامة المائة يوم من ولايته هي الأدنى من أي رئيس في تلك المرحلة. [94]
لقد أيد الرأي العام برنامجًا ليبراليًا واحدًا ، ووقعت كلينتون على قانون الإجازة العائلية والطبية لعام 1993 ، والذي يتطلب من أصحاب العمل الكبار السماح للموظفين بأخذ إجازة غير مدفوعة الأجر بسبب الحمل أو في حالة صحية خطيرة. لاقى هذا الإجراء دعمًا من الحزبين ، [95] وكان شائعًا لدى الجمهور. [96]
بعد يومين من توليه منصبه ، في 22 كانون الثاني (يناير) 1993 - الذكرى العشرين لقرار المحكمة العليا الأمريكية في قضية رو ضد ويد - ألغت كلينتون القيود المفروضة على برامج تنظيم الأسرة المحلية والدولية التي فرضها ريغان وبوش. [97] قالت كلينتون إن الإجهاض يجب أن يظل "آمنًا وقانونيًا ونادرًا" - وهو شعار اقترحه عالم السياسة صمويل إل. بوبكين واستخدمته كلينتون لأول مرة في ديسمبر 1991 أثناء حملتها الانتخابية. [98] خلال السنوات الثماني لإدارة كلينتون ، انخفض معدل الإجهاض بنسبة 18 بالمائة. [99]
في 15 فبراير 1993 ، ألقى كلينتون أول خطاب له للأمة ، معلنا خطته لزيادة الضرائب لسد عجز الميزانية . [100] بعد يومين ، في خطاب متلفز على المستوى الوطني في جلسة مشتركة للكونغرس ، كشف كلينتون عن خطته الاقتصادية. ركزت الخطة على تقليل العجز بدلاً من خفض الضرائب للطبقة الوسطى ، والتي كانت على رأس جدول أعمال حملته. [101] ضغط مستشارو كلينتون عليه لرفع الضرائب ، بناءً على النظرية القائلة بأن عجزًا أصغر في الميزانية الفيدرالية من شأنه أن يخفض أسعار الفائدة على السندات. [102]
President Clinton's attorney general Janet Reno authorized the FBI's use of armored vehicles to deploy tear gas into the buildings of the Branch Davidian community near Waco, Texas, in hopes of ending a 51 day siege. During the operation on April 19, 1993, the buildings caught fire and 75 of the residents died, including 24 children. The raid had originally been planned by the Bush administration; Clinton had played no role.[103][104]
في 19 مايو 1993 ، فصلت كلينتون سبعة موظفين من مكتب السفر بالبيت الأبيض. تسبب هذا في جدل في مكتب السفر بالبيت الأبيض على الرغم من أن موظفي مكتب السفر خدموا في إرضاء الرئيس ويمكن فصلهم دون سبب . ورد البيت الأبيض على الجدل بالادعاء بأن عمليات الإقالة تمت ردًا على مخالفات مالية كشف عنها تحقيق قصير لمكتب التحقيقات الفيدرالي. [105] ادعى النقاد أن إطلاق النار قد تم للسماح لأصدقاء كلينتون بتولي أعمال السفر وأن مشاركة مكتب التحقيقات الفيدرالي لم يكن لها ما يبررها. [106]
في أغسطس ، وقعت كلينتون على قانون المصالحة الشاملة للموازنة لعام 1993 ، والذي أقره الكونغرس دون تصويت الجمهوريين. خفض الضرائب على 15 مليون أسرة منخفضة الدخل ، وجعل التخفيضات الضريبية متاحة لـ 90 في المائة من الشركات الصغيرة ، [107] ورفع الضرائب على أغنى 1.2 في المائة من دافعي الضرائب. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، نصت على أن تكون الميزانية متوازنة على مدى سنوات عديدة من خلال تنفيذ قيود الإنفاق. [108]
في 22 سبتمبر 1993 ، ألقت كلينتون خطابًا هامًا أمام الكونجرس بخصوص خطة إصلاح الرعاية الصحية . يهدف البرنامج إلى تحقيق التغطية الشاملة من خلال خطة رعاية صحية وطنية. كان هذا أحد أبرز البنود على الأجندة التشريعية لكلينتون ونتج عن فريق عمل برئاسة هيلاري كلينتون. لقيت الخطة استحسانًا في الأوساط السياسية ، لكنها حُكم عليها في النهاية بمعارضة جماعة ضغط جيدة التنظيم من المحافظين ، والرابطة الطبية الأمريكية ، وصناعة التأمين الصحي. ومع ذلك ، قال جون إف هاريس ، كاتب سيرة كلينتون ، إن البرنامج فشل بسبب نقص التنسيق داخل البيت الأبيض. [52]على الرغم من الأغلبية الديمقراطية في الكونجرس ، فإن الجهود المبذولة لإنشاء نظام رعاية صحية وطني ماتت في النهاية عندما فشل التشريع التوفيقي من قبل جورج ميتشل في الحصول على أغلبية الدعم في أغسطس 1994. كان فشل مشروع القانون أول هزيمة تشريعية كبرى للحزب. إدارة كلينتون. [49] [52]
In November 1993, David Hale—the source of criminal allegations against Bill Clinton in the Whitewater controversy—alleged that while governor of Arkansas, Clinton pressured Hale to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, the Clintons' partner in the Whitewater land deal.[109] A U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation resulted in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project, but the Clintons themselves were never charged, and Clinton maintains his and his wife's innocence in the affair.
في 30 تشرين الثاني (نوفمبر) 1993 ، وقعت كلينتون على قانون برادي بيل ، الذي فرض فحوصات الخلفية الفيدرالية على الأشخاص الذين يشترون الأسلحة النارية في الولايات المتحدة. كما فرض القانون فترة انتظار مدتها خمسة أيام على المشتريات ، حتى تم تطبيق نظام NICS في عام 1998. كما قام بتوسيع ائتمان ضريبة الدخل المكتسب ، وهو إعانة للعمال ذوي الدخل المنخفض. [52]
في ديسمبر من نفس العام ، تم الإبلاغ عن مزاعم جنود ولاية أركنساس لاري باترسون وروجر بيري لأول مرة من قبل ديفيد بروك في The American Spectator . في القضية التي عُرفت فيما بعد باسم " Troopergate " ، زعم الضباط أنهم رتبوا علاقات جنسية لكلينتون عندما كان حاكماً لأركنساس. ذكرت القصة امرأة تدعى باولا ، في إشارة إلى بولا جونز . واعتذر بروك في وقت لاحق لكلينتون ، قائلا إن المقال كان بدوافع سياسية "الصحافة السيئة" ، وأن "الجنود كانوا جشعين ولديهم دوافع لزجة". [110]
في ذلك الشهر ، نفذت كلينتون توجيهات وزارة الدفاع المعروفة باسم " لا تسأل ، لا تخبر " ، والتي سمحت للرجال والنساء المثليين بالخدمة في القوات المسلحة بشرط أن يحافظوا على تفضيلاتهم الجنسية سرا. منع القانون الجيش من الاستفسار عن التوجه الجنسي للفرد. [111] تم تطوير السياسة كحل وسط بعد أن واجه اقتراح كلينتون بالسماح للمثليين بالخدمة علانية في الجيش معارضة شديدة من الجمهوريين والديمقراطيين البارزين في الكونجرس ، بما في ذلك السناتور جون ماكين (R-AZ) و Sam Nunn (D-GA). بحسب ديفيد ميكسنر، أدى دعم كلينتون للتسوية إلى نزاع ساخن مع نائب الرئيس آل جور ، الذي شعر أن "الرئيس يجب أن يرفع الحظر ... على الرغم من أن [أمره التنفيذي] كان من المؤكد أن الكونغرس قد تجاوزه". [112] انتقد بعض المدافعين عن حقوق المثليين كلينتون لعدم ذهابه بعيدًا بما فيه الكفاية واتهموه بتقديم وعده في حملته الانتخابية بالحصول على أصوات ومساهمات. [113] كان موقفهم هو أن كلينتون كان يجب أن تدمج الجيش بأمر تنفيذي ، مشيرًا إلى أن الرئيس هاري إس ترومان استخدم الأمر التنفيذي لإلغاء الفصل العنصري بين القوات المسلحة. جادل المدافعون عن كلينتون بأن الأمر التنفيذي ربما يكون قد دفع مجلس الشيوخ لكتابة استبعاد المثليين من القانون ، مما يجعل من الصعب دمج الجيش في المستقبل.[49] في وقت لاحق من رئاسته ، في عام 1999 ، انتقد كلينتون الطريقة التي تم بها تنفيذ السياسة ، قائلاً إنه لا يعتقد أن أي شخص جاد يمكن أن يقول إنها ليست "خارجة عن السيطرة". [114] ظلت السياسة مثيرة للجدل ، وتم إلغاؤها نهائيًا في عام 2011 ، وإزالة التوجه الجنسي المفتوح كسبب للفصل من القوات المسلحة. [115]
في 1 يناير 1994 ، وقعت كلينتون اتفاقية التجارة الحرة لأمريكا الشمالية لتصبح قانونًا. [116] طوال عامه الأول في المنصب ، أيد كلينتون باستمرار التصديق على المعاهدة من قبل مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي. دعم كلينتون ومعظم حلفائه في لجنة القيادة الديمقراطية بشدة إجراءات التجارة الحرة. ومع ذلك ، استمر الخلاف الشديد داخل الحزب. جاءت المعارضة بشكل رئيسي من الجمهوريين المناهضين للتجارة والديمقراطيين الحمائيين وأنصار روس بيرو. أقر مشروع القانون مجلس النواب بأغلبية 234 صوتًا مقابل 200 معارضة (132 جمهوريًا و 102 ديمقراطيًا صوتوا لصالحه ، و 156 ديمقراطيًا ، و 43 جمهوريًا ، وواحد مستقل ضده). ثم صدق مجلس الشيوخ على المعاهدة ووقعها الرئيس لتصبح قانونًا. [116]
The Omnibus Crime Bill, which Clinton signed into law in September 1994,[117] made many changes to U.S. crime and law enforcement legislation including the expansion of the death penalty to include crimes not resulting in death, such as running a large-scale drug enterprise. During Clinton's re-election campaign he said, "My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug kingpins, murderers of federal law enforcement officers, and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons."[118] It also included a subsection of assault weapons ban for a ten-year period.[119]
في 21 أكتوبر 1994 ، أطلقت إدارة كلينتون أول موقع رسمي للبيت الأبيض ، whitehouse.gov . [120] [121] تمت متابعة الموقع بثلاثة إصدارات أخرى ، مما أدى إلى إطلاق النسخة النهائية في عام 2000. [122] [123]كان موقع البيت الأبيض على الإنترنت جزءًا من حركة أوسع لإدارة كلينتون نحو التواصل عبر الإنترنت. وفقًا لروبرت لونجلي ، "كان كلينتون وجور مسئولين عن الضغط على جميع الوكالات الفيدرالية تقريبًا ونظام المحاكم الأمريكية والجيش الأمريكي على الإنترنت ، وبالتالي فتح الحكومة الأمريكية أمام المزيد من مواطني أمريكا أكثر من أي وقت مضى. في 17 يوليو 1996 ، أصدرت كلينتون الأمر التنفيذي رقم 13011 — تكنولوجيا المعلومات الفيدرالية ، الذي يأمر رؤساء جميع الوكالات الفيدرالية باستخدام تكنولوجيا المعلومات بشكل كامل لجعل معلومات الوكالة في متناول الجمهور بسهولة. " [124]
بعد عامين من سيطرة الحزب الديمقراطي ، فقد الديمقراطيون السيطرة على الكونجرس للجمهوريين في انتخابات التجديد النصفي عام 1994 ، لأول مرة منذ أربعين عامًا. [125]
توقع خطاب ألقاه الرئيس بيل كلينتون في مؤتمر البيت الأبيض في 6 ديسمبر 1995 حول فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية / الإيدز أنه سيتم تطوير علاج لمرض الإيدز ولقاح لمنع المزيد من العدوى. وركز الرئيس على إنجازات إدارته والجهود المتعلقة بالوباء ، بما في ذلك تسريع عملية الموافقة على الأدوية. كما أدان كراهية المثليين والتمييز ضد المصابين بفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية . أعلنت كلينتون عن ثلاث مبادرات جديدة: إنشاء مجموعة عمل خاصة لتنسيق أبحاث الإيدز في جميع أنحاء الحكومة الفيدرالية ؛ دعوة خبراء الصحة العامة لوضع خطة عمل تدمج الوقاية من فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية مع الوقاية من تعاطي المخدرات ؛ وإطلاق جهد جديد من قبلوزارة العدل لضمان أن مرافق الرعاية الصحية توفر المساواة في الوصول إلى الأشخاص المصابين بفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية والإيدز. [126]
The White House FBI files controversy of June 1996 arose concerning improper access by the White House to FBI security-clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Office of Personnel Security, improperly requested, and received from the FBI, background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations.[127] In March 2000, Independent Counsel Robert Ray determined there was no credible evidence of any crime. Ray's report further stated, "there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved" in seeking the files.[128]
في 21 سبتمبر 1996 ، وقعت كلينتون على قانون الدفاع عن الزواج (DOMA) ، والذي عرّف الزواج للأغراض الفيدرالية على أنه اتحاد قانوني لرجل وامرأة واحدة ؛ يسمح التشريع للدول الفردية برفض الاعتراف بزواج المثليين الذي يتم في ولايات أخرى. [129] قال بول ياندورا ، متحدثًا باسم مكتب الاتصال بالمثليين والسحاقيات بالبيت الأبيض ، إن توقيع كلينتون لـ DOMA "كان قرارًا سياسيًا اتخذهوا في وقت إعادة انتخابهم". دفاعًا عن أفعاله ، قال كلينتون إن DOMA كان يهدف إلى "تجنب محاولة إرسال تعديل دستوري يحظر زواج المثليين إلى الولايات" ، وهو احتمال وصفه بأنه محتمل للغاية في سياق "كونغرس رجعي للغاية".[130] المتحدث باسم الإدارةقال ريتشارد سوكاريدس : "البدائل التي عرفناها ستكون أسوأ بكثير ، وقد حان الوقت للمضي قدمًا وإعادة انتخاب الرئيس". [131] قال كلينتون نفسه إن DOMA كان شيئًا "وضعه الجمهوريون في بطاقة الاقتراع لمحاولة الحصول على تصويت أساسي لبوش ، وأعتقد أنه من الواضح أنه يجب القيام بشيء ما لمحاولة منع الكونجرس الجمهوري من تقديم ذلك". [132] كان البعض الآخر أكثر انتقادًا. وقد أطلق الناشط المخضرم في مجال حقوق المثليين وزواج المثليين ، إيفان ولفسون ، على هذه الادعاءات "تحريفية تاريخية". [131] في 2 يوليو 2011 ، افتتاحية نيويورك تايمزفي رأيه ، "تم سن قانون الدفاع عن الزواج في عام 1996 باعتباره قضية إسفينية في عام الانتخابات ، وقعه الرئيس بيل كلينتون في واحدة من أسوأ لحظاته السياسية." [133] في نهاية المطاف ، في قضية الولايات المتحدة ضد وندسور ، ألغت المحكمة العليا الأمريكية DOMA في يونيو 2013. [134]
على الرغم من DOMA ، كان كلينتون أول رئيس يختار الأشخاص المثليين علنًا للمناصب الإدارية ، [135] ويُنسب إليه عمومًا باعتباره أول رئيس يدافع علنًا عن حقوق المثليين. [136] خلال فترة رئاسته ، أصدر كلينتون أمرين تنفيذيين مثيرين للجدل بشكل كبير نيابة عن حقوق المثليين ، الأول رفع الحظر المفروض على التصاريح الأمنية للموظفين الفيدراليين المثليين [137] والثاني يحظر التمييز على أساس التوجه الجنسي في القوى العاملة المدنية الفيدرالية. [138] تحت قيادة كلينتون ، تضاعف التمويل الفيدرالي لأبحاث فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية / الإيدز والوقاية والعلاج. [139] كما ضغطت كلينتون من أجل تمرير قوانين جرائم الكراهية للمثليين وللقطاع الخاصقانون عدم التمييز في العمل ، والذي ، بدعم من جماعات الضغط التي قام بها ، فشل في تمرير مجلس الشيوخ بتصويت واحد في عام 1996. [140] أدت الدعوة لهذه القضايا ، مقترنة بالطبيعة غير الشعبية سياسياً لحركة حقوق المثليين في ذلك الوقت ، إلى دعم متحمس لانتخاب كلينتون وإعادة انتخابه من قبل حملة حقوق الإنسان . [136] خرج كلينتون من أجل زواج المثليين في يوليو 2009 [141] وحث المحكمة العليا على إلغاء DOMA في عام 2013. [142] تم تكريمه لاحقًا من قبل GLAAD لمواقفه السابقة المؤيدة للمثليين وانعكاسه على DOMA. [143]
"When I took office, only high energy physicists had ever heard of what is called the Worldwide Web ... Now even my cat has its own page."
Bill Clinton's announcement of Next Generation Internet initiative, October 1996.[144]
The 1996 United States campaign finance controversy was an alleged effort by China to influence the domestic policies of the United States, before and during the Clinton administration, and involved the fundraising practices of the administration itself.[145][146] Despite the evidence,[145][147] the Chinese government denied all accusations.[148]
وكجزء من مبادرة 1996 للحد من الهجرة غير الشرعية ، وقعت كلينتون غير قانونية إصلاح الهجرة وقانون المسؤولية المهاجرين ، (iirira) ليوم 30 سبتمبر، 1996. عينه كلينتون [149] و اللجنة الأمريكية للإصلاح الهجرة أوصت الحد من الهجرة الشرعية من نحو 800000 شخص سنويًا إلى حوالي 550.000. [150] [151]
Ken Gormley, author of The Death of American Virtue: Clinton vs. Starr, reveals in his book that Clinton narrowly escaped possible assassination in the Philippines in November 1996. During his visit to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in Manila, while he was on his way to meet with a senior member of the Philippine government, Clinton was saved from danger minutes before his motorcade was scheduled to drive over a bridge charged with a timed improvised explosive device (IED).[152] According to officials, the IED was large enough to "blow up the entire presidential motorcade".[153] Details of the plot were revealed to Gormley by Lewis C. Merletti, former member of the presidential protection detail and Director of the Secret Service. Intelligence officers intercepted a radio transmission indicating there was a wedding cake under a bridge.[152] This alerted Merletti and others as Clinton's motorcade was scheduled to drive over a major bridge in downtown Manila.[153] Once more, the word "wedding" was the code name used by a terrorist group for a past assassination attempt.[153] Merletti wanted to reroute the motorcade, but the alternate route would add forty-five minutes to the drive time. Clinton was very angry, as he was already late for the meeting, but following the advice of the secret service possibly saved his life. Two other bombs had been discovered in Manila earlier in the week so the threat level that day was high.[154] Security personnel at the Manila International Airport uncovered several grenades and a timing device in a travel bag.[155] Officials also discovered a bomb near a major U.S. naval base.[155] The president was scheduled to visit both these locations later in the week. An intense investigation took place into the events in Manila and it was discovered that the group behind the bridge bomb was a Saudi terrorist group in Afghanistan known as al-Qaeda and the plot was masterminded by Osama bin Laden.[153] Until recently, this thwarted assassination attempt was never made public and remained top secret. Only top members of the U.S. intelligence community were aware of these events.[153]
1996 presidential election
In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2 percent of the popular vote over Republican Bob Dole (40.7 percent of the popular vote) and Reform candidate Ross Perot (8.4 percent of the popular vote). Clinton received 379 of the Electoral College votes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes. With his victory, he became the first Democrat to win two consecutive presidential elections since Franklin D. Roosevelt.[156][157]
Second term (1997–2001)
In the January 1997, State of the Union address, Clinton proposed a new initiative to provide health coverage to up to five million children. Senators Ted Kennedy—a Democrat—and Orrin Hatch—a Republican—teamed up with Hillary Rodham Clinton and her staff in 1997, and succeeded in passing legislation forming the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), the largest (successful) health care reform in the years of the Clinton Presidency. That year, Hillary Clinton shepherded through Congress the Adoption and Safe Families Act and two years later she succeeded in helping pass the Foster Care Independence Act. Bill Clinton negotiated the passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 by the Republican Congress. In October 1997, he announced he was getting hearing aids, due to hearing loss attributed to his age, and his time spent as a musician in his youth.[158] In 1999, he signed into law the Financial Services Modernization Act also known as the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, which repealed the part of the Glass–Steagall Act that had prohibited a bank from offering a full range of investment, commercial banking, and insurance services since its enactment in 1933.[159]
Impeachment and acquittal
After a House inquiry, Clinton was impeached on December 19, 1998, by the House of Representatives. The House voted 228–206 to impeach him for perjury to a grand jury[160] and voted 221–212 to impeach him for obstruction of justice.[161] Clinton was only the second U.S. president (after Andrew Johnson) to be impeached.[162][163] Impeachment proceedings were based on allegations that Clinton had illegally lied about and covered up his relationship with 22-year-old White House (and later Department of Defense) employee Monica Lewinsky.[164] After the Starr Report was submitted to the House providing what it termed "substantial and credible information that President Clinton Committed Acts that May Constitute Grounds for an Impeachment",[165] the House began impeachment hearings against Clinton before the mid-term elections. To hold impeachment proceedings, the Republican leadership called a lame-duck session in December 1998.
While the House Judiciary Committee hearings ended in a straight party-line vote, there was lively debate on the House floor. The two charges passed in the House (largely with Republican support, but with a handful of Democratic votes as well) were for perjury and obstruction of justice. The perjury charge arose from Clinton's testimony before a grand jury that had been convened to investigate perjury he may have committed in his sworn deposition during Jones v. Clinton, Paula Jones's sexual harassment lawsuit.[166] The obstruction charge was based on his actions to conceal his relationship with Lewinsky before and after that deposition.
The Senate later acquitted Clinton of both charges.[167] The Senate refused to meet to hold an impeachment trial before the end of the old term, so the trial was held over until the next Congress. Clinton was represented by Washington law firm Williams & Connolly.[168] The Senate finished a twenty-one-day trial on February 12, 1999, with the vote of 55 not guilty/45 guilty on the perjury charge[167] and 50 not guilty/50 guilty on the obstruction of justice charge.[169] Both votes fell short of the constitutional two-thirds majority requirement to convict and remove an officeholder. The final vote was generally along party lines, with no Democrats voting guilty, and only a handful of Republicans voting not guilty.[167]
On January 19, 2001, Clinton's law license was suspended for five years after he acknowledged to an Arkansas circuit court that he had engaged in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice in the Jones case.[170][171]
Pardons and commutations
Clinton issued 141 pardons and 36 commutations on his last day in office on January 20, 2001.[52][172] Controversy surrounded Marc Rich and allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother, Hugh Rodham, accepted payments in return for influencing the president's decision-making regarding the pardons.[173] Federal prosecutor Mary Jo White was appointed to investigate the pardon of Rich. She was later replaced by then-Republican James Comey. The investigation found no wrongdoing on Clinton's part.[174] Clinton also pardoned 4 defendants in the Whitewater Scandal, Chris Wade, Susan McDougal, Stephen Smith, and Robert W. Palmer. All of whom had ties to Clinton when he was governor of Arkansas.[175] Former Clinton HUD Secretary Henry Cisneros, who pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI, was also among Clinton’s pardons.[176]
Campaign finance controversies
In February 1997 it was discovered upon documents being released by the Clinton Administration that 938 people had stayed at the White House and that 821 of them had made donations to the Democratic Party and got the opportunity to stay in the Lincoln bedroom as a result of the donations.[177][178] Some donors included Steven Spielberg, Tom Hanks, Jane Fonda, and Judy Collins. Top donors also got golf games and morning jogs with Clinton as a result of the contributions.[178] Janet Reno was called on to investigate the matter by Trent Lott, but she refused.[179]
In 1996, it was found that several Chinese foreigners made contributions to Clinton’s reelection campaign and the Democratic National Committee with the backing of the People's Republic of China. Some of them also attempted to donate to Clinton’s defense fund.[180] This violated United States law forbidding non-American citizens from making campaign contributions. Clinton and Al Gore also allegedly met with the foreign donors.[181][182][183][184] A republican investigation led by Fred Thompson found that Clinton was targeted by the Chinese government. However, Democratic senator Joe Lieberman and John Glenn said that the evidence showed that china only targeted congressional elections and not presidential elections.[185]
Military and foreign affairs
Somalia
The Battle of Mogadishu occurred in Somalia in 1993. During the operation, two U.S. helicopters were shot down by rocket-propelled grenade attacks to their tail rotors, trapping soldiers behind enemy lines. This resulted in an urban battle that killed 18 American soldiers, wounded 73 others, and one was taken prisoner. There were many more Somali casualties. Some of the American bodies were dragged through the streets—a spectacle broadcast on television news programs. In response, U.S. forces were withdrawn from Somalia and later conflicts were approached with fewer soldiers on the ground.[186][187]
Rwanda
In April 1994, genocide broke out in Rwanda. Intelligence reports indicate that Clinton was aware a "final solution to eliminate all Tutsis" was underway, long before the administration publicly used the word "genocide".[188][189][190] Fearing a reprisal of the events in Somalia the previous year, Clinton chose not to intervene.[191] President Clinton has referred to the failure of the U.S. government to intervene in the genocide as one of his main foreign policy failings, saying "I don't think we could have ended the violence, but I think we could have cut it down. And I regret it."[192]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
In 1995, U.S. and NATO aircraft bombed Bosnian Serb targets to halt attacks on U.N. safe zones and pressure them into a peace accord that would end the Bosnian war. Clinton deployed U.S. peacekeepers to Bosnia in late 1995, to uphold the subsequent Dayton Agreement.[193]
Irish peace talks
In 1992, before his presidency, Clinton proposed sending a peace envoy to Northern Ireland, but this was dropped to avoid tensions with the UK government. In 1994, Clinton angered London by granting a visa to Gerry Adams, leader of Sinn Féin, the IRA's political arm. In November 1995, Clinton became the first U.S. president to visit Northern Ireland, seeing both the divided communities of Belfast and later famously shaking Adams' hand, 14 months into an IRA ceasefire during the Troubles.[194] Despite unionist criticism, Clinton used this as a way to negotiate an end to the violent conflict with London, Dublin, the paramilitaries and the other groups. Clinton went on to play a key role in the peace talks, which eventually led to the Good Friday Agreement in 1998.[195]
Iran
In February 1996, the Clinton administration agreed to pay Iran US$131.8 million (equivalent to $217.49 million in 2020) in settlement to discontinue a case brought by Iran in 1989 against the U.S. in the International Court of Justice after the shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 by the U.S. Navy guided missile cruiser.[196]
Osama bin Laden
Capturing Osama bin Laden had been an objective of the U.S. government during the presidency of Bill Clinton (and continued to be until bin Laden's death in 2011).[197] Despite claims by Mansoor Ijaz and Sudanese officials that the Sudanese government had offered to arrest and extradite bin Laden, and that U.S. authorities rejected each offer,[198] the 9/11 Commission Report stated that "we have not found any reliable evidence to support the Sudanese claim".[199]
In response to a 1996 State Department warning about bin Laden[200] and the 1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africa by al-Qaeda (which killed 224 people, including 12 Americans), Clinton ordered several military missions to capture or kill bin Laden, all of which were unsuccessful. In August 1998, Clinton ordered cruise missile strikes on terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan, targeting the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Sudan, which was suspected of assisting bin Laden in making chemical weapons, and bin Laden's terrorist training camps in Afghanistan.[201]
Kosovo
In the midst of a brutal crackdown on ethnic Albanian separatists in the province of Kosovo by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Clinton authorized the use of U.S. Armed Forces in a NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia in 1999, named Operation Allied Force.[202] The stated reasoning behind the intervention was to stop the ethnic cleansing (and what the Clinton administration labeled genocide)[203][204] of Albanians by Yugoslav anti-guerilla military units. General Wesley Clark was Supreme Allied Commander of NATO and oversaw the mission. With United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, the bombing campaign ended on June 10, 1999. The resolution placed Kosovo under UN administration and authorized a peacekeeping force to be deployed to the region.[205] NATO announced its soldiers all survived combat,[206] though two died in an Apache helicopter crash.[207] Journalists in the popular press criticized genocide statements by the Clinton administration as false and greatly exaggerated.[208][209] Prior to the bombing campaign on March 24, 1999, common estimates showed that the number of civilians killed in the over year long conflict in Kosovo had approximately been 1,800, of which were primarily Albanians but also Serbs and that there was no evidence of genocide or ethnic cleansing.[210][211] In a post-war inquiry, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe noted "the patterns of the expulsions and the vast increase in lootings, killings, rape, kidnappings and pillage once the NATO air war began on March 24".[212] In 2001, the U.N.-supervised Supreme Court of Kosovo ruled that genocide (the intent to destroy a people) did not take place, but recognized "a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments" with the intention being the forceful departure of the Albanian population.[213] The term "ethnic cleansing" was used as an alternative to "genocide" to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is little difference.[214] Slobodan Milošević, the president of Yugoslavia at the time of the atrocities, was eventually brought to trial before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in the Hague on charges including crimes against humanity and war crimes for his role in the war.[215] He died in 2006, before the completion of the trial.[215][216]
Iraq
In Clinton's 1998 State of the Union Address, he warned Congress that Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was building an arsenal of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons.[217]
Clinton signed the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 on October 31, 1998, which instituted a policy of "regime change" against Iraq, though it explicitly stated it did not provide for direct intervention on the part of American military forces.[218][219] The administration then launched a four-day bombing campaign named Operation Desert Fox, lasting from December 16 to 19, 1998. At the end of this operation Clinton announced that "So long as Saddam remains in power, he will remain a threat to his people, his region, and the world. With our allies, we must pursue a strategy to contain him and to constrain his weapons of mass destruction program, while working toward the day Iraq has a government willing to live at peace with its people and with its neighbors."[220] American and British aircraft in the Iraq no-fly zones attacked hostile Iraqi air defenses 166 times in 1999 and 78 times in 2000.[221][222]
China
On October 10, 2000, Clinton signed into law the U.S.–China Relations Act of 2000, which granted permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) trade status to China.[223] The president asserted that free trade would gradually open China to democratic reform.[224]
Relations were damaged briefly by the American bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade in May 1999. Clinton apologized for the bombing, stating it was accidental.[225]
The U.S.–China Relations Act of 2000 granted China permanent normal trade relations (NTR) status (previously called most favoured nation (MFN)) when China becomes a full member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), ending annual review and approval of NTR. The Act was signed into law on October 10, 2000 by Clinton.[226][227][228] President Clinton in 2000 pushed Congress to approve the U.S.-China trade agreement and China's accession to the WTO, saying that more trade with China would advance America's economic interests: "Economically, this agreement is the equivalent of a one-way street. It requires China to open its markets—with a fifth of the world's population, potentially the biggest markets in the world—to both our products and services in unprecedented new ways," said Clinton.[229]
Israeli-Palestinian conflict
After initial successes such as the Oslo Accords of the early 1990s, which also led to the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994 and the Wye River Memorandum in October 1998, Clinton attempted an effort to end the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. He brought Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat together at Camp David for the Camp David Summit in July 2000, which lasted 14 days.[52] Following the failures of the peace talks, Clinton said Arafat had "missed the opportunity" to facilitate a "just and lasting peace". In his autobiography, Clinton blames Arafat for the collapse of the summit.[230] Following another attempt in December 2000 at Bolling Air Force Base, in which the president offered the Clinton Parameters, the situation broke down completely after the end of the Taba Summit and with the start of the Second Intifada.[52]
Judicial appointments
Clinton appointed two justices to the Supreme Court: Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993[231] and Stephen Breyer in 1994.[232]
Clinton was the first president in history to appoint more women and minority judges than white male judges to the federal courts.[233] In his eight years in office, 11.6% of Clinton's court of appeals nominees and 17.4% of his district court nominees were black; 32.8% of his court of appeals nominees and 28.5% of his district court nominees were women.[233]
Public opinion
Throughout Clinton's first term, his job approval rating fluctuated in the 40s and 50s. In his second term, his rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s.[234] After his impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999, Clinton's rating reached its highest point.[235] According to a CBS News/New York Times poll, Clinton left office with an approval rating of 68 percent, which matched those of Ronald Reagan and Franklin D. Roosevelt as the highest ratings for departing presidents in the modern era.[236] Clinton's average Gallup poll approval rating for his last quarter in office was 61%, the highest final quarter rating any president has received for fifty years.[237] Forty-seven percent of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters.[237]
As he was leaving office, a CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll revealed that 45 percent of Americans said they would miss him; 55 percent thought he "would have something worthwhile to contribute and should remain active in public life"; 68 percent thought he would be remembered more for his "involvement in personal scandal" than for "his accomplishments"; and 58 percent answered "No" to the question "Do you generally think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy?"[237] The same percentage said he would be remembered as either "outstanding" or "above average" as a president, while 22 percent said he would be remembered as "below average" or "poor".[237] ABC News characterized public consensus on Clinton as, "You can't trust him, he's got weak morals and ethics—and he's done a heck of a good job."[238]
In May 2006, a CNN poll comparing Clinton's job performance with that of his successor, George W. Bush, found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas questioned.[240] Gallup polls in 2007 and 2011 showed that Clinton was regarded by 13 percent of Americans as the greatest president in U.S. history.[241][242]
In 2014, 18 percent of respondents in a Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll of American voters regarded Clinton as the best president since World War II, making him the third most popular among postwar presidents, behind John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan.[243] The same poll showed that just 3% of American voters regarded Clinton as the worst president since World War II.[243]
A 2015 poll by The Washington Post asked 162 scholars of the American Political Science Association to rank all the U.S. presidents in order of greatness. According to their findings, Clinton ranked eighth overall, with a rating of 70 percent.[244]
Public image
Clinton was the first baby boomer president.[245] Authors Martin Walker and Bob Woodward stated that Clinton's innovative use of sound bite-ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning were a major factor in his high public approval ratings.[246][247] When Clinton played the saxophone on The Arsenio Hall Show, he was described by some religious conservatives as "the MTV president".[248] Opponents sometimes referred to him as "Slick Willie", a nickname which was first applied to him in 1980 by Pine Bluff Commercial journalist Paul Greenberg;[249] Greenberg believed that Clinton was abandoning the progressive policies of previous Arkansas Governors such as Winthrop Rockefeller, Dale Bumpers and David Pryor.[249] The claim "Slick Willie" would last throughout his presidency.[250] His folksy manner led him to be nicknamed Bubba, especially in the South.[251] Since 2000, he has frequently been referred to as "The Big Dog" or "Big Dog".[252][253] His prominent role in campaigning for President Obama during the 2012 presidential election and his widely publicized speech at the 2012 Democratic National Convention, where he officially nominated Obama and criticized Republican nominee Mitt Romney and Republican policies in detail, earned him the nickname "Explainer-in-Chief".[254][255]
Clinton drew strong support from the African American community and insisted that the improvement of race relations would be a major theme of his presidency.[256] In 1998, Nobel laureate Toni Morrison called Clinton "the first Black president", saying, "Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas".[257] Morrison noted that Clinton's sex life was scrutinized more than his career accomplishments, and she compared this to the stereotyping and double standards that, she said, blacks typically endure.[257] Many viewed this comparison as unfair and disparaging both to Clinton and to the African-American community at large.[258] Clinton, a Baptist,[259] has been open about his faith.[260]
Sexual misconduct and sexual assault allegations
Several women have publicly accused Bill Clinton of sexual misconduct, including rape, harassment, and sexual assault. Additionally, some commentators have characterized Clinton's sexual relationship with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky as predatory or non-consensual, despite the fact that Lewinsky called the relationship consensual at the time. These allegations have been revisited and lent more credence in 2018, in light of the #MeToo movement, with many commentators and Democratic leaders now saying Clinton should have been compelled to resign after the Lewinsky affair.[261][262][263]
In 1994, Paula Jones initiated a sexual harassment lawsuit against Clinton, claiming he had made unwanted advances towards her in 1991; Clinton denied the allegations. In April 1998, the case was initially dismissed by Judge Susan Webber Wright on the grounds that it lacked legal merit.[264] Jones appealed Webber Wright's ruling, and her suit gained traction following Clinton's admission to having an affair with Monica Lewinsky in August 1998.[265] In 1998, lawyers for Paula Jones released court documents that alleged a pattern of sexual harassment by Clinton when he was Governor of Arkansas. Robert S. Bennett, Clinton's main lawyer for the case, called the filing "a pack of lies" and "an organized campaign to smear the President of the United States" funded by Clinton's political enemies.[266] Clinton later agreed to an out-of-court settlement and paid Jones $850,000.[267] Bennett said the president made the settlement only so he could end the lawsuit for good and move on with his life.[268] During the deposition for the Jones lawsuit, which was held at the White House,[269] Clinton denied having sexual relations with Monica Lewinsky—a denial that became the basis for an impeachment charge of perjury.[270]
In 1998, Kathleen Willey alleged that Clinton had groped her in a hallway in 1993. An independent counsel determined Willey gave "false information" to the FBI, inconsistent with sworn testimony related to the Jones allegation.[271] On March 19, 1998, Julie Hiatt Steele, a friend of Willey, released an affidavit, accusing the former White House aide of asking her to lie to corroborate Ms. Willey's account of being sexually groped by Clinton in the Oval Office.[272] An attempt by Kenneth Starr to prosecute Steele for making false statements and obstructing justice ended in a mistrial and Starr declined to seek a retrial after Steele sought an investigation against the former Independent Counsel for prosecutorial misconduct.[273] Linda Tripp's grand jury testimony also differed from Willey's claims regarding inappropriate sexual advances.[274]
Also in 1998, Juanita Broaddrick alleged that Clinton had raped her in the spring of 1978, although she said she did not remember the exact date.[275] To support her charge, Broaddrick notes that she told multiple witnesses in 1978 she had been raped by Clinton, something these witnesses also state in interviews to the press.[276] Broaddrick had earlier filed an affidavit denying any "unwelcome sexual advances" and later repeated the denial in a sworn deposition.[275] In a 1998 NBC interview wherein she detailed the alleged rape, Broaddrick said she had denied (under oath) being raped only to avoid testifying about the ordeal publicly.[275]
The Lewinsky scandal has had an enduring impact on Clinton's legacy, beyond his impeachment in 1998.[277] In the wake of the #MeToo movement (which shed light on the widespread prevalence of sexual assault and harassment, especially in the workplace), various commentators and Democratic political leaders, as well as Lewinsky herself, have revisited their view that the Lewinsky affair was consensual, and instead characterized it as an abuse of power or harassment, in light of the power differential between a president and a 22-year old intern. In 2018, Clinton was asked in several interviews about whether he should have resigned, and he said he had made the right decision in not resigning.[278] During the 2018 Congressional elections, The New York Times alleged that having no Democratic candidate for office asking Clinton to campaign with them was a change that attributed to the revised understanding of the Lewinsky scandal.[277] However, former DNC interim chair Donna Brazile previously urged Clinton in November 2017 to campaign during the 2018 midterm elections, in spite of New York U.S. senator Kirsten Gillibrand's recent criticism of the Lewinsky scandal.[279]
Post-presidency (2001–present)
Bill Clinton has continued to be active in public life since leaving office in 2001, giving speeches, fundraising, and founding charitable organizations,[280] and has spoken in prime time at every Democratic National Convention.[281]
Activities until 2008 campaign
In 2002, Clinton warned that pre-emptive military action against Iraq would have unwelcome consequences,[282][283] and later claimed to have opposed the Iraq War from the start (though some dispute this).[284] In 2005, Clinton criticized the Bush administration for its handling of emissions control, while speaking at the United Nations Climate Change conference in Montreal.[285]
The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock, Arkansas, was dedicated in 2004.[286] Clinton released a best-selling autobiography, My Life, in 2004.[287] In 2007, he released Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World, which also became a New York Times Best Seller and garnered positive reviews.[288]
In the aftermath of the 2004 Asian tsunami, U.N. secretary-general Kofi Annan appointed Clinton to head a relief effort.[289] After Hurricane Katrina, Clinton joined with fellow former president George H. W. Bush to establish the Bush-Clinton Tsunami Fund in January 2005, and the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund in October of that year.[290] As part of the tsunami effort, these two ex-presidents appeared in a Super Bowl XXXIX pre-game show,[291] and traveled to the affected areas.[292] They also spoke together at the funeral of Boris Yeltsin in April 2007.[293]
Based on his philanthropic worldview,[294] Clinton created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address issues of global importance. This foundation includes the Clinton Foundation HIV and AIDS Initiative (CHAI), which strives to combat that disease, and has worked with the Australian government toward that end. The Clinton Global Initiative (CGI), begun by the Clinton Foundation in 2005, attempts to address world problems such as global public health, poverty alleviation and religious and ethnic conflict.[295] In 2005, Clinton announced through his foundation an agreement with manufacturers to stop selling sugary drinks in schools.[296] Clinton's foundation joined with the Large Cities Climate Leadership Group in 2006 to improve cooperation among those cities, and he met with foreign leaders to promote this initiative.[297] The foundation has received donations from many governments all over the world, including Asia and the Middle East.[298] In 2008, Foundation director Inder Singh announced deals to reduce the price of anti-malaria drugs by 30 percent in developing nations.[299] Clinton also spoke in favor of California Proposition 87 on alternative energy, which was voted down.[300]
In the early 2000s, Clinton took flights on Jeffrey Epstein's private jet in connection with Clinton Foundation work.[301][302] Years later, Epstein was convicted on sex trafficking charges. Clinton's office released a statement in 2019 saying, "President Clinton knows nothing about the terrible crimes Jeffrey Epstein pleaded guilty to in Florida some years ago, or those with which he has been recently charged in New York. In 2002 and 2003, President Clinton took four trips on Jeffrey Epstein's airplane: one to Europe, one to Asia, and two to Africa, which included stops in connection with the work of the Clinton Foundation. Staff, supporters of the Foundation, and his Secret Service detail traveled on every leg of every trip. [...] He's not spoken to Epstein in well over a decade."[301][303][304]
2008 presidential election
During the 2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign, Clinton vigorously advocated on behalf of his wife, Hillary. Through speaking engagements and fundraisers, he was able to raise $10 million toward her campaign.[305] Some worried that as an ex-president, he was too active on the trail, too negative to Clinton rival Barack Obama, and alienating his supporters at home and abroad.[306] Many were especially critical of him following his remarks in the South Carolina primary, which Obama won. Later in the 2008 primaries, there was some infighting between Bill and Hillary's staffs, especially in Pennsylvania.[307] Considering Bill's remarks, many thought he could not rally Hillary supporters behind Obama after Obama won the primary.[308] Such remarks lead to apprehension that the party would be split to the detriment of Obama's election. Fears were allayed August 27, 2008, when Clinton enthusiastically endorsed Obama at the 2008 Democratic National Convention, saying all his experience as president assures him that Obama is "ready to lead".[309] After Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign was over, Bill Clinton continued to raise funds to help pay off her campaign debt.[310][311]
After the 2008 election
Clinton with then-President Barack Obama and Senior Advisor Valerie Jarrett in July 2010
Clinton, his wife Hillary, and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New York City on September 29, 2014
In 2009, Clinton travelled to North Korea on behalf of two American journalists imprisoned there. Euna Lee and Laura Ling had been imprisoned for illegally entering the country from China.[312] Jimmy Carter had made a similar visit in 1994.[312] After Clinton met with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, Kim issued a pardon.[313][314]
Since then, Clinton has been assigned many other diplomatic missions. He was named United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti in 2009 following a series of hurricanes which caused $1 billion in damages.[315] Clinton organized a conference with the Inter-American Development Bank, where a new industrial park was discussed in an effort to "build back better".[316] In response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, U.S. president Barack Obama announced that Clinton and George W. Bush would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery.[317] Funds began pouring into Haiti, which led to funding becoming available for Caracol Industrial Park in a part of the country unaffected by the earthquake. While Hillary Clinton was in South Korea, she and Cheryl Mills worked to convince SAE-A, a large apparel subcontractor, to invest in Haiti despite the company's deep concerns about plans to raise the minimum wage. In the summer of 2010, the South Korean company signed a contract at the U.S. State Department, ensuring that the new industrial park would have a key tenant.[316] In 2010, Clinton announced support of, and delivered the keynote address for, the inauguration of NTR, Ireland's first environmental foundation.[318][319] At the 2012 Democratic National Convention, Clinton gave a widely praised speech nominating Barack Obama.[320]
2016 presidential election
Clinton holding a dog on the campaign trail in New York City. Photo by Adam Schultz
Clinton speaking at the 2016 Democratic National Convention
During the 2016 presidential election, Clinton again encouraged voters to support Hillary, and made appearances speaking on the campaign trail.[321] In a series of tweets, then-President-elect Donald Trump criticized his ability to get people out to vote.[322] Clinton served as a member of the electoral college for the state of New York.[323] He voted for the Democratic ticket consisting of his wife Hillary and her running-mate Tim Kaine.
After the 2016 election
On September 7, 2017, Clinton partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama to work with One America Appeal to help the victims of Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in the Gulf Coast and Texas communities.[324]
On September 1, 2018, Clinton and his wife Hillary Clinton, along former Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama and their spouses attended the funeral of Sen. John McCain of Arizona at the Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. On December 5, 2018, Clinton and his wife attended the funeral of his former political opponent George H. W. Bush, along with former Presidents Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Jimmy Carter, and then-President Donald Trump and their spouses.
In 2020, Clinton again served as a member of the United States Electoral College from New York, casting his vote for the successful Democratic ticket of Joe Biden and Kamala Harris.[325][326]
On January 20, 2021, Clinton and his wife attended the inauguration of Joe Biden, alongside George W. Bush, Laura Bush, Barack Obama and Michelle Obama.
On September 11, 2021, Clinton and his wife attended a 9/11 memorial to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the attacks.[327]
Post-presidential health concerns
In September 2004, Clinton underwent quadruple bypass surgery.[328] In March 2005, he again underwent surgery, this time for a partially collapsed lung.[329] On February 11, 2010, he was rushed to New York-Presbyterian/Columbia Hospital in Manhattan after complaining of chest pains, and he had two coronary stents implanted in his heart.[328][330] After this procedure, Clinton adopted a plant-based whole foods (vegan) diet, which had been recommended by doctors Dean Ornish and Caldwell Esselstyn.[331] However, he has since incorporated fish and lean proteins at the suggestion of Dr. Mark Hyman, a proponent of the pseudoscientific ethos of functional medicine.[332] As a result, he is no longer a strict vegan.[333]
Wealth
The Clintons incurred several million dollars in legal bills during his presidency, which were paid off four years after he left office.[334] Bill and Hillary Clinton have each earned millions of dollars from book publishing.[335] In 2016, Forbes reported Bill and Hillary Clinton made about $240 million in the 15 years from January 2001, to December 2015, (mostly from paid speeches, business consulting and book-writing).[336] Also in 2016, CNN reported the Clintons combined to receive more than $153 million in paid speeches from 2001 until spring 2015.[337] In May 2015, The Hill reported that Bill and Hillary Clinton have made more than $25 million in speaking fees since the start of 2014, and that Hillary Clinton also made $5 million or more from her book, Hard Choices, during the same time period.[338] In July 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that at the end of 2012, the Clintons were worth between $5 million and $25.5 million, and that in 2012 (the last year they were required to disclose the information) the Clintons made between $16 and $17 million, mostly from speaking fees earned by the former president.[339] Clinton earned more than $104 million from paid speeches between 2001 and 2012.[340] In June 2014, ABC News and The Washington Post reported that Bill Clinton has made more than $100 million giving paid speeches since leaving public office, and in 2008, The New York Times reported that the Clintons' income tax returns[341] show they made $109 million in the eight years from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007, including almost $92 million from his speaking and book-writing.[335][342][343][344]
Bill Clinton has given dozens of paid speeches each year since leaving office in 2001, mostly to corporations and philanthropic groups in North America and Europe; he often earned $100,000 to $300,000 per speech.[337][345][346][347] Russian investment bank with ties to the Kremlin paid Clinton $500,000 for a speech in Moscow.[348][349] Hillary Clinton said she and Bill came out of the White House financially "broke" and in debt, especially due to large legal fees incurred during their years in the White House. "We had no money when we got there, and we struggled to, you know, piece together the resources for mortgages, for houses, for Chelsea's education." She added, "Bill has worked really hard ... we had to pay off all our debts ... he had to make double the money because of, obviously, taxes; and then pay off the debts, and get us houses, and take care of family members."[343]
Ministry
In 2007, with Jimmy Carter, he founded the New Baptist Covenant Baptist organization.[350]
Personal life
At the age of 10, he was baptized at Park Place Baptist Church in Hot Springs, Arkansas and remained a member of a Baptist church.[351]
In 1975, he married Hillary Rodham, whom he met while studying at Yale University. They had Chelsea Clinton, their only daughter.[352]
Honors and recognition
Various colleges and universities have awarded Clinton honorary degrees, including Doctorate of Law degrees[353][354] and Doctor of Humane Letters degrees.[355] He is an honorary fellow of University College, Oxford, which he attended as a Rhodes Scholar, although he did not complete his studies there.[356][357] Schools have been named for Clinton,[358][359][360] and statues have been built to pay him homage.[361][362] U.S. states where he has been honored include Missouri,[363] Arkansas,[364] Kentucky,[365] and New York.[366] He was presented with the Medal for Distinguished Public Service by Secretary of Defense William Cohen in 2001.[367] The Clinton Presidential Center was opened in Little Rock, Arkansas, in his honor on December 5, 2001.[368]
He has been honored in various other ways, in countries that include the Czech Republic,[369] Papua New Guinea,[370] Germany,[371] and Kosovo.[361] The Republic of Kosovo, in gratitude for his help during the Kosovo War, renamed a major street in the capital city of Pristina as Bill Clinton Boulevard and added a monumental Clinton statue.[372][373][374]
Clinton was selected as Time's "Man of the Year" in 1992,[375] and again in 1998, along with Ken Starr.[376] From a poll conducted of the American people in December 1999, Clinton was among eighteen included in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th century.[377] He was honored with a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children, a J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding,[378] a TED Prize (named for the confluence of technology, entertainment and design),[379] and was named as an Honorary GLAAD Media Award recipient for his work as an advocate for the LGBT community.[380]
In 2011, President Michel Martelly of Haiti awarded Clinton with the National Order of Honour and Merit to the rank of Grand Cross "for his various initiatives in Haiti and especially his high contribution to the reconstruction of the country after the earthquake of January 12, 2010". Clinton declared at the ceremony that "in the United States of America, I really don't believe former American presidents need awards anymore, but I am very honored by this one, I love Haiti, and I believe in its promise".[381]
U.S. president Barack Obama awarded Clinton the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 20, 2013.[382]
Secretary of Defense Cohen presents President Clinton the DoD Medal for Distinguished Public Service.
Bill Clinton statue in Ballybunion, erected to commemorate his 1998 golfing visit
Bill Clinton statue in Pristina, the capital of Kosovo
Electoral history
| Year | Office | Jurisdiction | Democratic | Republican | Other | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1974 | Arkansas 3rd congressional district | Arkansas | Bill Clinton | 48% | John Paul Hammerschmidt | 52% | ||
| 1976 | Arkansas Attorney General | Arkansas | Bill Clinton | Unopposed | ||||
| 1978 | Governor of Arkansas | Arkansas | Bill Clinton | 63% | Lynn Lowe | 37% | ||
| 1980 | Governor of Arkansas | Arkansas | Bill Clinton | 48% | Frank White | 52% | ||
| 1982 | Governor of Arkansas | Arkansas | Bill Clinton | 55% | Frank White | 45% | ||
| 1984 | Governor of Arkansas | Arkansas | Bill Clinton | 63% | Woody Freeman | 37% | ||
| 1986 | Governor of Arkansas | Arkansas | Bill Clinton | 64% | Frank White | 36% | ||
| 1990 | Governor of Arkansas | Arkansas | Bill Clinton | 57% | Sheffield Nelson | 42% | ||
| 1992 | President of the United States | United States of America | Bill Clinton | 43% | George H. W. Bush | 37% | Ross Perot (I) | 19% |
| 1996 | President of the United States | United States of America | Bill Clinton | 49% | Bob Dole | 41% | Ross Perot (Reform) | 8% |
Authored books
- Putting People First: How We Can All Change America. New York: Three Rivers Press. September 12, 1992. ISBN 978-0-8129-2193-9.
- Between Hope and History. New York: Times Books. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8129-2913-3.
- My Life (1st ed.). New York: Vintage Books. 2004. ISBN 978-1-4000-3003-3.
- Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. 2007. ISBN 978-0-307-26674-3.
- Back to Work (book) (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. 2011. ISBN 978-0-307-95975-1.
- The President Is Missing (1st ed.). Knopf. 2018. ISBN 978-0-316-41269-8.
- The President's Daughter (1st ed.). Knopf. 2021. ISBN 978-0-316-54071-1.
Recordings
Bill Clinton is one of the narrators on Wolf Tracks and Peter and the Wolf, a 2003 recording of Sergei Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf performed by the Russian National Orchestra, on Pentatone, together with Mikhail Gorbachev and Sophia Loren.[383] This garnered Clinton the 2003 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children.[384][385]
The audiobook edition of his autobiography, My Life, read by Clinton himself, won the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album[384] as well as the Audie Award as the Audiobook of the Year.[386]
Clinton has two more Grammy nominations for his audiobooks: Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World in 2007 and Back to Work in 2012.[384]
See also
- Clinton family
- Clinton School of Public Service
- Efforts to impeach Bill Clinton
- Gun control policy of the Clinton Administration
- List of presidents of the United States
- List of presidents of the United States by previous experience
References
- ^ "Directory of Irish Genealogy: American Presidents with Irish Ancestors". Homepage.eircom.net. March 23, 2004. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ a b "Biography of William J. Clinton". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved August 30, 2011 – via National Archives.
- ^ Andrews, Edmund L. (June 21, 1993). "Clinton Reported to Have A Brother He Never Met". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Clinton, Bill (2004). My Life. Random House. ISBN 1-4000-3003-X.
- ^ Chafe, William H. (2012). Bill and Hillary: The Politics of the Personal. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8090-9465-3.
- ^ Landres, J. Shawn, ed. (1992). Bill Clinton: The Inside Story. New York: S.P.I. Books. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1-5617-1177-2.
- ^ Takiff, Michael (2010). A Complicated Man: The Life of Bill Clinton as Told by Those who Know Him. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-3001-2130-8.
- ^ Flanagan, Sylvia P., ed. (September 8, 1997). "First Black Food Stamp Chief has Ties to President Clinton". Jet. Chicago: John N. Johnson. p. 10.
- ^ Gormley, Ken (2010). The Death of American Virtue: Clinton vs. Starr. New York: Crown Publishers. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-307-40944-7.
- ^ "Oprah Talks to Bill Clinton". O, The Oprah Magazine. August 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Maraniss, David (1996). First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton. Touchstone. ISBN 0-684-81890-6.
- ^ Soni, Jimmy (June 25, 2013). "10 Things You Definitely Didn't Know About Bill Clinton". The Huffington Post.
- ^ Maraniss, David (1996). First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton. Touchstone. p. 43.
- ^ "It All Began in a Place Called Hope (Archived whitehouse.gov Article)". The White House. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "Clinton: The Early Years". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
- ^ Robert E. Levin (1992). Bill Clinton: The Inside Story. SP Books. pp. xxiv–xxv. ISBN 978-1-56171-177-2.
- ^ "About Leadership". APO.org. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
- ^ DeMolay – Hall Of Fame » William Clinton, quote: "Clinton was initiated into Hot Springs Chapter in Hot Springs, Arkansas, in 1961, where he served as Master Councilor. He received the Chevalier in 1964, and the Legion of Honor in 1979. Clinton was inducted into the DeMolay Hall of Fame on May 1, 1988."[unreliable source?]
- ^ "Prominent Members". Kappa Kappa Psi. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ a b c Hoffman, Matthew (October 11, 1992). "The Bill Clinton we knew at Oxford: Apart from smoking dope (and not inhaling), what else did he learn over here? College friends share their memories with Matthew Hoffman". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
- ^ a b Dowd, Maureen (June 9, 1994). "Oxford Journal; Whereas, He Is an Old Boy, If a Young Chief, Honor Him". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
- ^ Hitchens, Christopher (December 4, 2010). "Chris or Christopher?". Hitch-22: A Memoir. London: Atlantic books. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-1-84354-922-2.
- ^ Stanley, Alessandra (November 22, 1992). "Most Likely to Succeed". The New York Times.
- ^ Cain, Nick & Growden, Greg (2006). "21: Ten Peculiar Facts about Rugby". Rugby Union for Dummies (2 ed.). Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-470-03537-5.
- ^ Eyal, Jonathan (June 8, 1994). "Doctor without a thesis: Bill Clinton gets an Oxford degree today, but Jonathan Eyal's verdict on his term's work is: a disaster". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
- ^ Neil A. Hamilton (2005). Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary. Infobase Publishing. p. 366. ISBN 978-1-4381-0816-2.
- ^ Steven M. Gillon (2008). The Pact: Bill Clinton, Newt Gingrich, and the Rivalry that Defined a Generation. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-532278-1.
- ^ Mikkelson, David (January 6, 2003). "Was Bill Clinton a 'Felonious Draft Dodger'?". Snopes. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
- ^ Clinton, Bill (February 13, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign; A Letter By Clinton On His Draft Deferment: 'A War I Opposed And Despised'". The New York Times. The Associated Press. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ Lauter, David (February 13, 1992). "Clinton Releases '69 Letter on ROTC and Draft Status". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles.
- ^ Morris, Roger (April 25, 1999). Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America. Regnery Publishing. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-89526-302-5.
- ^ "Clinton's Draft Deferrment". CNN. 1997. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
- ^ "Bill Clinton's Draft Letter". Frontline. PBS. November 23, 1991. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Frammolino, Ralph (April 6, 1992). "ROTC Officer Unaware of Draft Notice: Clinton: The man whose action kept the future governor in school says he was not told of 1969 induction letter. Draft board insists none was sent". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
- ^ Public Broadcasting System, Frontline: Interview with James Carville, 2000.
- ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved August 26, 2011 – via National Archives.
- ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "The Clintons' Berkeley Summer of Love". The New York Sun. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "Hillary Clinton's Radical Summer". The New York Sun.
- ^ Medley, Jasmine. "William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Center and the Clinton School of Public Service". National Association of State Judicial Educators. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
- ^ Slater, Wayne (December 16, 2007). "Texas stumping in '72 helped shape Clinton's campaign". Dallas Morning News. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
- ^ Felsenthal, Carol (May 7, 2008). "George McGovern and Bill Clinton: the State of the Friendship". The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
- ^ a b "Bill Clinton Political Career". CNN. 1997. Archived from the original on September 20, 2002. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Clinton (1946–)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
- ^ Cohen, Adam (December 12, 2007). "Bill and Hillary Clinton's Pitch in Iowa: 'I Love the '90s'". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr. (1996). Boy Clinton: The Political Biography. Eagle Publishing. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-89526-439-8.
- ^ Kelly, Michael (November 27, 1992). "Little Rock Hopes Clinton Presidency Will Put Its Dogpatch Image to Rest". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Jonathan W. Nicholsen. "Bill Clinton Timeline". Timeline Help. Archived from the original on October 13, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ a b Pendleton, Scott (July 21, 1992). "Governor Gets High Marks for Public Education Reforms". The Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ a b c d e f Klein, Joe (2002). The Natural: The Misunderstood Presidency of Bill Clinton. Doubleday. ISBN 0-7679-1412-0.
- ^ "Bill Clinton, New Democrat". DLC. July 25, 2004. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ Blumenthal, Sidney (2003). The Clinton Wars (1st ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-12502-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g Harris, John F. (2006). The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House (1st ed.). Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0-375-76084-9.
- ^ a b George Stephanopoulos, All Too Human: A Political Education, 1999, ISBN 978-0-316-92919-6
- ^ Nguyen, Alexander (July 14, 2000). "Bill Clinton's Death Penalty Waffle—and Why It's Good News for Execution's Foes". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
In his early days, Clinton opposed the death penalty. And while he and his wife Hillary Rodham Clinton were both teaching at the University of Arkansas Law School, she wrote an appellate brief that helped save a mentally retarded man from execution. "Clinton was against the death penalty," says Arkansas attorney Jeff Rosenzweig, who, like Clinton, grew up in Hot Springs, Arkansas. "He told me so."
- ^ Hartman, Andrew (2015). A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars. The University of Chicago Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-226-25464-7.
- ^ "Reinstatement of the Death Penalty".
- ^ "Execution Database | Death Penalty Information Center". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved January 25, 2020.
- ^ "THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: Death Penalty; Arkansas Execution Raises Questions on Governor's Politics." By Peter Applebome January 25, 1992. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/25/us/1992-campaign-death-penalty-arkansas-execution-raises-questions-governor-s.html. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ^ Soss, Joe; Langbein, Laura; Metelko, Alan R. (September 27, 2001). "Why Do White Americans Support the Death Penalty?". The Journal of Politics. 65 (2): 399. doi:10.1111/1468-2508.t01-2-00006. S2CID 38112237.
- ^ "How Gary Hart's Sex Scandal Betrayed His Character".
- ^ David Maraniss, First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton (New York: Random House, 1996; ISBN 978-0-684-81890-0).
- ^ Church, George J. (January 27, 1992). "Cover: Is Bill Clinton For Real?". Time. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Kornacki, Steve (July 30, 2012). "When Bill Clinton died onstage". Salon. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Woodward, Bob (2005). The Choice: How Bill Clinton Won. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-8514-X.
- ^ David Palmer, "'What Might Have Been'--Bill Clinton and American Political Power." Australasian Journal of American Studies (2005): 38-58.
- ^ Safire, William (December 6, 1993). "Essay; Looking Beyond Peace". The New York Times. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
- ^ Duffy, Michael; Barrett, Laurence I.; Blackman, Ann; Carney, James (November 29, 1993). "Secrets Of Success". Time. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Woodward, Bob (September 15, 2007). "Greenspan Is Critical Of Bush in Memoir". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
- ^ Steve Schifferes (January 15, 2001). "Bill Clinton's economic legacy". BBC News. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
- ^ Baker, Peter (February 3, 2008). "Bill Clinton's Legacy". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
- ^ "Bill Clinton". History.com. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Stevenson, Richard (February 8, 2000). "The Battle of the Decades; Reaganomics vs. Clintonomics Is a Central Issue in 2000". The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
- ^ "Revenues, Outlays, Deficits, Surpluses, and Debt Held by the Public, 1968 to 2007, in Billions of Dollars". Congressional Budget Office. September 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
- ^ "The Budget and Deficit Under Clinton". FactCheck.org. February 3, 2008. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
- ^ "Historical Debt Outstanding—Annual 1950–1999". TreasuryDirect.
- ^ "Historical Debt Outstanding—Annual 2000–2015". TreasuryDirect.
- ^ "Fiscal Year 2013 Historical Tables" (PDF). United States Government Publishing Office.
- ^ Herstek, Amy (January 11, 2001). "Clinton thanks New Hampshire for making him the 'Comeback Kid'". CNN. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Ifill, Gwen (March 17, 1992). "Hillary Clinton Defends Her Conduct in Law Firm". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ MacGillis, Alec; Kornblut, Anne E. (December 21, 2007). "Hillary Clinton Embraces Her Husband's Legacy". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ Applebome, Peter (January 25, 1992). "Arkansas Execution Raises Questions on Governor's Politics". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ "How the Presidents Stack Up: A look at U.S. presidents' job-approval ratings". The Wall Street Journal. 2006. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved October 30, 2008.
- ^ Le Beau, Bryan (December 10, 1998). "The Political Mobilization of the New Christian Right". Creighton University. Retrieved December 1, 2006. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ^ Walker, Martin (January 6, 1992). "Tough love child of Kennedy". The Guardian. London. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
- ^ a b c "On this day (November 4) in 1992: Clinton beats Bush to the White House". BBC News. November 4, 1992. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
- ^ Rosenberg, Alyssa (November 1, 2012). "The Future of Gay Parents On Television". ThinkProgress.
- ^ "The ACT UP Historical Archive: Bob Rafsky Confronts Candidate Bill Clinton, 1992". actupny.org.
- ^ "Party Division in the Senate, 1789–present". United States Senate. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "House History". United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Seymour Martin Lipset, "The significance of the 1992 election." PS: Political Science and Politics 26.1 (1993): 7-16 online
- ^ Clinton, Bill (January 20, 1993). "First Inaugural Address of William J. Clinton; January 20, 1993". Yale Law School. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Elizabeth Drew, On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency (1994), pp. 36–56.
- ^ Drew, pp 114–122.
- ^ Stanley A. Renshon, ed., The Clinton Presidency: Campaigning, Governing, and the Psychology of Leadership (1995), p. 138.
- ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 103rd Congress—1st Session". United States Senate. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "New Nationwide Poll Shows Strong Support for Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)" (PDF). Protect Family Leave. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 27, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Sharon L. Camp. "The Politics of U.S. Population Assistance". In Laurie Ann Mazur (ed.). Beyond the Numbers: A Reader on Population, Consumption and the Environment. p. 130.
- ^ Amy Sullivan, The Party Faithful: How and Why Democrats Are Closing the God Gap (Simon & Schuster: 2008), pp. 91–92.
- ^ Sullivan, The Party Faithful, pp. 236–237.
- ^ Richard L. Burke (February 15, 1993). "White House Hones All-Out Campaign to Sell Sacrifice". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "The Clinton Years: Chronology". Frontline. Archived from the original on May 2, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ Woodward, Bob (2000). Maestro. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 116.
- ^ Mollie Dickenson, "A Bipartisan Disaster" New York Times August 3, 1995, p. A25
- ^ Andrew Crome (April 19, 2018). "Waco: the siege 25 years on". The Conversation.
- ^ Clinton, Hillary (2003). Living History. Simon & Schuster. p. 172. ISBN 0-7432-2224-5.
- ^ Gormley, Ken (2010). The Death of American Virtue: Clinton vs. Starr. New York: Crown Publishers. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-307-40944-7.
- ^ Clinton, Bill (August 3, 1993). "Presidential Press Conference in Nevada". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
- ^ Clinton, Bill (January 25, 1994). "William J. Clinton: Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Broder, Jonathan; Waas, Murray (March 17, 1998). "The Road To Hale". Salon. Archived from the original on June 16, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2007.
- ^ Karl, Jonathan (March 10, 1998). "Reporter Apologizes For Clinton Sex Article". CNN. Archived from the original on June 14, 2008.
- ^ Feder, Jody (2010). "Don't Ask, Don't Tell": A Legal Analysis. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4379-2208-0.
- ^ Mixner, David (November 25, 2009). Stranger Among Friends. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 495–497. ISBN 978-0-307-42958-2.
- ^ Cloud, John (November 1996). "Stranger Among Friends—book reviews". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "President seeks better implementation of 'don't ask, don't tell'". CNN. December 11, 1999. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Obama certifies end of military's gay ban". NBC News. Reuters. July 22, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
- ^ a b Don C. Livingston; Kenneth A. Wink (1997). "The Passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement in the U.S. House of Representatives: Presidential Leadership or Presidential Luck?". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 27.
- ^ "HR 3355—Omnibus Crime Bill". votesmart.org. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
- ^ "Bill Clinton". 4to40.com. February 25, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Jeffrey A. Roth and Christopher S. Koper, "Impacts of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban: 1994–96". U.S. Department of Justice/National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief (Mar. 1999); available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/173405.pdf
- ^ "Welcome to the White House". Archived from the original on June 6, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "The Clinton White House Web Site". Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Welcome to the White House". Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Longley, Robert. "The Clinton White House Web Site: Part 2: Preserving the Clinton White House Web Site". Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Longley, Robert. "The Clinton White House Web Site: Part 1: Perhaps the most important Web site in American history". About.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
- ^ Hulsey, Byron (November 27, 1997). "The Altered Terrain of American Politics (Review of Do Elections Matter?)". Retrieved October 29, 2008.
- ^ "Activists at gathering plead with Clinton to take the lead". AIDS Policy & Law. 10 (22): 1, 10. December 29, 1995. PMID 11362952.
- ^ Ray, Robert (March 16, 2000). "Final Report of the Independent Counsel ... of the Investigation In Re: Anthony Marceca" (PDF). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved August 30, 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Independent counsel: No evidence to warrant prosecution against first lady in 'filegate'". CNN. July 28, 2000. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
- ^ "PUBLIC LAW 104–199—DEFENSE OF MARRIAGE ACT". United States Government Printing Office.
- ^ Rich, Frank (February 26, 2012). "Bill Clinton's shifting justifications for signing the Defense of Marriage Act". New York.
- ^ a b Geidner, Chris (September 29, 2011). "Becoming Law". Metro Weekly.
- ^ "Bill Clinton's Justifications for Signing DOMA—New York Magazine". New York. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ "Unfinished Business: The Defense of Marriage Act". Editorial. The New York Times. July 2, 2011.
- ^ Socarides, Richard (June 26, 2013). "How The Court Ruled on DOMA and Prop. 8". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ "ClintonGore Accomplishments: Gay and Lesbian Americans". Clinton2.nara.gov. Archived from the original on March 19, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ^ a b Socarides, Richard (March 8, 2013). "Why Bill Clinton Signed the Defense of Marriage Act". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Volsky, Igor. (August 5, 1995) Clinton Issued Order Letting Gays Get Security Clearances 16 Years Ago Today Archived March 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Clinton Grants Gay Workers Job Protection". The New York Times. May 29, 1998. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ^ "2000.12.01: (Fact Sheet) Clinton Administration Record on HIV/AIDS". Archive.hhs.gov. Archived from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ^ "S. 2056 (104th): Employment Nondiscrimination Act of 1996 (On Passage of the Bill)". Govtrack.us. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Tracey, Michael (July 14, 2009). "Bill Clinton Backs Same-Sex Marriage". The Nation. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Clinton, Bill (March 7, 2013). "It's time to overturn DOMA". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ^ "GLAAD honours Bill Clinton". 3 News NZ. April 22, 2013.
- ^ Gromov, Gregory. "History of the Internet and World Wide Web". Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ a b "China Was Bill Clinton's Russia". The Wall Street Journal. March 3, 2017.
- ^ "Not All Foreign-Influence Scandals Are Created Equal". National Review. July 16, 2017.
- ^ Woodward, Bob (February 10, 1998). "Findings Link Clinton Allies to Chinese Intelligence". The Washington Post.
- ^ Woodward, Bob; Duffy, Brian (February 13, 1997). "Chinese Embassy Role In Contributions Probed". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Louis Freedberg (June 2, 1995). "New Limits In Works on Immigration / Powerful commission focusing on families of legal entrants". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Jones Jr., Plummer Alston (2004). Still Struggling for Equality: American public library services with minorities. Libraries Unlimited. p. 154. ISBN 1-59158-243-1.
- ^ Pear, Robert (June 8, 1995). "Clinton Embraces a Proposal To Cut Immigration by a Third". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ a b Discovery TV. Clinton Assassination Attempt—Secret Service Secrets. Retrieved March 29, 2015 – via YouTube.
- ^ a b c d e Gormley, Ken (February 1, 2011). The Death of American Virtue: Clinton vs. Starr. Crown Publishing Group. p. 800. ISBN 978-0-307-40945-4.
- ^ N.A. "Bombs Found As Manila Readies For APEC Summit". The Seattle Times.
- ^ a b N.A. "Explosives Found Near Summit Site". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press.
- ^ "Clinton Rides Landslide First Democrat To Be Re-Elected Since Roosevelt". The Spokesman-Review. November 6, 1996. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
- ^ Jones, Charles O. (2005). The Presidency in a Separated System. The Brookings Institution. p. 318.
- ^ Shogren, Elizabeth (October 4, 1997). "Clinton to Get Hearing Aids for Both Ears". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ "Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999". Federal Reserve History. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Miller, Lorraine C. (December 19, 1998). "Final vote results for roll call 543". Office of the Clerk. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- ^ Miller, Lorraine C. (December 19, 1998). "Final vote results for roll call 545". Office of the Clerk. Archived from the original on March 2, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
- ^ "President Clinton impeached". This Day in History | December 19. HISTORY. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
- ^ "What have presidents been impeached for? These were the articles of impeachment for Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton". CBS News. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
- ^ "Time Line". The Washington Post. September 13, 1998. p. A32. Retrieved January 20, 2007.
- ^ The Starr Report: The Findings of Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr on President Clinton and the Lewinsky Affair. 1998. ISBN 1-891620-24-X.
- ^ Froomkin, Dan (August 26, 1999). "Case Closed". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ a b c Senate LIS (February 12, 1999). "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 106th Congress—1st Session: vote number 17—Guilty or Not Guilty (Art I, Articles of Impeachment v. President W. J. Clinton)". United States Senate. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ "Clinton impeached". BBC News. December 19, 1998. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
- ^ "The Senate Acquits President Clinton". The Washington Post. February 13, 1999. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Neal v. Clinton, Civ. No. 2000-5677, Agreed Order of Discipline (Ark. Cir. Ct. 2001) ("Mr. Clinton admits and acknowledges ... that his discovery responses interfered with the conduct of the Jones case by causing the court and counsel for the parties to expend unnecessary time, effort, and resources").
- ^ "Bill cops a plea". The Wall Street Journal. January 22, 2001.
- ^ "Clinton Pardon's List". The Washington Post. Associated Press. January 20, 2001. Archived from the original on January 15, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Clinton pardons: Cast of characters". BBC News. February 22, 2001. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ "Comey 'enthusiastic' about Bill Clinton probe in 2001, FBI memo says".
- ^ "Clinton Pardons McDougal, Hearst, Others". ABC News. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
- ^ Stout, David (January 20, 2001). "Clinton Pardons McDougal, Cisneros". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
- ^ "AllPolitics - White House Sleepovers - Feb. 25, 1997". www.cnn.com. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ a b "Washingtonpost.com: Campaign Finance Special Report". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ "AllPolitics - Reno Resisting Pressure - Feb. 27, 1997". www.cnn.com. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ "washingtonpost.com: Campaign Finance Key Player – Yah Lin "Charlie" Trie". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ "AllPolitics - Fund-Raising Flap - Cast of Characters". www.cnn.com. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ "Chinese Aerospace Official Denies Giving To Democrats - May 21, 1998". May 24, 2008. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ "Fund-raiser Charlie Trie pleads guilty under plea agreement - May 21, 1999". August 5, 2006. Archived from the original on August 5, 2006. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ "AllPolitics - A Chinese Spy? - May 12, 1997". April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ "Washingtonpost.com: Campaign Finance Special Report". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ "The people killed them. Chopped them up. I consider myself lucky". The Guardian. October 9, 1993.
- ^ Cori Elizabeth Dauber, "The shot seen 'round the world': The impact of the images of Mogadishu on American military operations." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4.4 (2001): 653-687 online.
- ^ Carrol, Rory (April 1, 2004). "US chose to ignore Rwandan genocide". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
- ^ Bureau of Intelligence and Research (April 26, 1994). "Secretary [of State Warren Christopher]'s Morning Summary" (PDF).
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (April 23, 1994). "National Intelligence Daily" (PDF).
- ^ "Ambush in Mogadishu: Transcript". PBS. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ Chozick, Amy (September 4, 2012). "In Africa, Bill Clinton Toils for a Charitable Legacy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
- ^ Halberstam, 2001, pp 349–60.
- ^ "1995: Clinton kindles hope in Northern Ireland". November 30, 1995. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
- ^ "Clinton: His role in Northern Ireland". December 11, 2000. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
- ^ Kaplan, Fred (July 23, 2014). "America's Flight 17". Slate.
- ^ "Bill Clinton: I got closer to killing bin Laden". CNN. September 24, 2006. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ Ijaz, Mansoor (December 5, 2001). "Clinton Let Bin Laden Slip Away and Metastisize". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ "Staff Statement No. 5" (PDF). 9/11 Commission. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Lichtblau, Eric (August 17, 2005). "State Dept. Says It Warned About bin Laden in 1996". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Pike, John. "BGM-109 Tomahawk—Smart Weapons". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
- ^ Clines, Francis X. (March 25, 1999). "NATO Opens Broad Barrage Against Serbs as Clinton Denounces 'Brutal Repression'". The New York Times.
- ^ Cohen, William (April 7, 1999). "Secretary Cohen's Press Conference at NATO Headquarters". Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Clinton, Bill (August 30, 2011). "Press Conference by the President". Archived from the original on October 6, 2006.
- ^ "Resolution 1244 (1999)". NATO. June 10, 1999. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
- ^ Roberts, Adam (April 10, 2003). "The Impact of the Laws of War in Contemporary Conflicts (PDF)" (PDF). Princeton University. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 23, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ "Two die in Apache crash". BBC News. May 5, 1999. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
- ^ Pilger, John (September 4, 2000). "US and British officials told us that at least 100,000 were murdered in Kosovo. A year later, fewer than 3,000 bodies have been found". New Statesman.
- ^ Pearl, Daniel; Block, Robert (December 31, 1999). "Despite Tales, the War in Kosovo Was Savage, but Wasn't Genocide". The Wall Street Journal. p. A1.
- ^ Layne, Christopher; Schwarz, Benjamin (March 26, 2000). "Was It A Mistake?". The Washington Post.
- ^ Cockburn, Alexander (October 29, 1999). "Where's the Evidence of Genocide of Kosovar Albanians?". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Erlanger, Steven (February 22, 2020). "Monitors' Reports Provide Chronicle of Kosovo Terror". The New York Times.
- ^ "Kosovo assault 'was not genocide'". BBC News. September 7, 2001. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
- ^ George J. Andreopoulos. "Ethnic Cleansing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ a b "The charges against Milosevic". BBC News. March 11, 2006. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
- ^ "Milosevic's war crimes trial a 4-year marathon". CNN. March 11, 2006. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ Clinton, Bill (January 27, 1998). "Text of President Clinton's 1998 State of the Union Address". The Washington Post (Press release). Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Iraq Liberation Act of 1998, H.R.4655, One Hundred Fifth Congress of United States of America at Second Session". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
- ^ "H.R.4655—Iraq Liberation Act of 1998". October 31, 1998.
- ^ "Address to the Nation on Completion of Military Strikes in Iraq". Presidency.ucsb.edu. December 19, 1998. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ Pike, John. "Operation Southern Watch". Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
- ^ Pike, John. "Operation Northern Watch". Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
- ^ Smith, Matt (October 10, 2000). "Clinton signs China trade bill". CNN. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
- ^ Peter B. Levy (2002). Encyclopedia of the Clinton Presidency. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 57. ISBN 0-313-31294-X.
- ^ "Chinese Embassy Bombing In Belgrade: Compensation Issues". Congressional Research Service.
- ^ "Waking the Sleeping Dragon". Slate. September 28, 2016.
- ^ "Was Letting China Into the WTO a Mistake?". Foreign Affairs. April 2, 2018.
- ^ "Normalizing Trade Relations With China Was a Mistake". The Atlantic. June 8, 2018.
- ^ "Text of Clinton's Speech on China Trade Bill", Federal News Service, March 9, 2000
- ^ Shyovitz, David. "Camp David 2000". Jewish Virtual Library. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Biographies of Current Justices of the Supreme Court". Supreme Court. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Appointment and swearing in of Justice Breyer, 1994". Law.onecle.com. September 30, 1994. Retrieved February 22, 2020.
- ^ a b Nancy Scherer (2005). Scoring Points: Politicians, Activists, and the Lower Federal Court Appointment Process. Stanford University Press. p. 85.
- ^ "Bill Clinton: Job Ratings". Pollingreport.com. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
- ^ "Clinton's approval rating up in wake of impeachment". CNN. December 20, 1998. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ Cosgrove-Mather, Bootie (June 7, 2004). "A Look Back at the Polls". CBS News. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ a b c d David W. Moore, Clinton Leaves Office With Mixed Public Reaction, Gallup Organization (January 12, 2001).
- ^ Langer, Gary (January 17, 2001). "Poll: Clinton Legacy Mixed". ABC News. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- ^ "Favorability: People in the News". Gallup, Inc. October 12, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
- ^ "Poll: Clinton outperformed Bush". CNN. May 15, 2006. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Lydia Saad, Lincoln Resumes Position as Americans' Top-Rated President: Reagan and Clinton lead among members of their respective parties, Gallup (February 19, 2007).
- ^ Frank Newport, [Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest U.S. President: Lincoln and Clinton next on the list; Washington fifth], Gallup (February 18, 2011).
- ^ a b Obama Is First As Worst President Since WWII, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; More Voters Say Romney Would Have Been Better, Quinnipiac University (July 2, 2014).
- ^ Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin (February 16, 2015). "New ranking of U.S. presidents puts Lincoln at No. 1, Obama at 18; Kennedy judged most overrated". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ^ Sandalow, Marc (January 14, 2001). "Clinton Era Marked by Scandal, Prosperity: 1st Baby Boomer in White House Changed Notions of Presidency". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
- ^ Martin Walker, Clinton: the President they deserve, Fourth Estate 1999
- ^ Bob Woodward, The choice: how Clinton won, Touchstone 1996, ISBN 0-684-81308-4
- ^ Bresler, Robert J. (January 2001). "The Muddled Meaning of the 2000 Election". USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education). Archived from the original on February 6, 2008. Retrieved January 2, 2007.
- ^ a b American Frontline:Stories of Bill. Retrieved May 4, 2015
- ^ Mérida, Kevin (December 20, 1998). "It's Come To This: A Nickname That's Proven Hard to Slip". The Washington Post.
- ^ Hurt, Charles; Campanile, Carl (June 27, 2007). "Rudy Bops Bubba". New York Post. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
- ^ Dowd, Maureen (October 22, 2000). "Liberties; Dare Speak His Name". The New York Times. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
They're going to have to let the big dog run.
- ^ Rutenberg, Jim; Zernike, Kate (September 20, 2010). "Bill Clinton Stumps for Obama". The New York Times. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
The Big Dog, as he is known among those in the tight world of Clinton associates ...
- ^ McDuffee, Allen (September 6, 2012). "Bill Clinton's DNC speech as 'explainer in chief,' 'it takes some brass,' and more [AM Briefing]". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
- ^ Poniewozik, James (September 6, 2012). "The Morning After: Obama Turns to Bill Clinton, Explainer-in-Chief". Time. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
- ^ "A Conversation With President Bill Clinton on Race in America Today". Center for American Progress. July 16, 2004. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ a b Morrison, Toni (October 1998). "Clinton as the first black president". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on October 21, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2006.
- ^ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (August 27, 2015). "It Was No Compliment to Call Bill Clinton 'The First Black President'". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
- ^ Sullivan, The Party Faithful, p. 101.
- ^ Sullivan, The Party Faithful, p. 9.
- ^ Tumulty, Karen; Mettler, Katie (November 17, 2017). "Abuse allegations have revived scrutiny of Bill Clinton—and divided Democrats". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
- ^ Flanagan, Caitlin (November 13, 2017). "Bill Clinton: A Reckoning". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 18, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
- ^ Wolf, Z. Byron (November 17, 2017). "Should Democrats turn their backs on Bill Clinton?". CNN. Archived from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
- ^ "Clinton Welcomes Jones Decision; Appeal Likely". CNN. April 2, 1998. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ "Text of Jones's Appeal". The Washington Post. July 31, 1998. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ^ Clines, Francis X. (March 14, 1998). "Testing of a President: The Accuser; Jones Lawyers Issue Files Alleging Clinton Pattern of Harassment of Women". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Appeals court ponders Paula Jones settlement". CNN. November 18, 1998. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ Baker, Peter (November 14, 1998). "Clinton Settles Paula Jones Lawsuit for $850,000". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
- ^ "Deposition of William Jefferson Clinton, January 17, 1998". CNN. March 13, 1998. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ "Lewinsky scandal". The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. 2008. Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
- ^ "The Lives Of Kathleen Willey". CNN. March 30, 1998. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ John M. Broder (March 19, 1998). "Friend Accuses Willey for Plea to her to Lie". The New York Times. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
- ^ Levy, Peter (November 30, 2001). Encyclopedia of the Clinton Presidency. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 328–329. ISBN 978-0-313-31294-6.
- ^ "Stalking the president". Salon. January 1999. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
- ^ a b c "Full Transcript of NBC Dateline report on Juanita Broaddrick". February 1999. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006.
- ^ Matthews, Dylan (January 6, 2016). "The rape allegation against Bill Clinton, explained". Vox.
- ^ a b Lerer, Lisa (November 2, 2018). "No One Wants to Campaign With Bill Clinton Anymore". The New York Times.
- ^ Edelman, Adam (June 4, 2018). "Bill Clinton: I wouldn't have done anything differently with Lewinsky affair". NBC News. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
- ^ Ballasy, Nicholas (November 27, 2017). "Donna Brazile: Bill Clinton Should Hit The Campaign Trail For Democrats In 2018". The Intercept. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ^ Gerstein, Josh (January 17, 2006). "Clinton Eligible, Once Again, To Practice Law". The New York Sun. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Corasaniti, Nick; Williams, Josh (September 5, 2012). "Bill Clinton's Democratic Convention Speeches". The New York Times. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ "House Passes Resolution Authorizing Use of Force in Iraq; New Jerssy Supreme Court Hears Argument For, Against New Democrat on Ballot". CNN. October 2, 2002. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ Grice, Andrew (October 3, 2002). "Clinton urges caution over Iraq as Bush is granted war powers". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
A pre-emptive action today, however well justified, may come back with unwelcome consequences in the future."
As someone who had ordered military action before, he said: "I don't care how precise your bombs and your weapons are, when you set them off, innocent people will die. - ^ "Bill Clinton Says He Opposed Iraq War from Start (UPDATED)". Outside The Beltway. November 28, 2007. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ^ "Last-minute climate deals reached". BBC News. December 10, 2005. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Clinton Library open for business". BBC News. November 18, 2004. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ Glaister, Dan (May 22, 2006). "Oprah Winfrey book deal tops Clinton's $12 m". The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Best Sellers". The New York Times. September 23, 2007. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ^ "Clinton to be U.N.'s envoy on tsunami relief". NBC News. Associated Press. February 1, 2005. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "2006 Philadelphia Liberty Medal Award". Constitutioncenter.org. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ Maske, Mark (January 27, 2005). "Senior Bush, Clinton to Appear at Super Bowl". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
- ^ "Bush, Clinton end tsunami visit". BBC News. February 21, 2005. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ "Former Presidents Bush, Clinton Represent U.S. at Boris Yeltsin's Funeral". Fox News. April 24, 2007. Archived from the original on December 8, 2007. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
- ^ Meacham, Jon (December 20, 2009). "Planetary Problem Solver". Newsweek. Archived from the original on August 16, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ "Clinton Global Initiative". Clinton Global Initiative. June 19, 2011. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
- ^ "William J. Clinton Foundation announces agreement to reduce junk food in schools". Comcast.net. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ^ "Clinton Foundation and Climate Partnership, Press Release". August 1, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Davies, Anne (November 18, 2008). "Obama team turns scrutiny on Bill Clinton". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Smith, Pohla (August 20, 2008). "Young man combines expertise in economics and social issues at Clinton Foundation". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on January 31, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Indravudh, Peach (October 15, 2006). "Clinton backs Prop. 87". Daily Bruin. UCLA. Archived from the original on November 8, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ a b McDonald, Scott (July 8, 2019). "Bill Clinton says he didn't know about Jeffrey Epstein's alleged sex trafficking crimes". Newsweek. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
- ^ Gold, Michael (July 9, 2019). "Bill Clinton and Jeffrey Epstein: How Are They Connected?". The New York Times. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
- ^ Moye, David (July 8, 2019). "Bill Clinton Denies Knowing Anything About Jeffrey Epstein's 'Terrible Crimes'". HuffPost. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
- ^ Arciga, Julia (July 9, 2019). "Bill Clinton: I Flew With Jeffrey Epstein but Knew 'Nothing' About 'Terrible Crimes'". The Daily Beast.
- ^ Yoon, Robert (July 30, 2008). "Bill Clinton 2007 speech haul tops $10 million". CNN. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Vaughn Ververs (January 26, 2008). "Analysis: Bill Clinton's Lost Legacy". CBS News. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Peter Baker; Jim Rutenberg (June 8, 2008). "The Long Road to a Clinton Exit". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Alter, Jonathan (August 6, 2008). "A Catharsis in Denver?". Newsweek. Archived from the original on November 10, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ Sweet, Lynn (August 28, 2008). "Bill Clinton vouches for Obama: now 'ready to lead'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Clinton Turns to Husband's Charity to Retire Campaign Debt". Fox News. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on February 16, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Condon, Stephanie (May 13, 2010). "Bill Clinton Raffles Himself to Pay Hillary's Campaign Debt". CBS News. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ a b "Bill Clinton meets N Korea leader". BBC News. August 4, 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "North Korea pardons US reporters". BBC News. August 4, 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Landler, Mark; Baker, Peter (August 5, 2009). "Bill Clinton and Journalists in Emotional Return to U.S." The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Clinton to be UN Haiti envoy". BBC News. May 19, 2009. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ a b Deborah Sontag (July 5, 2012). "Earthquake Relief Where Haiti Wasn't Broken". The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
- ^ "Presidents Clinton, Bush lead effort to raise funds for Haiti". CNN. January 16, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Oliver, Emmet (March 5, 2010). "Clinton backs NTR's environment foundation". Irish Independent. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "President Bill Clinton Delivers Keynote Address". NTR Foundation. March 4, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "Bill Clinton brings it for Obama". CNN. September 6, 2012.
- ^ "Bill Clinton Rallies for Hillary in Wilmington". WWAY News. October 26, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
- ^ Rebecca Shabad (December 20, 2016). "Trump goes after Bill Clinton over post-election comments". CBS News. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
- ^ Mahoney, Bill. "Electoral delegate Bill Clinton: 'Never cast a vote I was prouder of'". Politico PRO. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
- ^ Shelbourne, Mallory (September 10, 2017). "Former presidents fundraise for Irma disaster relief". The Hill. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
- ^ "Electoral College members from New York, 2020". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ Campbell, Jon (December 14, 2020). "Clintons cast first ballots as New York Electoral College votes for Joe Biden". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
- ^ "Biden, Obama and Clinton mark 9/11 in New York with display of unity". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
- ^ a b "Bill Clinton 'in good spirits' after heart procedure". BBC News. February 12, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "Clinton surgery called successful". NBC News. Associated Press. March 10, 2005. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Egan, Mark (February 11, 2010). "Bill Clinton in good spirits after heart procedure". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ David S. Martin (August 18, 2011). "From omnivore to vegan: The dietary education of Bill Clinton". CNN. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
- ^ Heasman, Chris (April 16, 2018). "This Is What Hillary Clinton Eats". Mashed.com. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ Brodwin, Erin. "What the author of 'Eat Fat, Get Thin' eats — and avoids — every day". Business Insider. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "Clintons Pay Off Legal Bills". June 14, 2005. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
- ^ a b McIntire, Mike (April 5, 2008). "Clintons made $109 Million in Last 8 Years". The New York Times.
- ^ Alexander, Dan (November 8, 2016). "How Bill And Hillary Clinton Made $240 Million In The Last 15 Years". Forbes. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ a b Yoon, Robert (February 6, 2016). "$153 million in Bill and Hillary Clinton speaking fees, documented". CNN. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
- ^ Ben Kamisar, Clintons earned more than $25 million for speeches since 2014 (May 15, 2015), The Hill
- ^ Mullins, Brody; Nicholas, Peter; Ballhaus, Rebecca (July 1, 2014). "The Bill and Hillary Clinton Money Machine Taps Corporate Cash". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ Epstein, Jennifer (May 22, 2015). "Clinton Family Speeches Netted as Much as $26 Million for Foundation". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg News. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
- ^ (linked in the NYT article)
- ^ Rucker, Philip; Hamburger, Tom; Becker, Alexander (June 26, 2014). "How the Clintons went from 'dead broke' to rich, with $104.9 million for ex-president's speaking fees". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ a b Hillary Clinton Defends High-Dollar Speaking Fees (June 9, 2014), ABC News and Good Morning America
- ^ Bill's $500,000 Kuwait Lecture (November 17, 2008), The Daily Beast
- ^ Josh Gerstein, Clinton Eligible, Once Again, To Practice Law, New York Sun, January 17, 2006, downloaded from N.Y. Sun article.
- ^ Healy, Patrick (May 10, 2007). "Bill Clinton Ponders a Role as First Gentleman". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ Bentley, Daniel (February 24, 2007). "Forty Million Dollar Bill, Independent, 2007". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ Becker, Jo; McIntire, Mike (April 23, 2015). "Cash Flowed to Clinton Foundation Amid Russian Uranium Deal". The New York Times.
- ^ Campbell, Colin; Engel, Pamela (April 23, 2015). "The Clinton Foundation received millions from investors as Putin took over 20% of US uranium deposits". Yahoo! Finance.
- ^ Alan Cooperman, Carter, Clinton Seek To Bring Together Moderate Baptists Exiles From Conservative Group Targeted, washingtonpost.com, USA, January 21, 2007
- ^ Philip Yancey, The Riddle of Bill Clinton’s Faith, christianitytoday.com, USA, April 25, 1994
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Bill Clinton, britannica.com, USA, retrieved April 30, 2021
- ^ "Honorary Degrees". UNC-Chapel Hill Office of Faculty Governance. 1993. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "President Bill Clinton with an honorary doctorate of law". Tulane University. May 19, 2006. Archived from the original on August 8, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "Clinton to address graduates, Honorary doctorate will be bestowed". RIT News, Rochester Institute of Technology. May 18, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Hoffman, Matthew. "The Bill Clinton we knew at Oxford: Apart from smoking dope (and not inhaling), what else did he learn over here? College friends share their memories with Matthew Hoffman". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
- ^ "www.univ.ox.ac.uk". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016.
- ^ "Clinton Elementary". Compton Unified School District. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "William Jefferson Clinton Middle School". Los Angeles Unified School District. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "Clinton School of Public service". University of Arkansas. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ a b "Kosovo unveils Clinton's statue". BBC News. November 1, 2009. Archived from the original on November 2, 2009. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
- ^ "Kosovo to honor Bill Clinton with statue". Reuters. May 23, 2007. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
- ^ "DeMolay Hall of Fame". DeMolay International. Archived from the original on September 5, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ^ Purdum, Todd S. (October 17, 2002). "Campaign Season; Another First for Clinton". The New York Times. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ "Colonels website". Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels. Archived from the original on June 25, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
- ^ Dunlap, David (November 23, 2004). "Pataki Offers Peek at 9/11 Memorial Progress". The New York Times. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen presents the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service to President Bill Clinton in a ceremonial farewell at Fort Myer, Va., on Jan. 5, 2001". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
- ^ Van Natta Jr., Don (June 28, 1999). "Dinner for a Presidential Library, Contributions Welcome". The New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
- ^ "List of Individuals Awarded the Order of the White Lion". Old.hrad.cz. October 13, 2005. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ "It's now 'Chief' Bill Clinton". United Press International. December 3, 2006. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "International Prize of the city of Aachen (German)". Archived from the original on February 6, 2008.
- ^ Nizza, Mike (May 23, 2007). "Statue Watch: Bill Clinton Edition". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
- ^ Bilefsky, Dan (December 17, 2007). "Kosovo Struggles to Forge an Identity". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
- ^ Bilefsky, Dan (December 9, 2007). "Kosovo: Forging an identity on eve of new era". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
- ^ Elizabeth P. Valk (January 4, 1993). "Bill Clinton, Man of the Year". Time. Archived from the original on May 30, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ Gibbs, Nancy (December 28, 1998). "Kenneth Starr & Bill Clinton, Men of the Year". Time. Archived from the original on January 14, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ The Gallup Poll 1999. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources Inc. 1999. pp. 248–249.
- ^ AmericaLive (October 22, 2010). "President Bill Clinton Biography". CNN. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015.
- ^ "2007 TED Prize winner Bill Clinton on TEDTalks". TED Blog. April 4, 2007. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
- ^ "24th Annual GLAAD Media Awards—Los Angeles". GLAAD. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
- ^ Press, ed. (July 22, 2011). "Haiti—Social: Bill Clinton receives the National Order of Honor and Merit to the rank Grand Cross gold plated". Haiti Libre. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
- ^ Jackson, David (November 20, 2013). "Obama awards Medal of Freedom to Clinton, Oprah, others". USA Today. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
- ^ "Wolf Tracks". Russian National Orchestra. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Bill Clinton". GRAMMY.com. November 19, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ "Grammy Award Winners". The New York Times. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ "2005 Audie Awards® – APA". www.audiopub.org. Audio Publishers Association. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
Further reading
Primary sources
- Clinton, Bill. (with Al Gore). Science in the National Interest. Washington, D.C.: The White House, August 1994.
- --- (with Al Gore). The Climate Change Action Plan. Washington, D.C.: The White House, October 1993.
- Taylor Branch The Clinton Tapes: Wrestling History with the President. (2009) Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-4333-6
- Official Congressional Record Impeachment Set: ... Containing the Procedures for Implementing the Articles of Impeachment and the Proceedings of the Impeachment Trial of President William Jefferson Clinton. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.
- Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1994–2002.
- S. Daniel Abraham Peace Is Possible, foreword by Bill Clinton
Popular books
- Peter Baker The Breach: Inside the Impeachment and Trial of William Jefferson Clinton (2000) ISBN 0-684-86813-X
- James Bovard Feeling Your Pain: The Explosion and Abuse of Government Power in the Clinton-Gore Years (2000) ISBN 0-312-23082-6
- Joe Conason and Gene Lyons The Hunting of the President: The Ten-Year Campaign to Destroy Bill and Hillary Clinton (2003) ISBN 0-312-27319-3
- Elizabeth Drew On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency (1994) ISBN 0-671-87147-1
- David Gergen Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Leadership. (2000) ISBN 0-684-82663-1
- Nigel Hamilton Bill Clinton: An American Journey (2003) ISBN 0-375-50610-1
- Christopher Hitchens No One Left to Lie to: The Triangulations of William Jefferson Clinton (1999) ISBN 1-85984-736-6
- Michael Isikoff Uncovering Clinton: A Reporter's Story (1999) ISBN 0-609-60393-0
- Mark Katz Clinton and Me: A Real-Life Political Comedy (2004) ISBN 978-0-7868-6949-7
- David Maraniss The Clinton Enigma: A Four and a Half Minute Speech Reveals This President's Entire Life (1998) ISBN 0-684-86296-4
- Dick Morris with Eileen McGann Because He Could (2004) ISBN 0-06-078415-6
- Richard A. Posner An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment, and Trial of President Clinton (1999) ISBN 0-674-00080-3
- Mark J. Rozell The Clinton Scandal and the Future of American Government (2000) ISBN 0-87840-777-4
- Timperlake, Edward, and William C. Triplett II Year of the Rat: How Bill Clinton Compromised U.S. Security for Chinese Cash. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 1998. ISBN 0-89526-333-5
- Michael Waldman POTUS Speaks: Finding the Words That Defined the Clinton Presidency (2000) ISBN 0-7432-0020-9
- Ivory Tower Publishing Company. Achievements of the Clinton Administration: the Complete Legislative and Executive. (1995) ISBN 0-88032-748-0
Scholarly studies
- Campbell, Colin, and Bert A. Rockman, eds. The Clinton Legacy (Chatham House Pub, 2000)
- Cohen; Jeffrey E. "The Polls: Change and Stability in Public Assessments of Personal Traits, Bill Clinton, 1993–99" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 31, 2001
- Cronin, Thomas E. and Michael A. Genovese; "President Clinton and Character Questions" Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. 28, 1998
- Davis; John. "The Evolution of American Grand Strategy and the War on Terrorism: Clinton and Bush Perspectives" White House Studies, Vol. 3, 2003
- Dumbrell, John. "Was there a Clinton doctrine? President Clinton's foreign policy reconsidered". Diplomacy and Statecraft 13.2 (2002): 43–56.
- Edwards; George C. "Bill Clinton and His Crisis of Governance" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1998
- Fisher; Patrick. "Clinton's Greatest Legislative Achievement? the Success of the 1993 Budget Reconciliation Bill" White House Studies, Vol. 1, 2001
- Glad; Betty. "Evaluating Presidential Character" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1998
- Halberstam, David. War in a time of peace: Bush, Clinton, and the generals (Simon and Schuster, 2001). online
- Harris, John F. The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House (2006). online
- Head, Simon. The Clinton System (January 30, 2016), The New York Review of Books
- Hyland, William G. Clinton's World: Remaking American Foreign Policy (1999) ISBN 0-275-96396-9
- Jewett, Aubrey W. and Marc D. Turetzky; "Stability and Change in President Clinton's Foreign Policy Beliefs, 1993–96" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1998
- Kim, Claire Jean (2002), "Managing the Racial Breach: Clinton, Black-White Polarization, and the Race Initiative", Political Science Quarterly, 117 (1): 55–79, doi:10.2307/798094, JSTOR 798094
- Laham, Nicholas, A Lost Cause: Bill Clinton's Campaign for National Health Insurance (1996)
- Lanoue, David J. and Craig F. Emmert; "Voting in the Glare of the Spotlight: Representatives' Votes on the Impeachment of President Clinton" Polity, Vol. 32, 1999
- Levy, Peter B. Encyclopedia of the Clinton presidency (Greenwood, 2002) online
- Maurer; Paul J. "Media Feeding Frenzies: Press Behavior during Two Clinton Scandals" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999
- Nesmith, Bruce F., and Paul J. Quirk, "Triangulation: Position and Leadership in Clinton’s Domestic Policy." in 42: Inside the Presidency of Bill Clinton edited by Michael Nelson at al. (Cornell UP, 2016) pp. 46–76.
- Nie; Martin A. "'It's the Environment, Stupid!': Clinton and the Environment" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, 1997 in JSTOR
- O'Connor; Brendon. "Policies, Principles, and Polls: Bill Clinton's Third Way Welfare Politics 1992–1996" The Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 48, 2002
- Palmer, David. "'What Might Have Been'--Bill Clinton and American Political Power." Australasian Journal of American Studies (2005): 38–58. online
- Renshon; Stanley A. The Clinton Presidency: Campaigning, Governing, and the Psychology of Leadership Westview Press, 1995
- Renshon; Stanley A. "The Polls: The Public's Response to the Clinton Scandals, Part 1: Inconsistent Theories, Contradictory Evidence" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 32, 2002
- Romano, Flavio. Clinton and Blair: the political economy of the third way (Routledge, 2007)
- Rushefsky, Mark E. and Kant Patel. Politics, Power & Policy Making: The Case of Health Care Reform in the 1990s (1998) ISBN 1-56324-956-1
- Schantz, Harvey L. Politics in an Era of Divided Government: Elections and Governance in the Second Clinton Administration (2001) ISBN 0-8153-3583-0
- Troy, Gill. The Age of Clinton: America in the 1990s (2015)
- Walt, Stephen M. "Two Cheers for Clinton's Foreign Policy" Foreign Affairs 79#2 (2000), pp. 63–79 online.
- Warshaw, Shirley Anne. The Clinton Years (Infobase Publishing, 2009)
- White, Mark, ed. The Presidency of Bill Clinton: The Legacy of a New Domestic and Foreign Policy (I.B.Tauris, 2012)
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary- Media from Wikimedia Commons
- News from Wikinews
- Quotations from Wikiquote
- Texts from Wikisource
Official
Interviews, speeches, and statements
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Bill Clinton at TED
- Full audio of a number of Clinton speeches Miller Center of Public Affairs
- Oral History Interview with Bill Clinton from Oral Histories of the American South, June 1974
- "The Wanderer", a profile from The New Yorker, September 2006
Media coverage
- Bill Clinton collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- "Bill Clinton collected news and commentary". The New York Times.
Other
- Bill Clinton at Curlie
- Extensive essays on Bill Clinton and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
- "Life Portrait of Bill Clinton", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, December 20, 1999
- Clinton an American Experience documentary
- Bill Clinton at IMDb
- Works by Bill Clinton at Project Gutenberg
- 1992 election episode in CNN's Race for the White House
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
_(cropped1).jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
| General | |
|---|---|
| National libraries | |
| Art research institutes | |
| Scientific databases | |
| Other | |
- Bill Clinton
- 1946 births
- Living people
- 2016 United States presidential electors
- 2020 United States presidential electors
- 20th-century American lawyers
- 20th-century American non-fiction writers
- 20th-century American politicians
- 20th-century Baptists
- 20th-century presidents of the United States
- 21st-century American non-fiction writers
- 21st-century American novelists
- 21st-century American politicians
- 21st-century Baptists
- Alumni of University College, Oxford
- American Rhodes Scholars
- American autobiographers
- American humanitarians
- American male non-fiction writers
- American male novelists
- American male saxophonists
- American memoirists
- American officials of the United Nations
- American people of English descent
- American people of Irish descent
- American people of Scotch-Irish descent
- American people of Scottish descent
- American political writers
- American saxophonists
- American thriller writers
- Arkansas Attorneys General
- Arkansas Democrats
- Arkansas lawyers
- Baptists from Arkansas
- Candidates in the 1980 United States elections
- Candidates in the 1992 United States presidential election
- Candidates in the 1996 United States presidential election
- Clinton Foundation people
- Clinton–Lewinsky scandal
- Collars of the Order of the White Lion
- Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees
- Democratic Party presidents of the United States
- Democratic Party state governors of the United States
- Family of Bill and Hillary Clinton
- Fellows of University College, Oxford
- Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Governors of Arkansas
- Grammy Award winners
- Grand Companions of the Order of Logohu
- Hot Springs High School (Arkansas) alumni
- Impeached presidents of the United States
- New York (state) Democrats
- People from Hope, Arkansas
- Political careers by person
- Politicians from Hot Springs, Arkansas
- Politicians from Little Rock, Arkansas
- Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
- Presidents of the United States
- Recipients of St. George's Order of Victory
- Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
- Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class
- Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Distinction of Israel
- Rodham family
- Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
- Spouses of New York (state) politicians
- University of Arkansas faculty
- Writers from Arkansas
- Yale Law School alumni
- 20th-century American male writers
- 21st-century American male writers