باراك اوباما
باراك اوباما | |
|---|---|
 صورة رسمية ، 2012 | |
| 44 رئيس الولايات المتحدة | |
| في المكتب 20 يناير 2009 - 20 يناير 2017 | |
| نائب الرئيس | جو بايدن |
| اخراج بواسطة | جورج دبليو بوش |
| نجحت | دونالد ترمب |
| عضو مجلس الشيوخ عن ولاية إلينوي | |
| في المنصب 3 يناير 2005-16 نوفمبر 2008 | |
| اخراج بواسطة | بيتر فيتزجيرالد |
| نجحت | رولان بوريس |
| عضو في مجلس الشيوخ في إلينوي من الحي الثالث عشر | |
| في المنصب 8 يناير 1997-4 نوفمبر 2004 | |
| اخراج بواسطة | أليس بالمر |
| نجحت | كوامي راؤول |
| تفاصيل شخصية | |
| ولد | باراك حسين أوباما الثاني 4 أغسطس 1961 هونولولو ، هاواي ، الولايات المتحدة |
| حزب سياسي | ديمقراطي |
| الزوج / الزوجة | |
| أطفال | |
| الآباء | |
| الأقارب | عائلة باراك أوباما |
| إقامة | كالوراما (واشنطن العاصمة) |
| تعليم | مدرسة بوناهو |
| ألما ماتر | |
| احتلال |
|
| الجوائز | قائمة الأوسمة والجوائز |
| إمضاء |  |
| موقع الكتروني | |
| ||
|---|---|---|
|
ما قبل الرئاسة
44 رئيس الولايات المتحدة
سياسات
تعيينات
الفصل الدراسي الأول
الفصل الثاني
الحملات الرئاسية بعد الرئاسة
آحرون
 |
||
باراك حسين أوباما الثاني ( / ب ə ص ɑː ك ح Ù الصورة eɪ ن oʊ ب ɑː م ə / ( الاستماع ) 
bə- RAHK hoo- سايان أوهايو BAH -mə . [1] ولدت 4 أغسطس 1961) هو سياسي أمريكي شغل منصب الرئيس الرابع والأربعين للولايات المتحدة من عام 2009 إلى عام 2017. وكان أوباما عضوًا في الحزب الديمقراطي ، وكان أول رئيس أمريكي من أصل أفريقي للولايات المتحدة. شغل سابقًا منصب أعضو مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي عن ولاية إلينوي من 2005 إلى 2008 وكسناتور عن ولاية إلينوي من 1997 إلى 2004.
ولد أوباما في هونولولو ، هاواي . بعد تخرجه من جامعة كولومبيا عام 1983 ، عمل كمنظم مجتمعي في شيكاغو . في عام 1988 ، التحق بكلية الحقوق بجامعة هارفارد ، حيث كان أول رئيس أسود لمجلة هارفارد للقانون . بعد التخرج ، أصبح محاميًا للحقوق المدنية وأكاديميًا ، وقام بتدريس القانون الدستوري في كلية الحقوق بجامعة شيكاغو من 1992 إلى 2004. وانتقل إلى السياسة الانتخابية ، فقد مثل الدائرة 13 في مجلس شيوخ إلينوي من عام 1997 حتى عام 2004 ، عندما كان يترشح لمجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي. تلقى أوباما الاهتمام الوطني في عام 2004 مع نظيره في مجلس الشيوخ مارس الفوز الابتدائي، له استقبالا جيدا يوليو المؤتمر الوطني الديمقراطي الخطاب الرئيسي ، والانهيارات الأرضية انتخابات نوفمبر تشرين الثاني له في مجلس الشيوخ. في عام 2008 ، بعد عام من بدء حملته ، وبعد حملة أولية قريبة ضد هيلاري كلينتون ، رشحه الحزب الديمقراطي لمنصب الرئيس. تم انتخاب أوباما على المرشح الجمهوري جون ماكين في الانتخابات العامة وتم تنصيبه جنبًا إلى جنب مع زميله في الترشح ، جو بايدن ، في 20 يناير 2009. وبعد تسعة أشهر ، حصل على جائزة نوبل للسلام لعام 2009 الحائز على جائزة.
وقع أوباما على العديد من مشاريع القوانين التاريخية لتصبح قانونًا خلال أول عامين من توليه المنصب . تشمل الإصلاحات الرئيسية ما يلي: قانون الرعاية الميسرة (ACA أو "Obamacare") ، على الرغم من عدم وجود خيار التأمين الصحي العام . و قانون إصلاح وول ستريت وحماية المستهلك دود-فرانك . و لا تسأل، لا تقل قانون إلغاء من عام 2010 . و الأميركي لإنعاش الاقتصاد وإعادة القانون عام 2009 و تخفيف الضرائب، التأمين ضد البطالة إعادة الترخيص، وقانون خلق فرص العمل من عام 2010 شغل منصب المحفزات الاقتصادية وسط الكساد العظيم . بعد نقاش مطول حول حد الدين الوطني ، وقع على مراقبة الميزانيةو أعمال الإغاثة دافعي الضرائب الأمريكية . في السياسة الخارجية ، رفع مستويات القوات الأمريكية في أفغانستان ، وخفض الأسلحة النووية مع الولايات المتحدة وروسيا معاهدة ستارت الجديدة ، وأنهى المشاركة العسكرية في حرب العراق . وأمر بالتدخل العسكري في ليبيا لتنفيذ قرار مجلس الأمن الدولي رقم 1973 ، مما ساهم في الإطاحة بمعمر القذافي . كما أمر بالعملية العسكرية التي أسفرت عن مقتل أسامة بن لادن .
بعد فوزه في إعادة انتخابه بفوزه على خصمه الجمهوري ميت رومني ، أدى أوباما اليمين الدستورية لولاية ثانية في عام 2013. خلال هذه الفترة ، شجع على إدراج الأمريكيين المثليين . قدمت إدارته المذكرات التي حثت المحكمة العليا لإبطال زواج المثليين حظر بأنه غير دستوري ( الولايات المتحدة ضد وندسور. و Obergefell ضد هودجز. )؛ تم تقنين الزواج من نفس الجنس على الصعيد الوطني في عام 2015 بعد أن قضت المحكمة بذلك في Obergefell . دعا إلى السيطرة على السلاح ردا على إطلاق النار على مدرسة ساندي هوك الابتدائية، مما يشير إلى دعم حظر الأسلحة الهجومية ، وأصدر إجراءات تنفيذية واسعة النطاق تتعلق بالاحترار العالمي والهجرة. في السياسة الخارجية، وقال انه أمر التدخل العسكري في العراق و سوريا ردا على المكاسب التي حققتها ISIL بعد الانسحاب عام 2011 من العراق، عززت المناقشات التي أدت إلى عام 2015 اتفاقية باريس بشأن تغير المناخ العالمي، أشرف واعتذر في النهاية عن الفتاكة ضربة جوية مستشفى قندوز ، واصلت عملية إنهاء العمليات القتالية الأمريكية في أفغانستان في عام 2016 ، وبدأت عقوبات ضد روسيا في أعقاب الغزو في أوكرانياومرة أخرى بعد التدخل في الانتخابات الأمريكية لعام 2016 ، توسطت في الاتفاق النووي لخطة العمل الشاملة المشتركة مع إيران ، وتطبيع العلاقات الأمريكية مع كوبا . رشح أوباما ثلاثة قضاة للمحكمة العليا : سونيا سوتومايور و ايلينا كاغان وكما أكدت القضاة، في حين ميريك جارلاند تواجه الحزبية عرقلة من الأغلبية الجمهورية في مجلس الشيوخ بقيادة ميتش ماكونيل ، التي لم تعقد الجلسات أو التصويت على الترشيح. ترك أوباما منصبه في يناير 2017 ولا يزال يقيم في واشنطن العاصمة [2] [3]
خلال فترة رئاسة أوباما ، تحسنت سمعة الولايات المتحدة في الخارج وكذلك الاقتصاد الأمريكي بشكل ملحوظ. [4] يُنظر إلى رئاسة أوباما بشكل إيجابي بشكل إيجابي ، وكثيراً ما تضعه تقييمات المؤرخين وعلماء السياسة وعامة الناس لرئاسته بين الطبقة العليا من الرؤساء الأمريكيين. منذ تركه منصبه ، ظل أوباما نشطًا في السياسة الديمقراطية ، بما في ذلك الظهور في المؤتمر الوطني الديمقراطي لعام 2020 .
الحياة المبكرة والوظيفة
ولد أوباما في 4 أغسطس 1961 ، [5] في مركز كابيولاني الطبي للنساء والأطفال في هونولولو ، هاواي . [6] [7] [8] هو الرئيس الوحيد المولود خارج الولايات الـ 48 المجاورة . [9] ولد لأم أمريكية وأب كيني. ولدت والدته آن دنهام (1942-1995) في ويتشيتا ، كانساس . كانت في الغالب من أصول إنجليزية ، [10] مع بعض الأصول الألمانية والأيرلندية والاسكتلندية [11] والسويسرية والويلزية. [12] في يوليو 2012 ، Ancestry.comوجد احتمالًا قويًا أن يكون دونهام من نسل جون بانش ، وهو رجل أفريقي مستعبد عاش في مستعمرة فرجينيا خلال القرن السابع عشر. [13] [14] والد أوباما ، باراك أوباما الأب (1934-1982) ، [15] [16] كان متزوجًا [17] [18] [19] لوه كينيان من نيانجوما كوجيلو . [17] [20] التقى والدا أوباما في عام 1960 في فصل للغة الروسية في جامعة هاواي في مانوا ، حيث كان والده طالبًا أجنبيًا في منحة دراسية. [21] [22]تزوج الزوجان في وايلوكو ، هاواي ، في 2 فبراير 1961 ، قبل ستة أشهر من ولادة أوباما. [23] [24]
في أواخر أغسطس 1961 ، بعد أسابيع قليلة من ولادته ، انتقل باراك ووالدته إلى جامعة واشنطن في سياتل ، حيث عاشا لمدة عام. خلال ذلك الوقت ، أكمل والد باراك درجته الجامعية في الاقتصاد في هاواي ، وتخرج في يونيو 1962. وغادر للالتحاق بكلية الدراسات العليا بمنحة دراسية في جامعة هارفارد ، حيث حصل على درجة الماجستير في الاقتصاد. طلق والدا أوباما في مارس 1964. [25] عاد أوباما الأب إلى كينيا في عام 1964 ، حيث تزوج للمرة الثالثة وعمل لدى الحكومة الكينية كمحلل اقتصادي أول في وزارة المالية. [26] زار ابنه في هاواي مرة واحدة فقط ، في عيد الميلاد عام 1971 ،[27] قبل مقتله في حادث سيارة عام 1982 ، عندما كان أوباما يبلغ من العمر 21 عامًا. [28] مستذكراً طفولته المبكرة ، قال أوباما: "إن والدي لم يكن يشبه الناس من حولي - وأنه كان أسودًا مثل الزغب ، وأمي بيضاء كالحليب - بالكاد سجل في ذهني." [22] وصف نضالاته عندما كان شابًا بالغًا للتوفيق بين التصورات الاجتماعية لتراثه متعدد الأعراق. [29]
في عام 1963 ، التقى دنهام بلولو سوتورو في جامعة هاواي . كان طالب دراسات عليا في الجغرافيا بمركز الشرق والغرب الإندونيسي . تزوج الزوجان في مولوكاي في 15 مارس 1965. [30] بعد تمديد تأشيرة J-1 لمدة عام واحد ، عاد لولو إلى إندونيسيا في عام 1966. تبعته زوجته وربيبته بعد ستة عشر شهرًا في عام 1967. عاشت الأسرة في البداية في حي Menteng Dalam في منطقة Tebet في جنوب جاكرتا . منذ عام 1970 ، كانوا يعيشون في حي أكثر ثراءً في منطقة مينتينج في وسط جاكرتا . [31]
تعليم
في سن السادسة ، انتقل أوباما ووالدته إلى إندونيسيا للانضمام إلى زوج والدته. من سن السادسة إلى العاشرة ، التحق بالمدارس المحلية للغة الإندونيسية : Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi (مدرسة القديس فرنسيس الأسيزي الابتدائية الكاثوليكية) لمدة عامين و Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01 (المدرسة الابتدائية الحكومية Menteng 01) لمدة عام واحد و a نصف عام ، يكملها تعليم منزلي في مدرسة كالفيرت باللغة الإنجليزية من قبل والدته. [33] [34] نتيجة لأربع سنوات قضاها في جاكرتا ، كان قادرًا على التحدث بالإندونيسية بطلاقة عندما كان طفلًا. [35] [36] [37]خلال الفترة التي قضاها في إندونيسيا ، علمه زوج والدة أوباما أن يكون مرنًا وقدم له "تقييمًا صارمًا جدًا لكيفية عمل العالم". [38]
وفي عام 1971، عاد أوباما إلى هونولولو للعيش مع جديه والدي أمه، مادلين و ستانلي دنهام . التحق بمدرسة بوناهو - مدرسة إعدادية جامعية خاصة - بمساعدة منحة دراسية من الصف الخامس حتى تخرجه من المدرسة الثانوية في عام 1979. [39] في شبابه ، أطلق على أوباما لقب "باري". [40] عاش أوباما مع والدته وأخته غير الشقيقة ، مايا سوتورو ، في هاواي لمدة ثلاث سنوات من 1972 إلى 1975 بينما كانت والدته طالبة دراسات عليا في الأنثروبولوجيا في جامعة هاواي . [41]اختار أوباما البقاء في هاواي مع أجداده للالتحاق بالمدرسة الثانوية في بوناهو عندما عادت والدته وأخته غير الشقيقة إلى إندونيسيا في عام 1975 ، حتى تتمكن والدته من بدء العمل الميداني في الأنثروبولوجيا. [42] والدته قضى معظم العقود القادمة اثنان في اندونيسيا وطلاق ولو في عام 1980 وحصلت على درجة الدكتوراه درجة في عام 1992، قبل أن يموت عام 1995 في هاواي بعد العلاج فاشلة ل المبيض و سرطان الرحم . [43]
كتب أوباما عن السنوات التي قضاها في هونولولو: "أصبحت الفرصة التي أتاحتها هاواي - لتجربة مجموعة متنوعة من الثقافات في مناخ من الاحترام المتبادل - جزءًا لا يتجزأ من وجهة نظري العالمية ، وأساسًا للقيم التي أعتز بها كثيرًا. " [44] اوباما كما كتب وتحدث عن استخدام الكحول ، الماريجوانا ، و الكوكايين خلال سنوات مراهقته إلى "الأسئلة بكبسة من أنا من رأيي." [45] كان أوباما أيضًا عضوًا في "عصابة الصداقة" ، وهي مجموعة من الأصدقاء أطلقوا على أنفسهم اسمًا يقضون وقتًا معًا ويدخنون الماريجوانا أحيانًا. [46] [47]
بعد تخرجه من المدرسة الثانوية عام 1979 ، انتقل أوباما إلى لوس أنجلوس لحضور كلية أوكسيدنتال بمنحة دراسية كاملة. في فبراير 1981 ، ألقى أوباما أول خطاب عام له ، داعيًا أوكسيدنتال للمشاركة في سحب الاستثمارات من جنوب إفريقيا ردًا على سياسة الفصل العنصري التي تنتهجها تلك الدولة . [48] وفي منتصف عام 1981، سافر أوباما إلى إندونيسيا لزيارة والدته ونصف الشقيقة مايا، وزار عائلات أصدقاء الكلية في باكستان و الهند لمدة ثلاثة أسابيع. [48] في وقت لاحق من عام 1981 ، انتقل إلى جامعة كولومبيا في مدينة نيويورك بصفته أمبتدئ ، حيث تخصص في العلوم السياسية وتخصص في العلاقات الدولية [49] وفي الأدب الإنجليزي [50] وعاش خارج الحرم الجامعي في شارع ويست 109. [51] تخرج بدرجة البكالوريوس في الآداب عام 1983 ومعدل تراكمي 3.7 . بعد التخرج ، عمل أوباما لمدة عام تقريبًا في مؤسسة الأعمال الدولية ، حيث كان باحثًا وكاتبًا ماليًا ، [52] [53] ثم كمنسق مشروع لمجموعة أبحاث المصلحة العامة بنيويورك في كلية سيتي كوليدج في نيويورك الحرم الجامعي لمدة ثلاثة أشهر عام 1985.[54] [55] [56]
الأسرة والحياة الشخصية
في مقابلة عام 2006 ، سلط أوباما الضوء على تنوع عائلته الممتدة : "إنها مثل الأمم المتحدة الصغيرة" ، قال. "لدي أقارب يشبهون بيرني ماك ، ولدي أقارب يشبهون مارجريت تاتشر ." [57] لأوباما أخت غير شقيقة نشأ عليها (مايا سوتورو نغ) وسبعة أخوة غير أشقاء من عائلة والده الكيني - يعيش ستة منهم. [58] بقيت والدة أوباما على قيد الحياة على يد والدتها المولودة في كنساس ، مادلين دنهام ، [59] حتى وفاتها في 2 نوفمبر 2008 ، [60] قبل يومين من انتخابه للرئاسة. كما أن لأوباما جذور في إيرلندا.التقى مع أبناء عمومته الأيرلنديين في Moneygallفي مايو 2011. [61] في أحلام من والدي ، يربط أوباما تاريخ عائلة والدته بأسلاف الأمريكيين الأصليين المحتملين والأقارب البعيدين لجيفرسون ديفيس ، رئيس الولايات الكونفدرالية الأمريكية خلال الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية . وهو يشارك أيضا أسلاف بعيدة من القواسم المشتركة مع جورج بوش و ديك تشيني ، وغيرها. [62] [63] [64]
عاش أوباما مع عالمة الأنثروبولوجيا شيلا ميوشي جاغر عندما كان منظمًا مجتمعيًا في شيكاغو في الثمانينيات. [65] اقترح عليها مرتين ، لكن جيجر ووالديها رفضوه. [65] [66] لم يتم الإعلان عن العلاقة حتى مايو 2017 ، بعد عدة أشهر من انتهاء رئاسته. [66]
في يونيو 1989 ، التقى أوباما بميشيل روبنسون عندما كان يعمل كمساعد صيفي في مكتب المحاماة سيدلي أوستن في شيكاغو . [67] تم تعيين روبنسون لمدة ثلاثة أشهر كمستشار لأوباما في الشركة ، وانضمت إليه في العديد من المناسبات الاجتماعية الجماعية لكنها رفضت طلباته الأولية حتى الآن. [68] بدأوا المواعدة في وقت لاحق من ذلك الصيف ، وتم خطوبتهم في عام 1991 ، وتزوجا في 3 أكتوبر ، 1992. [69] بعد تعرضها للإجهاض ، خضعت ميشيل لإخصاب في المختبر لإنجاب أطفالها. [70] ولدت ماليا آن ، الابنة الأولى للزوجين ، عام 1998 ، [71] تلتها ابنة ثانية ، ناتاشا ("ساشا") ، في عام 2001.[72] التحقت ابنتا أوباما بمدارس مختبر جامعة شيكاغو . عندما انتقلتا إلى واشنطن العاصمة في يناير 2009 ، بدأت الفتيات في مدرسة Sidwell Friends . [73] كان لأوباما كلبان مائيان برتغاليان . الأول ، ذكر اسمه بو ، كان هدية من السناتور تيد كينيدي . [74] في عام 2013 ، انضمت صني ، وهي أنثى. [75] توفي بو بسبب السرطان في 8 مايو 2021. [76]
أوباما هو من أنصار شيكاغو وايت سوكس ، وقد ألقى بالملعب الأول في ALCS 2005 عندما كان لا يزال عضوا في مجلس الشيوخ. [77] في عام 2009 ، تخلص من الملعب الاحتفالي الأول في لعبة All-Star Game بينما كان يرتدي سترة White Sox. [78] هو أيضًا من مشجعي فريق Chicago Bears لكرة القدم في اتحاد كرة القدم الأميركي ، ولكن في طفولته ومراهقته كان من مشجعي بيتسبرغ ستيلرز ، ونشأ لهم قبل فوزهم في Super Bowl XLIII بعد 12 يومًا من توليه منصبه كرئيس . [79] في عام 2011 ، دعا أوباما فريق شيكاغو بيرز عام 1985الى البيت الابيض لم يكن الفريق قد زار البيت الأبيض بعد فوزه في سوبر بول في عام 1986 بسبب كارثة مكوك الفضاء تشالنجر . [80] يلعب كرة السلة ، وهي رياضة شارك فيها كعضو في فريق الجامعة في مدرسته الثانوية ، [81] وهو أعسر. [82]
في عام 2005 ، طبقت عائلة أوباما عائدات صفقة كتاب وانتقلت من مجمع سكني في هايد بارك بشيكاغو إلى منزل قيمته 1.6 مليون دولار (أي ما يعادل 2.1 مليون دولار في عام 2020) في كينوود بشيكاغو . [83] اجتذب شراء قطعة أرض مجاورة - وبيع جزء منها لأوباما من قبل زوجة المطور ومانح الحملة والصديق توني ريزكو - اهتمام وسائل الإعلام بسبب لائحة الاتهام اللاحقة لريزكو وإدانته بتهم فساد سياسي لا علاقة لها بأوباما . [84]
في ديسمبر 2007 ، قدرت مجلة Money Magazine صافي ثروة أوباما بنحو 1.3 مليون دولار (ما يعادل 1.6 مليون دولار في عام 2020). [85] أظهر الإقرار الضريبي لعام 2009 أن دخل الأسرة يبلغ 5.5 مليون دولار - ارتفاعًا من حوالي 4.2 مليون دولار في عام 2007 و 1.6 مليون دولار في عام 2005 - معظمها من مبيعات كتبه. [86] [87] على دخله لعام 2010 البالغ 1.7 مليون دولار ، قدم 14 في المائة لمنظمات غير ربحية ، بما في ذلك 131000 دولار لمؤسسة فيشر هاوس ، وهي مؤسسة خيرية تساعد عائلات المحاربين القدامى الجرحى ، مما يسمح لهم بالإقامة بالقرب من المكان الذي يتلقى فيه المحارب القديم العلاج. العلاجات. [88] [89] وفقًا لإقراره المالي لعام 2012 ، قد تصل قيمة أوباما إلى 10 دولارات مليون. [90]
في أوائل عام 2010 ، تحدثت ميشيل عن عادة تدخين زوجها وقالت إن باراك أقلع عن التدخين. [91] [92]
في عيد ميلاده الخامس والخمسين ، 4 أغسطس 2016 ، كتب أوباما مقالًا في جلامور ، وصف فيه كيف جعلت منه بناته والرئاسة نسويًا . [93] [94] [95]
آراء دينية
أوباما مسيحي بروتستانتي تطورت آرائه الدينية في حياته البالغة. [96] وكتب في "جرأة الأمل " أنه "لم ينشأ في منزل متدين". ووصف والدته ، التي نشأها والدان غير متدينين ، بأنها منفصلة عن الدين ، لكنها "من نواح كثيرة أكثر شخص استيقظ روحياً ... عرفته على الإطلاق" ، و "شاهد وحيد على الإنسانية العلمانية ". ووصف والده بأنه " ملحد مؤكد " عندما التقى والديه ، وزوج والدته بأنه "رجل رأى أن الدين لا يفيد بشكل خاص". وأوضح أوباما كيف، من خلال العمل مع الكنائس السوداء باعتباره منظم المجتمععندما كان في العشرينات من عمره ، توصل إلى فهم "قوة التقاليد الدينية الأمريكية الأفريقية في تحفيز التغيير الاجتماعي". [97]
في يناير 2008، قال أوباما المسيحية اليوم : "أنا مسيحي، وأنا مسيحي متدين أؤمن. فاة تعويضي و قيامة يسوع المسيح وأعتقد أن الإيمان يعطيني الطريق الذي ينبغي أن نقيا من الذنوب ويكون الأبدية. الحياة." [98] في 27 سبتمبر / أيلول 2010 أصدر أوباما بياناً علق فيه على آرائه الدينية ، قائلاً:
أنا مسيحي بالاختيار. لم تكن عائلتي - بصراحة ، لم يكونوا أفرادًا يذهبون إلى الكنيسة كل أسبوع. وكانت والدتي من أكثر الأشخاص الروحانيين الذين عرفتهم ، لكنها لم تربيني في الكنيسة. لذلك جئت إلى إيماني المسيحي في وقت لاحق من الحياة ، وكان ذلك لأن تعاليم يسوع المسيح تحدثت إلي فيما يتعلق بنوع الحياة التي أريد أن أعيشها - كوني حارس إخوتي وأخواتي ، وأعامل الآخرين كما هم سيعاملني . [99] [100]
أوباما التقى الثالوث كنيسة المسيح المتحدة القس أرميا رايت في أكتوبر 1987، وأصبح عضوا في الثالوث في عام 1992. [101] خلال حملة أوباما الرئاسية الأولى في مايو 2008، استقال من الثالوث بعد بعض البيانات رايت وانتقد . [102] منذ انتقاله إلى واشنطن، DC، في عام 2009، وقد حضر عائلة أوباما العديد من الكنائس البروتستانتية، بما في ذلك شيلوه الكنيسة المعمدانية و الكنيسة الأسقفية سانت جون ، وكذلك الخضرة مصلى في كامب ديفيد ، ولكن أفراد الأسرة لا حضور الكنيسة على أساس منتظم. [103] [104] [105]
في عام 2016 ، قال إنه يحصل على الإلهام من بعض العناصر التي تذكره "بجميع الأشخاص المختلفين الذين قابلتهم على طول الطريق" ، مضيفًا: "أحمل هذه الأشياء طوال الوقت. أنا لست مؤمنًا بالخرافات ، لذا ليس الأمر كما لو أنني أعتقد أنه يجب بالضرورة أن أضعهم ضدي في جميع الأوقات ". تشمل العناصر ، "وعاء كامل ممتلئ" ، حبات مسبحة قدمها له البابا فرانسيس ، وتمثال للإله الهندوسي هانومان ، وصليب قبطي من إثيوبيا ، وتمثال صغير لبوذا قدمه راهب ، وشريحة لعبة البوكر المعدنية التي استخدمت ليكون سحر الحظ لسائق دراجة نارية في ولاية ايوا. [106] [107]
مهنة القانون
منظم المجتمع وكلية الحقوق بجامعة هارفارد
بعد عامين من تخرجه من كولومبيا ، انتقل أوباما من نيويورك إلى شيكاغو عندما تم تعيينه مديرًا لمشروع تطوير المجتمعات ، وهي منظمة مجتمعية قائمة على الكنيسة تضم في الأصل ثمانية أبرشيات كاثوليكية في روزلاند ، وويست بولمان ، وريفرديل في ساوث سايد في شيكاغو . عمل هناك كمنظم مجتمعي من يونيو 1985 إلى مايو 1988. [55] [108] ساعد في إنشاء برنامج تدريب وظيفي ، وبرنامج تعليمي تحضيري للكلية ، ومنظمة حقوق المستأجرين في حدائق Altgeld . [109] عمل أوباما أيضًا كمستشار ومدرب لمؤسسة غماليل، معهد تنظيم المجتمع. [110] في منتصف عام 1988 ، سافر لأول مرة في أوروبا لمدة ثلاثة أسابيع ثم لمدة خمسة أسابيع في كينيا ، حيث التقى بالعديد من أقاربه من أبيه للمرة الأولى. [111] [112]
| فيديو خارجي | |
|---|---|
 ديريك بيل يهدد بمغادرة هارفارد ، 24 أبريل 1990 ، 11:34 ، أرشيف تلفزيون بوسطن الرقمي [113] يقدم الطالب باراك أوباما البروفيسور ديريك بيل بدءًا من 6:25. |
على الرغم من حصوله على منحة دراسية كاملة في كلية الحقوق بجامعة نورث وسترن ، التحق أوباما بكلية الحقوق بجامعة هارفارد في خريف عام 1988 ، ويعيش في سومرفيل القريبة ، ماساتشوستس . [114] تم اختياره كمحرر لمجلة هارفارد لو ريفيو في نهاية سنته الأولى ، [115] رئيسًا للمجلة في سنته الثانية ، [109] [116] ومساعد باحث للباحث الدستوري لورانس ترايب بينما في هارفارد لمدة عامين. [117] خلال الصيف ، عاد إلى شيكاغو ، حيث عمل كمساعد صيفي في مكاتب المحاماة سيدلي أوستنفي عام 1989 وهوبكنز آند سوتر في عام 1990. [118] بعد تخرجه بدرجة JD بامتياز مع مرتبة الشرف [119] من جامعة هارفارد في عام 1991 ، عاد إلى شيكاغو. [115] جذب انتخاب أوباما كأول رئيس أسود لمجلة هارفارد لو ريفيو اهتمام وسائل الإعلام الوطنية [109] [116] وأدى إلى عقد نشر والتقدم لكتاب عن العلاقات العرقية ، [120] والذي تطور إلى مذكرات شخصية. نُشرت المخطوطة في منتصف عام 1995 تحت عنوان " أحلام من أبي" . [120]
كلية الحقوق بجامعة شيكاغو ومحامي الحقوق المدنية
في عام 1991 ، قبل أوباما منصبًا لمدة عامين كزميل زائر في القانون والحكومة في كلية الحقوق بجامعة شيكاغو للعمل على كتابه الأول. [120] [121] ثم درس القانون الدستوري في كلية الحقوق بجامعة شيكاغو لمدة اثني عشر عامًا ، في البداية كمحاضر من عام 1992 إلى عام 1996 ، ثم كمحاضر أول من عام 1996 إلى عام 2004. [122]
من أبريل إلى أكتوبر 1992 ، أدار أوباما مشروع التصويت في إلينوي ، وهي حملة لتسجيل الناخبين تضم عشرة موظفين وسبعمائة مسجل متطوع. لقد حققت هدفها بتسجيل 150.000 من 400.000 أمريكي من أصل أفريقي غير مسجلين في الولاية ، مما دفع Crain's Chicago Business إلى تسمية أوباما في قائمة "40 تحت الأربعين" لعام 1993. [123]
انضم ديفيس، مينر، Barnhill وغالان للمحاماة 13 محام متخصص في التقاضي في مجال الحقوق المدنية والتنمية الاقتصادية الحي، حيث كان المنتسبين لمدة ثلاث سنوات 1993-1996، ثم محام من عام 1996 إلى عام 2004. وفي عام 1994، تم إدراجه كواحد من المحامين في قضية Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. ساف. البنك ، 94 C 4094 (ND Ill.). [124] هذه دعوى قضائية رفعت في عام 1994 مع سلمى Buycks-روبرسون كما المدعي الرصاص وزعم أن سيتي بنك البنك الفيدرالي الادخار شاركت في ممارسات ممنوعة بموجب قانون المساواة في الفرص الائتمانية و قانون الإسكان العادل . [125] القضية تمت تسويتها خارج المحكمة.[١٢٦] صدر الحكم النهائي في 13 مايو 1998 بموافقة سيتي بنك بنك التوفير الفيدرالي على دفع أتعاب المحاماة. [127]
من 1994 إلى 2002 ، خدم أوباما في مجالس إدارة صندوق وودز في شيكاغو - الذي كان في عام 1985 أول مؤسسة لتمويل مشروع المجتمعات النامية - ومؤسسة جويس . [55] خدم في مجلس إدارة Chicago Annenberg Challenge من 1995 إلى 2002 ، كرئيس مؤسس ورئيس مجلس الإدارة من 1995 إلى 1999. [55]
أصبحت رخصة قانون أوباما غير مفعّلة في عام 2007. [128] [129]
مهنة تشريعية
مجلس شيوخ إلينوي (1997-2004)
تم انتخاب أوباما لعضوية مجلس شيوخ إلينوي في عام 1996 ، خلفًا للسيناتور الديمقراطي أليس بالمر من المنطقة 13 في إلينوي ، والتي امتدت في ذلك الوقت إلى أحياء شيكاغو ساوث سايد من هايد بارك - كينوود جنوبًا إلى ساوث شور وغربًا إلى شيكاغو لون . [130] بمجرد انتخابه ، حصل أوباما على دعم من الحزبين للتشريع الذي أصلح قوانين الأخلاق والرعاية الصحية. [131] [132] رعى قانونًا زاد من الإعفاءات الضريبية للعمال ذوي الدخل المنخفض ، وتفاوض على إصلاح الرعاية الاجتماعية ، وعزز زيادة الإعانات لرعاية الأطفال. [133]في عام 2001 ، كرئيس مشارك للجنة المشتركة للحزبين بشأن القواعد الإدارية ، أيد أوباما لوائح قروض يوم الدفع للحاكم الجمهوري رايان ولوائح الإقراض العقاري المفترسة التي تهدف إلى تجنب حبس الرهن العقاري . [134] [135]
وأعيد انتخابه لعضوية مجلس الشيوخ في ولاية ايلينوي عام 1998، هزم الجمهوري Yesse يهودا في الانتخابات العامة، وأعيد انتخابه مرة أخرى في عام 2002. [136] [137] وفي عام 2000، خسر السباق التمهيدي الديمقراطي لل منطقة الكونغرس 1ST ايلينوي في الولايات المتحدة مجلس النواب إلى شاغل المنصب بوبي راش أربع فترات بهامش اثنين إلى واحد. [138]
في كانون الثاني (يناير) 2003 ، أصبح أوباما رئيسًا للجنة الصحة والخدمات الإنسانية في مجلس الشيوخ في إلينوي عندما استعاد الديمقراطيون ، بعد عقد من الزمان في الأقلية ، الأغلبية. [139] قام برعاية وقيادة تمرير التشريع بالإجماع من الحزبين لرصد التنميط العنصري من خلال مطالبة الشرطة بتسجيل عرق السائقين الذين يحتجزونهم ، وتشريع جعل إلينوي أول ولاية تفرض تصوير الفيديو للاستجوابات في جرائم القتل. [133] [140] [141] [142] خلال حملته الانتخابية العامة لمجلس الشيوخ عام 2004 ، نسب ممثلو الشرطة الفضل لأوباما لمشاركته النشطة مع منظمات الشرطة في سن إصلاحات عقوبة الإعدام . [143]استقال أوباما من مجلس شيوخ إلينوي في نوفمبر 2004 بعد انتخابه لمجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي. [144]
2004 حملة مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي
في مايو 2002 ، كلف أوباما بإجراء استطلاع لتقييم آفاقه في سباق مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي عام 2004. أنشأ لجنة للحملة ، وبدأ في جمع الأموال ، وصطف مستشار الإعلام السياسي ديفيد أكسلرود بحلول أغسطس 2002. أعلن أوباما رسميًا ترشحه في يناير 2003. [145]
كان أوباما من أوائل المعارضين لغزو إدارة جورج دبليو بوش للعراق عام 2003 . [146] في 2 أكتوبر 2002 ، وهو اليوم الذي اتفق فيه الرئيس بوش والكونغرس على القرار المشترك الذي يسمح بحرب العراق ، [147] خاطب أوباما أول تجمع رفيع المستوى في شيكاغو ضد حرب العراق ، [148] وتحدث ضد حرب. [149] ألقى خطابًا في مسيرة أخرى مناهضة للحرب في مارس 2003 وقال للحشد "لم يفت الأوان بعد" لوقف الحرب. [150]
أدت قرارات المرشح الجمهوري الحالي بيتر فيتزجيرالد وسلفه الديمقراطي كارول موسلي براون بعدم المشاركة في الانتخابات إلى منافسات أولية ديمقراطية وجمهوريّة مفتوحة على مصراعيها شارك فيها 15 مرشحًا. [151] في الانتخابات التمهيدية في مارس 2004 ، فاز أوباما بأغلبية ساحقة غير متوقعة - مما جعله بين عشية وضحاها نجمًا صاعدًا داخل الحزب الديمقراطي الوطني ، وبدأ التكهنات حول مستقبل رئاسي ، وأدى إلى إعادة إصدار مذكراته ، أحلام من والدي . [152] في يوليو 2004 ، ألقى أوباما الخطاب الرئيسي في المؤتمر الوطني للحزب الديمقراطي لعام 2004 ، [153]شاهده تسعة ملايين مشاهد. لقي خطابه استحسانًا ورفعت مكانته داخل الحزب الديمقراطي. [154]
انسحب خصم أوباما المتوقع في الانتخابات العامة ، الفائز في الانتخابات التمهيدية الجمهوري جاك رايان ، من السباق في يونيو 2004. [155] بعد ستة أسابيع ، وافق آلان كيز على ترشيح الحزب الجمهوري ليحل محل رايان. [156] في الانتخابات العامة في نوفمبر 2004 ، فاز أوباما بنسبة 70 بالمائة من الأصوات ، وهو أكبر هامش فوز لمرشح لمجلس الشيوخ في تاريخ إلينوي. [157] استولى على 92 من أصل 102 مقاطعة في الولاية ، بما في ذلك العديد من المقاطعات التي لا يعمل فيها الديمقراطيون بشكل جيد.
مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي (2005-2008)
أدى أوباما اليمين الدستورية كعضو في مجلس الشيوخ في 3 يناير 2005 ، [158] وأصبح العضو الوحيد في مجلس الشيوخ من كتلة الكونجرس السود . [159] وصفته CQ Weekly بأنه "ديمقراطي مخلص" بناءً على تحليل جميع أصوات مجلس الشيوخ من 2005 إلى 2007. أعلن أوباما في 13 نوفمبر 2008 أنه سيستقيل من مقعده في مجلس الشيوخ في 16 نوفمبر 2008 ، قبل بدء و عرجاء بطة دورة، للتركيز على الفترة الانتقالية للرئاسة. [160]
تشريع
شارك أوباما في رعاية قانون أمريكا الآمنة والهجرة المنظمة . [161] قدم مبادرتين حملتا اسمه: لوغار-أوباما ، التي وسعت مفهوم نان لوغار للحد من التهديد التعاوني إلى الأسلحة التقليدية. [162] و المساءلة التمويل الاتحادي وقانون الشفافية لعام 2006 ، الذي أذن بإنشاء USAspending.gov، محرك البحث على شبكة الإنترنت على الإنفاق الفيدرالي. [163] وفي 3 يونيو 2008، السيناتور أوباما جنبا إلى جنب مع أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ توم كاربر ، توم كوبرن ، و جون ماكين- إصدار تشريع للمتابعة: تعزيز الشفافية والمساءلة في قانون الإنفاق الفيدرالي لعام 2008. [164]
رعى أوباما تشريعًا كان سيطلب من أصحاب المحطات النووية إخطار الولايات والسلطات المحلية بالتسريبات الإشعاعية ، لكن مشروع القانون فشل في تمريره في مجلس الشيوخ بكامل هيئته بعد تعديله بشكل كبير في اللجنة. [165] وفيما يتعلق بإصلاح الضرر ، صوت أوباما ل قانون العمل الدرجة الإنصاف لعام 2005 و قانون 2008 تعديلات قانون مراقبة الاستخبارات الأجنبية ، الذي يمنح الحصانة من المسؤولية المدنية لشركات الاتصالات متواطئة مع التنصت NSA اذن العمليات. [166]
In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.[168][169] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007.[170][171] Obama also introduced two unsuccessful bills: the Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,[172][173] and the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007.[174]
Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.[175] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.[176] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010;[177] and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.[178] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[179]
Committees
Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006.[180] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.[181] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs.[182] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before Abbas became President of the Palestinian National Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.[183]
Presidential campaigns
2008
On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois.[184][185] The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858.[184][186] Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence, and reforming the health care system,[187] in a campaign that projected themes of hope and change.[188]
Numerous candidates entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged delegates due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.[189] On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.[190]
On August 23, 2008, Obama announced his selection of Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.[191] Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator Evan Bayh and Virginia Governor Tim Kaine.[191] At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and Bill Clinton gave convention speeches in his support.[192] Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but a mile away at Invesco Field at Mile High stadium to a crowd of about eighty-four thousand; the speech was viewed by over three million people worldwide.[193][194][195]
During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.[196] On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.[197]
John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected Sarah Palin as his running mate. Obama and McCain engaged in three presidential debates in September and October 2008.[198] On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 electoral votes to 173 received by McCain.[199] Obama won 52.9 percent of the popular vote to McCain's 45.7 percent.[200] He became the first African American to be elected president.[201] Obama delivered his victory speech before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's Grant Park.[202] He is one of the three United States senators moved directly from the U.S. Senate to the White House, the others are Warren G. Harding and John F. Kennedy.[203]
2012
On April 4, 2011, Obama filed election papers with the Federal Election Commission and then announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website.[204][205][206] As the incumbent president, he ran virtually unopposed in the Democratic Party presidential primaries,[207] and on April 3, 2012, Obama secured the 2778 convention delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.[208]
At the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were formally nominated by former President Bill Clinton as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans Mitt Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin.[209]
On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.[210][211][212] With 51.1 percent of the popular vote,[213] Obama became the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win the majority of the popular vote twice.[214][215] Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago's McCormick Place after his reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties."[216][217]
Presidency (2009–2017)
First 100 days
The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th president took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.[218] He ordered the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp,[219] but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds[220][221][222] and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee into the U.S. or to other countries.[223] Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.[224] He also revoked President George W. Bush's restoration of President Ronald Reagan's Mexico City policy which prohibited federal aid to international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.[225]
Domestic policy
The first bill signed into law by Obama was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing the statute of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits.[226] Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program to cover an additional four million uninsured children.[227] In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding of embryonic stem cell research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.[228]
Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his presidency. He nominated Sonia Sotomayor on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter; she was confirmed on August 6, 2009,[229] becoming the first Supreme Court Justice of Hispanic descent.[230] Obama nominated Elena Kagan on May 10, 2010 to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three for the first time in American history.[231]
On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, a reconciliation bill that: ended the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increased the Pell Grant scholarship award, and made changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[232][233]
In a major space policy speech in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at NASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of human spaceflight to the moon and development of the Ares I rocket, Ares V rocket and Constellation program, in favor of funding Earth science projects, a new rocket type, research and development for an eventual crewed mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the International Space Station.[234]
President Obama's 2011 State of the Union Address focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of innovation economics to make the United States more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and reversing tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans, banning congressional earmarks, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and set a goal for 80 percent reliance on "clean" electricity by 2035.[235][236]
LGBT rights
On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expanded the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.[237]
On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV. The lifting of the ban was celebrated by Immigration Equality.[238]
On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, which fulfilled a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign[239][240] to end the don't ask, don't tell policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the United States Armed Forces.[241] In 2016, the Pentagon also ended the policy that barred transgender people from serving openly in the military.[242]
On July 30, 2015, the White House Office of National AIDS Policy revised its strategy for addressing AIDS, which included widespread testing and linkage to healthcare. This revision was celebrated by the Human Rights Campaign.[243]
Same-sex marriage
As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama had said he favored legalizing same-sex marriage.[244] By the time of his Senate run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners but opposed same-sex marriages.[245] In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating "I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage."[246] On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.[247][248]
During his second inaugural address on January 21, 2013,[217] Obama became the first U.S. president in office to call for full equality for gay Americans: "Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law—for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well." This was the first time that a president mentioned gay rights or the word "gay" in an inaugural address.[249][250]
In 2013, the Obama Administration filed briefs that urged the Supreme Court to rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases of Hollingsworth v. Perry (regarding same-sex marriage)[251] and United States v. Windsor (regarding the Defense of Marriage Act).[252] Then, following the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in Obergefell v. Hodges (ruling same-sex marriage to be a fundamental right), Obama asserted: "This decision affirms what millions of Americans already believe in their hearts: When all Americans are treated as equal we are all more free."[253]
White House advisory and oversight groups
On March 11, 2009, Obama created the White House Council on Women and Girls, which formed part of the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established by Executive Order 13506 with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls.[254] The council was chaired by Senior Advisor to the President Valerie Jarrett.[255] Obama also established the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault through a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States.[255][256][257] The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett.[256] The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and Office of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that the 1994 Violence Against Women Act first drafted by Biden.[258]
Economic policy
On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787 billion economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening worldwide recession.[259] The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals.[260]
In March 2009, Obama's Treasury Secretary, Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage the financial crisis, including introducing the Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2 trillion in depreciated real estate assets.[261]
Obama intervened in the troubled automotive industry[262] in March 2009, renewing loans for General Motors (GM) and Chrysler to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat[263] and a reorganization of GM giving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government taking a 12 percent stake.[264] In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.[265] He signed into law the Car Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", which temporarily boosted the economy.[266][267][268]
The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Department of the Treasury . These guarantees totaled about $11.5 trillion, but only $3 trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.[269] Obama and the Congressional Budget Office predicted the 2010 budget deficit would be $1.5 trillion or 10.6 percent of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4 trillion or 9.9 percent of GDP.[270][271] For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit would shrink to $1.34 trillion, and the 10-year deficit would increase to $8.53 trillion or 90 percent of GDP.[272] The most recent increase in the U.S. debt ceiling to $17.2 trillion took effect in February 2014.[273] On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan Budget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings.[274] By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a U.S. government default on its obligations.[275]
As it did throughout 2008, the unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.[278] Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.[279] By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent,[280] decreasing to 6.7 percent in the last month of 2013.[281] During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3 percent in the first quarter.[282] GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.[283] Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.[283] In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman Ben Bernanke said the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain".[284] Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010.[285]
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.[286][287] The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million,[287][288][289][290] while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."[286] Although an April 2010, survey of members of the National Association for Business Economics showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.[291] The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other original NATO members by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of World War II.[292] The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development credits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the U.S. and the austerity measures in the European Union.[293]
Within a month of the 2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the 2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-year payroll tax reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for estate taxes.[294] The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.[295]
In December 2013, Obama declared that growing income inequality is a "defining challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the nationwide strikes of fast-food workers and Pope Francis' criticism of inequality and trickle-down economics.[296]
Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the Trans-Pacific Partnership.[297]
Environmental policy
While campaigning, Obama expressed hope that Congress would regulate greenhouse gases and that, as a second-best route, such regulation would come from the Environmental Protection Agency.[298]
On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.[299][300]
On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new deepwater drilling permits and leases, pending regulatory review.[301] As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.[302]
In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and said he "would reject the Keystone XL pipeline if it increased carbon pollution [or] greenhouse emissions."[303][304] Obama's advisers called for a halt to petroleum exploration in the Arctic in January 2013.[305] On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would have authorized the pipeline.[306] It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto.[307]
Obama emphasized the conservation of federal lands during his term in office. He used his power under the Antiquities Act to create 25 new national monuments during his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of 553,000,000 acres (224,000,000 ha) of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president.[308][309][310][311]
Health care reform
Obama called for Congress to pass legislation reforming health care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.[312] He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, cap premium increases, and allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over ten years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for pre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.[313][314]
On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.[312] After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.[316] In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research.[317]
On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.[318][319] On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.[320] On March 21, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212.[321] Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.[322]
The ACA includes health-related provisions, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL) starting in 2014,[323] subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percent of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 percent to 9.5 percent of income,[324][325] providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.[324][326]
The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income brackets, taxes on indoor tanning, cuts to the Medicare Advantage program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;[328] there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.[329] In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.[330]
The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.[331] In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby the Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in King v. Burwell that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by the State", as the statute reads.[332]
Energy policy
Prior to June 2014, Obama offered substantial support for a broadly-based "All of the above" approach to domestic energy policy, which Obama has maintained since his first term and which he last confirmed at his State of the Union speech in January 2014 to a mixed reception by both parties. In June 2014, Obama made indications that his administration would consider a shift towards an energy policy more closely tuned to the manufacturing industry and its impact on the domestic economy.[333] Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy, such as coal mining and oil fracking, has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as a third of the nation's available energy resources.[334][335]
Gun control
On January 16, 2013, one month after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding gun control.[336] He urged Congress to reintroduce an expired ban on military-style assault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives for the first time since 2006.[337] On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.[338] In a 2016 editorial in The New York Times, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to women's suffrage and other civil rights movements in American history.[339]
2010 midterm elections
Obama called the November 2, 2010 election, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,[340] "humbling" and a "shellacking".[341] He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.[342]
Cybersecurity and Internet policy
On November 10, 2014, President Obama recommended the Federal Communications Commission reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality.[343][344] On February 12, 2013, President Obama signed Executive Order 13636, "Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity".[345]
Government mass surveillance
In 2005 and 2006, Obama criticized certain aspects of the Patriot Act for infringing too much on civil liberties and sought as Senator to strengthen civil liberties protections.[346][347][348] In 2006, he voted to reauthorize a revised version of the Patriot Act, saying the law was not ideal but that the revised version had strengthened civil liberties.[348] In 2011, he signed a four-year renewal of the Patriot Act.[349] Following the 2013 global surveillance disclosures by whistleblower Edward Snowden, Obama condemned the leak as unpatriotic,[347] but called for increased restrictions on the NSA to address violations of privacy.[350][351] The changes which Obama ordered have been described as "modest" however.[352]
Foreign policy
In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "reset" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.[353] Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network, Al Arabiya.[354]
On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.[355][356] In April, Obama gave a speech in Ankara, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments.[357] On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt calling for "A New Beginning" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.[358]
On June 26, 2009, Obama responded to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following Iran's 2009 presidential election by saying: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."[359] While in Moscow on July 7, he responded to Vice President Biden's comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."[360]
On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to preside over a meeting of the United Nations Security Council.[361]
In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem.[362][363] During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev to replace the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about a third.[364] Obama and Medvedev signed the New START treaty in April 2010, and the U.S. Senate ratified it in December 2010.[365]
In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider LGBT rights when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.[366] In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminates against gays,[367] but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia.[368]
In December 2014, Obama announced that he intended to normalize relationships between Cuba and the United States.[369] The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20, 2015.
In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.[370][371] In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series of arms deals with Saudi Arabia worth $115 billion.[372] Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology to Saudi Arabia after Saudi warplanes targeted a funeral in Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people.[373]
Before leaving office, Obama said German Chancellor Angela Merkel had been his "closest international partner" throughout his tenure as president.[374]
War in Iraq
On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of Marines preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said: "Let me say this as plainly as I can: by August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end."[375] The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to counter-terrorism and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.[376][377] On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.[378] On October 21, 2011, President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays."[379]
In June 2014, following the capture of Mosul by ISIS, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commit widespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.[380][381]
In August 2014, during the Sinjar massacre, Obama ordered a campaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIS.[382]
By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict[383] and 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.[384]
In early 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the 82nd Airborne Division the number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq surged to 4,400,[385] and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.[386]
War in Afghanistan
Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.[387] He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires".[388] He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General David D. McKiernan, with former Special Forces commander Lt. Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.[389] On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;[390] this took place in July 2011. David Petraeus replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.[391] In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.[392]
In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation.[393]
Israel
In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning Israeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.[394] Obama supports the two-state solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.[395]
In June 2011, Obama said the bond between the United States and Israel is "unbreakable".[396] During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of the U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.[397] The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the Iron Dome program in response to the waves of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel.[398]
In 2013, Jeffrey Goldberg reported that, in Obama's view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation."[399] In 2014, Obama likened the Zionist movement to the civil rights movement in the United States. He said both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples, explaining: "To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics."[400] Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.[401] In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing the Iran Nuclear Deal; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was "dangerous" and "bad".[402]
On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained from United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupied Palestinian territories as a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.[403] Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama Administration's actions,[404][405] and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6 million, on January 6, 2017.[406] On January 5, 2017, the United States House of Representatives voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution.[407][408]
Libya
In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator Muammar Gaddafi as part of the Arab Spring. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the Arab League, and a resolution[409] passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.[410] In response to the unanimous passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 on March 17, Gaddafi—who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the rebels of Benghazi[411]—announced an immediate cessation of military activities,[412] yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling Misrata.
The next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,[413] including the use of Tomahawk missiles, B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.[414][415][416] Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbed Operation Unified Protector.[417] Some Representatives[418] questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.[419][420]
Obama later expressed regret for playing a leading role in the destabilization of Libya, calling the certain situation there "a mess."[421] He has stated that the lack of preparation surrounding the days following the government's overthrow was the "worst mistake" of his presidency.[422]
Syrian Civil War
On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the Syrian Civil War, Obama issued a written statement that said: "The time has come for President Assad to step aside."[423][424] This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.[425] In 2012, Obama authorized multiple programs run by the CIA and the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.[426] The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015.[427][428]
In the wake of a chemical weapons attack in Syria, formally blamed by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had pledged[429] and, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad giving up chemical weapons; however attacks with chlorine gas continued.[430][431] In 2014, Obama authorized an air campaign aimed primarily at ISIL.[432]
Death of Osama bin Laden
Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of Osama bin Laden. He was living in seclusion in a large compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles (56 km) from Islamabad.[433] CIA head Leon Panetta reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.[433] Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by United States Navy SEALs.[433] The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.[434][435] DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,[436] which was buried at sea several hours later.[437] Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's Ground Zero and Times Square.[434][438] Reaction to the announcement was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.[439]
Iran nuclear talks
On October 1, 2009, the Obama administration went ahead with a Bush administration program, increasing nuclear weapons production. The "Complex Modernization" initiative expanded two existing nuclear sites to produce new bomb parts. The administration built new plutonium pits at the Los Alamos lab in New Mexico and expanded enriched uranium processing at the Y-12 facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.[440] In November 2013, the Obama administration opened negotiations with Iran to prevent it from acquiring nuclear weapons, which included an interim agreement. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced on July 14, 2015. The deal titled the "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action" saw sanctions removed in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[441][442][443] In addition, the transfer of $1.7 billion in cash to Iran shortly after the deal was announced was criticized by the republican party. The Obama administration said that the payment in cash was because of the "effectiveness of U.S. and international sanctions."[444] In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shielded Hezbollah from the Drug Enforcement Administration's Project Cassandra investigation regarding drug smuggling and from the Central Intelligence Agency.[445][446] On a side note, the very same year, in December 2015, Obama started a $348 billion worth program to back the biggest U.S. buildup of nuclear arms since Ronald Reagan left the White House.[447]
Relations with Cuba
Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada and Vatican City.[448] The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when Pope Francis advised the U.S. and Cuba to exchange prisoners as a gesture of goodwill.[449] On December 10, 2013, Cuban President Raúl Castro, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at the Nelson Mandela memorial service in Johannesburg.[450]
In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with Pope Francis as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.[451] Popularly dubbed the Cuban Thaw, The New Republic deemed the Cuban Thaw to be "Obama's finest foreign policy achievement."[452] On July 1, 2015, President Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington and Havana.[453] The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.[454]
Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to arrive since Calvin Coolidge in 1928.[455]
Africa
Obama spoke in front of the African Union in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on July 29, 2015, the first sitting U.S. president to do so. He gave a speech encouraging the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade with the continent, and lauded the progress made in education, infrastructure, and economy. He also criticized the lack of democracy and leaders who refuse to step aside, discrimination against minorities (LGBT people, religious groups and ethnicities), and corruption. He suggested an intensified democratization and free trade, to significantly improve the quality of life for Africans.[456][457] During his July 2015 trip, Obama also was the first U.S. president ever to visit Kenya, which is the homeland of his father.[458]
Hiroshima speech
On May 27, 2016, Obama became the first sitting American president to visit Hiroshima, Japan, 71 years after the U.S. atomic bombing of Hiroshima towards the end of World War II. Accompanied by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, Obama paid tribute to the victims of the bombing at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum.[459] Although he was pressured to by atomic bomb survivor groups, he did not apologize for the decision to drop the bomb.[460]
Russia
After Russia's invasion of Crimea in 2014, military intervention in Syria in 2015, and the interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election,[461] Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure.[462] George Robertson, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.[463]
Cultural and political image
Obama's family history, upbringing, and Ivy League education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.[464] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."[465] Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."[466]
Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.[467] During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.[468] In his speeches as president, Obama did not make more overt references to race relations than his predecessors,[469][470] but according to one study, he implemented stronger policy action on behalf of African-Americans than any president since the Nixon era.[471]
According to the Gallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percent approval rating[472] before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41 percent in August 2010,[473] a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.[474] He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the death of Osama bin Laden on May 2, 2011. This bounce lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were previously.[475][476] His approval ratings rebounded around the same time as his reelection in 2012, with polls showing an average job approval of 52 percent shortly after his second inauguration.[477] Despite approval ratings dropping to 39 percent in late-2013 due to the ACA roll-out, they climbed to 50 percent in January 2015 according to Gallup.[478]
Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.[479][480] In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. by Harris Interactive for France 24 and the International Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.[481] In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.[482][483]
Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008.[484] His concession speech after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "Yes We Can", which was viewed ten million times on YouTube in its first month[485] and received a Daytime Emmy Award.[486] In December 2008 and in 2012, Time magazine named Obama as its Person of the Year.[487] The 2008 awarding was for his historic candidacy and election, which Time described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments."[488] On May 25, 2011, Obama became the first President of the United States to address both houses of the UK Parliament in Westminster Hall, London. This was only the fifth occurrence since the start of the 20th century of a head of state's being extended this invitation, following Charles de Gaulle in 1960, Nelson Mandela in 1996, Queen Elizabeth II in 2002 and Pope Benedict XVI in 2010.[489][490]
On October 9, 2009, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Obama had won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."[491] Obama accepted this award in Oslo, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility."[492] The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.[493][494][495][496] Obama's peace prize was called a "stunning surprise" by The New York Times.[497] Some neoconservatives praised his speech for what they viewed as pro-American content.[498][499] He became the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.[500] Obama's Nobel Prize was viewed skeptically in subsequent years, especially after the director of the Nobel Institute, Geir Lundestad, said that Obama's Peace Prize did not have the desired effect of encouraging the President.[501]
Post-presidency (2017–present)
Obama's presidency ended on January 20, 2017, immediately following the inauguration of his Republican successor, Donald Trump. Obama and Biden attended Trump's inauguration.[502][503] After the inauguration, Obama lifted off on Executive One, circled the White House, and flew to Joint Base Andrews.[504] The family currently rents a house in Kalorama, Washington, D.C.[505]
On March 2, 2017, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum awarded the annual Profile in Courage Award to Obama "for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage."[506] In his first public appearance out of office, Obama appeared at a seminar at the University of Chicago on April 24. The seminar was aimed at the engagement with a new generation as well as an appeal for their participation in politics.[507] On May 4, three days ahead of the second round of the French presidential election, Obama publicly endorsed centrist Emmanuel Macron over right-wing populist Marine Le Pen: "He appeals to people's hopes and not their fears, and I enjoyed speaking to Emmanuel recently to hear about his independent movement and his vision for the future of France."[508] Macron went on to win the election.
While in Berlin on May 25, Obama made a joint public appearance with Chancellor Angela Merkel where he stressed inclusion and for leaders to question themselves. Obama had been formally invited to Berlin while still in office as part of an effort to boost Merkel's re-election campaign.[509] Obama traveled to Kensington Palace in England and met with Prince Harry on May 27, 2017; Obama tweeted afterward that the two discussed their foundations and offering condolences in the wake of the Manchester Arena bombing that occurred five days prior.[510]
After President Trump announced his withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement on June 1, Obama released a statement disagreeing with the choice: "But even in the absence of American leadership; even as this administration joins a small handful of nations that reject the future; I'm confident that our states, cities, and businesses will step up and do even more to lead the way, and help protect for future generations the one planet we've got."[511]
After Senate Republicans revealed the Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017, their discussion draft of a health care bill to replace the Affordable Care Act, on June 22, Obama released a Facebook post calling the bill "a massive transfer of wealth from middle-class and poor families to the richest people in America."[512] On September 19, while delivering the keynote address at Goalkeepers, Obama admitted his frustration with Republicans backing "a bill that will raise costs, reduce coverage, and roll back protections for older Americans and people with pre-existing conditions."[513]
After Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced the termination of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program on September 5, Obama released a Facebook post criticizing the decision.[514] Two days later, Obama partnered with former presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush to work with One America Appeal to help the victims of Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in the Gulf Coast and Texas communities.[515]
Obama hosted the inaugural summit of the Obama Foundation in Chicago from October 31 to November 1, 2017.[516] Obama intends for the foundation to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office.[517] Obama has also written a presidential memoir, in a reported $65 million deal with Penguin Random House.[518] The book, A Promised Land, was released on November 17, 2020.[519][520][521]
Obama went on an international trip from November 28 to December 2, 2017, and visited China, India and France. In China, he delivered remarks at the Global Alliance of SMEs Summit in Shanghai and met with Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping in Beijing.[522][523] He then went to India, where he spoke at the Hindustan Times Leadership Summit before meeting with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi over lunch. In addition, he held a town hall for young leaders, organized by the Obama Foundation.[524][525] He also met with the Dalai Lama while in New Delhi.[526] He ended his five-day trip in France where he met with French President Emmanuel Macron, former President François Hollande and Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo and then spoke at an invitation-only event, touching on climate issues.[527]
In May 2018, Obama criticized President Trump's decision to withdraw from the nuclear deal with Iran under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action saying "the deal was working and it was in U.S. interests."[528]
Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22, 2018, to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for Netflix under the Obamas' newly formed production company, Higher Ground Productions. On the deal, Michelle said "I have always believed in the power of storytelling to inspire us, to make us think differently about the world around us, and to help us open our minds and hearts to others."[529][530] Higher Ground's first film, American Factory, won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 2020.[531]
A package that contained a pipe bomb was sent to Obama's home in Washington, D.C, on October 24, 2018. The package was intercepted by the Secret Service during routine mail screenings. Similar packages were sent to several other Democratic leaders, mostly those who voiced strong objections to the policies of Donald Trump, as well as one to CNN. Debbie Wasserman Schultz was listed as the purported sender of the packages. On October 26, 2018, Cesar Sayoc was arrested and faced five federal charges in Manhattan carrying a combined maximum sentence of 48 years behind bars in relation to the pipe bombs.[532][533] He was sentenced to a maximum of 20 years in prison on August 5, 2019.[534]
On September 1, 2018, Obama and his wife Michelle Obama, along with former Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush and their spouses attended the funeral of Sen. John McCain of Arizona at the Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. On December 5, 2018, Obama and his wife attended the funeral of former president George H. W. Bush, along with former Presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Jimmy Carter, and then-President Donald Trump and their spouses.
In 2019, Barack and Michelle Obama bought a home on Martha's Vineyard from Wyc Grousbeck.[535][536]
On October 16, 2019, five days ahead of the Canadian federal election, Obama publicly endorsed Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and the Liberal Party for re-election.[537]
On April 14, 2020, Obama endorsed his former vice president Joe Biden, the presumptive Democratic nominee, for president in the 2020 election, stating that he has "all the qualities we need in a president right now."[538][539]
In May 2020, Obama criticized President Trump for his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, calling his response to the crisis "an absolute chaotic disaster", and stating that the consequences of the Trump presidency have been "our worst impulses unleashed, our proud reputation around the world badly diminished, and our democratic institutions threatened like never before."[540] Michelle also criticized Trump, calling him "the wrong president for America." Trump retaliated by accusing Obama of having committed "the biggest political crime in American history", although he refused to say what he was talking about, telling reporters: "You know what the crime is, the crime is very obvious to everybody."[541]
On May 16, 2020, Obama delivered two commencement speeches on behalf of the graduating youth who were not able to go to their physical graduation ceremonies due to the COVID-19 pandemic. His first speech was for part of the video streamed online program, "Show Me Your Walk H.B.C.U. Edition" virtual commencement.[542] In his address, he spoke about systemic racism, touching on both the pandemic, the shooting death of Ahmaud Arbery, and the fight to stay politically active, saying: "The fight for equality and justice begins with awareness, empathy, passion, even righteous anger. Don't just activate yourself online, change requires strategy, action, organizing, marching, and voting in the real world like never before." His next commencement address was a part of a nationally televised event to the High School students, titled Graduate Together: America Honors the High School Class of 2020 which aired on local and cable networks, social media, and streaming platforms, as multi-network simulcast.[543] On June 7, 2020, Obama delivered a commencement speech, but in addition to the High School students, he delivered to all Class of 2020 students (High School, Colleges, Universities, and more).[544]
On October 31, 2020, Obama praised Canada's response to the COVID-19 pandemic while also criticizing the United States' response.[545]
In early December 2020, Obama criticized the "defund the police" slogan, claiming that it could derail social justice activists' attempts at making change and that "you lost a big audience the minute you say it."[546]
On January 20, 2021, Obama and his wife attended the inauguration of Joe Biden, alongside Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton, George W. Bush, and Laura Bush.[547]
In February 2021, Obama and musician Bruce Springsteen started a podcast called Renegades: Born in the USA where the two talk about "their backgrounds, music and their 'enduring love of America.'"[548][549]
In August 2021, the Obamas planned a party for Barack's 60th birthday, on the grounds of his Martha's Vineyard mansion. Initially, the party was reported to include 475 guests, though the exact number was never officially confirmed by the organizers.[550] Despite requiring guests to pass a COVID-19 test, and having an on-site coordinator to ensure CDC guidelines would be met, the size of event was criticized, given the rise of infections among the unvaccinated in some areas of the United States.[551] The event was scaled back to 200 "family members and close friends", and held on August 7 as planned.[552]
On September 11, 2021, Obama and his wife attended a 9/11 memorial to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the attacks.[553]
During the campaign for the 2021 Canadian federal election, Obama endorsed incumbent liberal prime minister Justin Trudeau for reelection. Obama called Trudeau a "friend" and said that he was proud of the work they had done together, with some media outlets highlighting the bromance between the two.[554][555]
Legacy
Obama's most significant legacy is generally considered to be the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the PPACA, including a "skinny repeal", have thus far failed,[556] however in 2017 the penalty for violating the individual mandate was repealed effective 2019.[557] Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act amendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965.[558][559][560][561]
Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened depression and pulling the economy back from the Great Recession.[556] According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Obama administration created 11.3 million jobs from the month after his first inauguration to the end of his term.[562] In 2010, Obama signed into effect the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Passed as a response to the financial crisis of 2007–08, it brought the most significant changes to financial regulation in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the Great Depression under Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[563]
In 2009, Obama signed into law the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which contained in it the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President Bill Clinton signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act expanded existing federal hate crime laws in the United States to apply to crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaged in a federally protected activity.
As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.[564] In 2010, he signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act, which brought an end to "don't ask, don't tell" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service from LGB people; the law went into effect the following year.[565] In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban on transgender people serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.[566][242] A Gallup poll, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68 percent of Americans believed the U.S. had made progress in the situation for gays and lesbians during Obama's eight years in office.[567]
Obama substantially escalated the use of drone strikes against suspected militants and terrorists associated with al-Qaeda and the Taliban.[568][569] In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the U.S. dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.[570][571] Obama left about 8,400 U.S. troops in Afghanistan, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, seven in Yemen, and two in Libya at the end of his presidency.[572][573]
According to Pew Research Center and United States Bureau of Justice Statistics, from December 31, 2009, to December 31, 2015, inmates sentenced in U.S. federal custody declined by five percent. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in U.S. federal custody since Democratic President Jimmy Carter. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush.[574]
Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60 percent approval rating.[575][576] A 2018 survey of historians by the American Political Science Association ranked Obama the 8th-greatest American President.[3] Obama gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the Brookings Institution that ranked him the 18th-greatest American President.[577]
Presidential library
The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's planned presidential library. It will be hosted by the University of Chicago and located in Jackson Park on the South Side of Chicago.[578]
Bibliography
Books
- Obama, Barack (July 18, 1995). Dreams from My Father (1 ed.). New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-2343-X.
- ——————— (October 17, 2006). The Audacity of Hope (1 ed.). New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-23769-9.
- ——————— (November 16, 2010). Of Thee I Sing (1 ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-83527-8.
- ——————— (November 17, 2020). A Promised Land (1 ed.). New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-5247-6316-9.
Audiobooks
- 2006: The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream (read by the author), Random House Audio, ISBN 978-0-7393-6641-7
- 2020: A Promised Land (read by the author)
Articles
- Obama, Barack (1988). "Why organize? Problems in the inner city". Illinois Issues. XIV (8 & 9): 40–42. ISSN 0738-9663.
- ——————— (1990). "Tort Law. Prenatal Injuries. Supreme Court of Illinois Refuses to Recognize Cause of Action Brought by Fetus against Its Mother for Unintentional Infliction of Prenatal Injuries. Stallman v. Youngquist, 125 Ill. 2d 267, 531 N. E.2d 355 (1988)". Harvard Law Review. 103 (3): 823–828. doi:10.2307/1341352. JSTOR 1341352. Uncredited case comment.[579]
- ——————— (2005). "Bound to the Word". American Libraries. 36 (7): 48–52. JSTOR 25649652.
- ———————; Clinton, Hillary (May 25, 2006). "Making Patient Safety the Centerpiece of Medical Liability Reform". The New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (21): 2205–2208. doi:10.1056/NEJMp068100. PMID 16723612.
- ——————— (2007). "Renewing American Leadership". Foreign Affairs. 86 (4): 2–16. JSTOR 20032411.
- ——————— (2008). "A More Perfect Union". The Black Scholar. 38 (1): 17–23. doi:10.1080/00064246.2008.11413431. JSTOR 41069296. S2CID 219318643.
- ——————— (2009). "What Science Can Do". Issues in Science and Technology. 25 (4): 23–30. JSTOR 43314908.
- ——————— (2009). "A New Beginning". Zeitschrift für Staats- und Europawissenschaften (ZSE). 7 (2): 173–186. doi:10.5771/1610-7780-2009-2-173. JSTOR 26165626.
- ——————— (January 8, 2016). "Our Shared Responsibility". The New York Times. p. 23 (Section A).
- ——————— (August 2, 2016). "United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps". Journal of the American Medical Association. 130 (5): 811–866. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.9797. PMC 5069435. PMID 27400401.
- ——————— (January 5, 2017). "The President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform" (PDF). Harvard Law Review. 130 (3): 811–866. JSTOR 44865604.
- ——————— (January 13, 2017). "The irreversible momentum of clean energy". Science. 355 (6321): 126–129. Bibcode:2017Sci...355..126O. doi:10.1126/science.aam6284. PMID 28069665. S2CID 30991274.
- ——————— (May 2017). "Repealing the ACA Without a Replacement—The Risks to American Health Care". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 72 (5): 263–264. doi:10.1097/OGX.0000000000000447. S2CID 80088566.
See also
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
_04.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
_01.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
Politics
- DREAM Act
- Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009
- Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
- IRS targeting controversy
- Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012
- National Broadband Plan (United States)
- Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
- Social policy of the Barack Obama administration
- SPEECH Act
- Stay with It
- White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy
Other
Lists
- Assassination threats against Barack Obama
- List of African-American United States senators
- List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements
- List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements
- List of federal political scandals, 2009–17
- List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama
- List of things named after Barack Obama
References
- ^ "Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office" on YouTube. January 20, 2009.
- ^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (February 15, 2018). "Obama's First Retrospective Job Approval Rating Is 63%". Gallup. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
- ^ a b Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 19, 2018). "Opinion | How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?". The New York Times. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
- ^ Wan, William; Clement, Scott (November 18, 2016). "Most of the world doesn't actually see America the way Trump said it did". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
- ^ "President Barack Obama". The White House. 2008. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
- ^ "Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu" (PDF). whitehouse.gov. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017 – via National Archives.
- ^ Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
- ^ Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. B1. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
- ^ Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; Richard L. O'Bryant (November 12, 2013). "Introduction". American Identity in the Age of Obama. Taylor & Francis. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-317-93715-9. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
- ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.
- ^ Sellers, Frances Stead and Aaron Blake. "Our first black president plays up his Scots-Irish heritage — and it has everything to do with Trump," Washington Post, 28 Jul 2016. Retrieved 6 Jul 2021.
- ^ Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak (November–December 2008). "The quest for Obama's Irish roots". Ancestry. 26 (6): 46–47, 49. ISSN 1075-475X. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
- Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). "Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall". The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
- Rising, David; Noelting, Christoph (June 4, 2009). "Researchers: Obama has German roots". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
- Hutton, Brian; Nickerson, Matthew (May 3, 2007). "For sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. Press Association of Ireland. p. 3. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
- Jordon, Mary (May 13, 2007). "Tiny Irish village is latest place to claim Obama as its own". The Washington Post. p. A14. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
- David Williamson (July 5, 2008). "Wales link in US presidential candidate's past". walesonline.co.uk. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
- ^ "Ancestry.com Discovers Ph Suggests" Archived April 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times. July 30, 2012.
- ^ Hennessey, Kathleen. "Obama related to legendary Virginia slave, genealogists say", Los Angeles Times. July 30, 2012.
- ^ Maraniss (2012), p. 65: He had been born inside the euphorbia hedges of the K'obama homestead on 18 June 1934.
- ^ Liberties (2012), p. 202: The age of the father is questionable since most of the documents Barack Hussein Obama filled out during his United States student visa was 18 June 1934; however, Obama II's book Dreams of My Father states his birth date was 18 June 1936. Check out Immigration and Naturalization Service records, and those documents also indicate the birth date to be 18 June 1934, thereby making Obama Sr. twenty-seven at the birth of Obama II instead of the annotated twenty-five on the birth certificate.
- ^ a b Jacobs, Sally (July 6, 2011). "President Obama's Father: A 'Bold And Reckless Life'". NPR. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ Swaine, Jon (April 29, 2011). "Barack Obama's father 'forced out of US in 1960s'". Telegraph. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ Swarns, Rachel L. "Words of Obama's Father Still Waiting to Be Read by His Son". The New York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ David R Arnott. "From Obama's old school to his ancestral village, world reacts to US presidential election". NBC News. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Archived from the original on February 7, 2017.
- ^ a b Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
- Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.
- ^ Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
- ^ Scott (2011), p. 86.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.
- ^ Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.
- ^ Obama "Dreams from My Father a Story of Race and Inheritance"
- ^ Scott (2011), pp. 142–144.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.
- ^ Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Nairobi. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
- Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.
- ^ Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). "Obama's peers didn't see his angst". Los Angeles Times. p. A20. Archived from the original on November 8, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
- Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.
- ^ Scott (2011), pp. 97–103.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.
- ^ Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.
- ^ Suhartono, Anton (March 19, 2010). "Sekolah di SD Asisi, Obama Berstatus Agama Islam". Okezone (in Indonesian). Retrieved January 21, 2021.
- ^ Maraniss (2012), pp. 216, 221, 230, 234–244.
- ^ "Barack Obama: Calvert Homeschooler?—Calvert Education Blog". calverteducation.com. January 25, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
- ^ "Wawancara Eksklusif RCTI dengan Barack Obama (Part 2)". YouTube. March 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
- ^ Zimmer, Benjamin (2009). "Obama's Indonesian Redux". Language Log. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
- "Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan". Kompas (in Indonesian). November 26, 2008. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008.
- ^ Zimmer, Benjamin (January 23, 2009). "Obama's Indonesian pleasantries: the video". Language Log. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
- ^ Meacham, Jon (August 22, 2008). "What Barack Obama Learned from His Father". Newsweek. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
- ^ Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
- Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). "A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
- Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.
- Scott (2012), pp. 131–134.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.
- ^ Wolffe, Richard (March 22, 2008). "When Barry Became Barack". Newsweek. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
- ^ Scott (2011), pp. 139–157.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.
- ^ Scott (2011), pp. 157–194.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.
- ^ Scott (2011), pp. 214, 294, 317–346.
- ^ Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). "Punahou left lasting impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were attended mostly by blacks.
- ^ Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007). "Obama gets blunt with N.H. students". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. p. 8A. Archived from the original on April 7, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- ^ Karl, Jonathan (May 25, 2012). "Obama and his pot-smoking "choom gang"". ABC News. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-0-307-39412-5. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
- Maraniss, David (2012). Barack Obama: The Story. pages with "choom gang". ISBN 978-1-4391-6753-3. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
- for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:
- Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). "Obama offers more variations from the norm". The New York Times. p. A21. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
- ^ "FRONTLINE The Choice 2012". PBS. October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
- ^ a b Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). "Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama". Los Angeles Times. p. B1. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). "Activism blossomed in college". Chicago Tribune. p. 20. Archived from the original on October 9, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). "Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). "Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits". The New York Times. p. A18. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Goldman, Adam; Robert Tanner (May 15, 2008). "Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). "Small college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive)". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). "More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip". FactCheck.org. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Remnick, David (2010). The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 98–112. ISBN 978-1-4000-4360-6.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.
- ^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. ISSN 0572-7820. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
- ^ "Remarks by the President in Town Hall". whitehouse.gov. June 26, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2016 – via National Archives.
- ^ "The Approval Matrix". New York. August 27, 2012.
- ^ Horsley, Scott (July 9, 2008). "Obama's Early Brush With Financial Markets". NPR. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
- ^ Obama, Barack (1998). "Curriculum vitae". The University of Chicago Law School. Archived from the original on May 9, 2001. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
- Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008). "Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Archived from the original on November 7, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
- ^ Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). "Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say". The New York Times. p. B1. Retrieved July 31, 2007.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.
- ^ a b c d Chassie, Karen, ed. (2007). Who's Who in America, 2008. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p. 3468. ISBN 978-0-8379-7011-0.
- ^ Fink, Jason (November 9, 2008). "Obama stood out, even during brief 1985 NYPIRG job". Newsday.
- ^ "Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First". The Oprah Winfrey Show. October 18, 2006. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2008. See also: "Interactive Family Tree". Chicago Sun-Times. September 9, 2007. Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ "Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer". CNN. November 3, 2008. Archived from the original on November 3, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
- ^ Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). "Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall". The Huffington Post.
- ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Harry S. Truman, see: Nitkin, David; Harry Merritt (March 2, 2007). "A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ Jordan, Mary (May 13, 2007). "Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ "Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises". CBS 2 (Chicago). Associated Press. September 8, 2007. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ a b Hosie, Rachel (May 3, 2017). "BEFORE MICHELLE: THE STORY OF BARACK OBAMA'S PROPOSAL TO SHEILA MIYOSHI JAGER". The Independent. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
- ^ a b Tobias, Andrew J. (May 3, 2017). "Oberlin College professor received unsuccessful marriage proposal from Barack Obama in 1980s, new biography reveals". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
- ^ Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also: Brown, Sarah (December 7, 2005). "Obama '85 masters balancing act". The Daily Princetonian. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
- ^ Obama (2006), p. 329.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on December 8, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Riley-Smith, Ben (November 9, 2018). "Michelle Obama had miscarriage, used IVF to conceive girls". The Telegraph. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
- ^ Martin, Jonathan (July 4, 2008). "Born on the 4th of July". Politico. Archived from the original on July 10, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
- ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also: "Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama". Gannett News Service. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ "Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School". International Herald Tribune. November 22, 2008. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
- ^ Cooper, Helene (April 13, 2009). "One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ Feldmann, Linda (August 20, 2013). "New little girl arrives at White House. Meet Sunny Obama. (+video)". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
- ^ Wang, Amy (May 8, 2021). "Obamas announce death of dog Bo, 'a true friend and loyal companion'". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
- ^ Silva, Mark (August 25, 2008). "Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008.
- ^ "Barack Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit". MLB Fanhouse. July 14, 2009. Archived from the original on July 4, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ Branigin, William (January 30, 2009). "Steelers Win Obama's Approval". The Washington Post.
But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart.
- ^ Mayer, Larry (October 7, 2011). "1985 Bears honored by President Obama". Chicago Bears. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
- ^ Kantor, Jodi (June 1, 2007). "One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 1, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2008. See also: "The Love of the Game" (video). Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel. HBO. April 15, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Kirkpatrick, David D.; Shane, Scott (January 22, 2009). "On First Day, Obama Quickly Sets a New Tone". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
- ^ Zeleny, Jeff (December 24, 2005). "The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Slevin, Peter (December 17, 2006). "Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
- Robinson, Mike (June 4, 2008). "Rezko found guilty in corruption case". NBC News. Associated Press. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ Harris, Marlys (December 7, 2007). "Obama's Money". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
See also:Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007). "Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 28, 2008. - ^ Zeleny, Jeff (April 17, 2008). "Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Shear, Michael D.; Hilzenrath, David S. (April 16, 2010). "Obamas report $5.5 million in income on 2009 tax return". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ Solman, Paul (April 18, 2011). "How Much Did President Obama Make in 2010?". PBS NewsHour. Archived from the original on May 2, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ Solman, Paul (April 27, 2011). "The Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It?". PBS NewsHour. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ Wolf, Richard (May 16, 2012). "Obama worth as much as $10 million". USA Today. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
- ^ Elsner, Alan (December 7, 2008). "Obama says he won't be smoking in White House". Reuters. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
- ^ Zengerle, Patricia (February 8, 2011). "Yes, he did: first lady says Obama quit smoking". Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
- ^ Obama, Barack (August 4, 2016). "Glamour Exclusive: President Barack Obama Says, "This Is What a Feminist Looks Like"". Glamour. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
- ^ Victor, Daniel (August 4, 2016). "Obama Writes Feminist Essay in Glamour". The New York Times. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
- ^ Kelly, Cara (August 4, 2016). "President Obama in 'Glamour': It's important Sasha and Malia's dad is a feminist". USA Today. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
- ^ * "American President: Barack Obama". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
Religion: Christian
- "The Truth about Barack's Faith" (PDF). Obama for America. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
- Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008). "Finding his faith". Newsweek. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2010.
He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.
- Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family". NBC News. Associated Press. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church.
- "Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President". United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.
- Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). "The Obama's find a church home—away from home". Time. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.
- Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). "Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say". The Washington Post. p. A6. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
Obama prays privately ... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there.
- ^ Pulliam, Sarah; Olsen, Ted (January 23, 2008). "Q&A: Barack Obama". Christianity Today. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
- ^ Babington, Charles; Superville, Darlene (September 28, 2010). "Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011.
- ^ "President Obama: 'I am a Christian By Choice ... The Precepts of Jesus Spoke to Me'". ABC News. September 29, 2010. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ Garrett, Major; Obama, Barack (March 14, 2008). "Obama talks to Major Garrett on 'Hannity & Colmes'". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And—but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs ... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then.
- "Obama strongly denounces former pastor". NBC News. Associated Press. April 29, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years. The person I saw yesterday was not the person [whom] I met 20 years ago.
- Miller, Lisa (July 11, 2008). "Finding his faith". Newsweek. Archived from the original on July 20, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.
- Remnick, David (2010). The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=F6HAasv2v-4C&pg=PA177 177]. ISBN 978-1-4000-4360-6.
In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School.
- Maraniss (2012), p. 557: It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987 ... Jerry Kellman: "He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah."
- Peter, Baker (2017). Obama: The Call of History. New York: The New York Times Company/Callaway. ISBN 978-0-935112-90-0. OCLC 1002264033.
- "Obama strongly denounces former pastor". NBC News. Associated Press. April 29, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
- ^ "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". NBC News. Associated Press. November 17, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ Parker, Ashley (December 28, 2013). "As the Obamas Celebrate Christmas, Rituals of Faith Become Less Visible". The New York Times. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
- ^ Gilgoff, Dan (June 30, 2009). "TIME Report, White House Reaction Raise More Questions About Obama's Church Hunt". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
- ^ "First Lady: We Use Sundays For Naps If We're Not Going To Church". CBS DC. Associated Press. April 22, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
- ^ "Revealed: Obama always carries Hanuman statuette in pocket". The Hindu. January 16, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
- ^ "Obama Reveals Lucky Charms During Interview". Associated Press. January 16, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
- ^ Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). "The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education". The New Republic. Vol. 236 no. 12. pp. 22–26, 28–29. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
- Secter, Bob; McCormick, John (March 30, 2007). "Portrait of a pragmatist". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.
- ^ a b c Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). "A Law Review breakthrough". The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- ^ Obama, Barack (August–September 1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". Illinois Issues. Vol. 14 no. 8–9. pp. 40–42. ISSN 0738-9663. reprinted in:
Knoepfle, Peg, ed. (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. ISBN 978-0-9620873-3-2.He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest.
- ^ Obama, Auma (2012). And then life happens: a memoir. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 189–208, 212–216. ISBN 978-1-250-01005-6.
- ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
- Maraniss (2012), pp. 564–570.
- ^ "Ten O'Clock News; Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard". WGBH, American Archive of Public Broadcasting. Boston and Washington, D.C.: WGBH and the Library of Congress. April 24, 1990. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
- ^ Joey Del Ponte; Somerville Scout Staff. "Something in the Water". Somerville Scout (January/February 2014). p. 26.
Barack Obama lived in the big, ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway ... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School.
- ^ a b Michael Levenson; Jonathan Saltzman (January 28, 2007). "At Harvard Law, a unifying voice". Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). "In law school, Obama found political voice". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). "A series of fortunate events". The Washington Post. p. W10. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.
- ^ a b Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). "First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). "Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review". Chicago Tribune. p. 3. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). "Barack Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times. p. E1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Evans, Gaynelle (March 15, 1990). "Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama". Black Issues in Higher Education. Vol. 7 no. 1. p. 5. ISSN 0742-0277. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Pugh, Allison J. (April 18, 1990). "Law Review's first black president aims to help poor" (PDF). The Miami Herald. Associated Press. p. C01. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
- ^ Video on YouTube
- ^ Aguilar, Louis (July 11, 1990). "Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Business). Archived from the original on September 29, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- ^ "Obama joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees". news.harvard.edu. November 6, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2017. Adams, Richard (May 9, 2007). "Barack Obama". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ a b c Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.
- ^ Merriner, James L. (June 2008). "The friends of O". Chicago. Vol. 57 no. 6. pp. 74–79, 97–99. ISSN 0362-4595. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Zengerle, Jason (July 30, 2008). "Con law; What the University of Chicago right thinks of Obama". The New Republic. 239 (1). pp. 7–8. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Kantor, Jodi (July 30, 2008). "Teaching law, testing ideas, Obama stood slightly apart". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Gray, Steven (September 10, 2008). "Taking professor Obama's class". Time. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Starr, Alexandra (September 21, 2008). "Case study". The New York Times Magazine. p. 76. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- Hundley, Tom (March 22, 2009). "Ivory tower of power". Chicago Tribune Magazine. p. 6. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- ^ "Statement regarding Barack Obama". University of Chicago Law School. March 27, 2008. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2008.
- Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008). "Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?". FactCheck.org. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008). "Obama's 20 years of experience". PolitiFact.com. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
- ^ White, Jesse, ed. (2000). Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed (PDF). Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 83. OCLC 43923973. Archived from the original on April 16, 2004. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Jarrett, Vernon (August 11, 1992). "'Project Vote' brings power to the people" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 23. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Reynolds, Gretchen (January 1993). "Vote of confidence". Chicago Magazine. 42 (1). pp. 53–54. ISSN 0362-4595. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Anderson, Veronica (October 3, 1993). "40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote". Crain's Chicago Business. 16 (39). p. 43. ISSN 0149-6956.
- ^ United States District Court: Northern District of Illinois—CM/ECF LIVE, Ver 3.0 (Chicago) (July 6, 1994). "Civil Docket for Case #: 1:94-cv-04094" (PDF). clearinghouse.net. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
- ^ "Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank—Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse". clearinghouse.net. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
- ^ United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division (January 16, 1988). "Settlement Agreement" (PDF). clearinghouse.net. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
- ^ United States District Court For the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division (May 13, 1998). "Final Judgment and Order of Dismissal" (PDF). clearinghouse.net. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
- ^ Gore, D'Angelo (June 14, 2012). "The Obamas' Law Licenses". FactCheck.org. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
- ^ Robinson, Mike (February 20, 2007). "Obama got start in civil rights practice". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Pallasch, Abdon M. (December 17, 2007). "As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 4. Retrieved June 15, 2008.(subscription required)
- Morain, Dan (April 6, 2008). "Obama's law days effective but brief". Los Angeles Times. p. A14. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- "Document". Chicago Tribune. June 27, 1993. p. 9 (Business). Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2008.(subscription required)
- "Business appointments". Chicago-Sun-Times. July 5, 1993. p. 40. Retrieved June 15, 2008.(subscription required)
- Ripley, Amanda (November 3, 2004). "Obama's ascent". Time. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- "About us". Miner, Barnhill & Galland—Chicago, Illinois. 2008. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Reardon, Patrick T. (June 25, 2008). "Obama's Chicago". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.
- ^ Jackson, David; Long, Ray (April 3, 2007). "Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- White, Jesse (2001). "Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment" (PDF). Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002. Springfield: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 65. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2011. State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.
- ^ Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007). "Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ Helman, Scott (September 23, 2007). "In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008. See also:"Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics". CBS News. Associated Press. January 17, 2007. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ a b Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). "In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ Allison, Melissa (December 15, 2000). "State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Business). Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ^ Ray Long; Melissa Allison (April 18, 2001). "Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ^ "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats. August 24, 2000. Archived from the original on August 24, 2000. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats. October 9, 2004. Archived from the original on August 2, 2004. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ "Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results—Illinois". Federal Election Commission. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- Gonyea, Dan (September 19, 2007). "Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid". NPR. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011.
- Scott, Janny (September 9, 2007). "A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- McClelland, Edward (February 12, 2007). "How Obama Learned to Be a Natural". Salon. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- Wolffe, Richard; Briscoe, Daren (July 16, 2007). "Across the Divide". Newsweek. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). "Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- Wills, Christopher (October 24, 2007). "Obama learned from failed Congress run". USA Today. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
- ^ Calmes, Jackie (February 23, 2007). "Statehouse Yields Clues to Obama". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ Tavella, Anne Marie (April 14, 2003). "Profiling, taping plans pass Senate" (paid archive). Daily Herald. p. 17. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ^ Haynes, V. Dion (June 29, 2003). "Fight racial profiling at local level, lawmaker says; U.S. guidelines get mixed review" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 8. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ^ Pearson, Rick (July 17, 2003). "Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Metro). Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ^ Youngman, Sam; Blake, Aaron (March 14, 2007). "Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals". The Hill. Retrieved May 18, 2012. See also: "US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. November 12, 2007. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- ^ Coffee, Melanie (November 6, 2004). "Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat". HPKCC. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). "Early defeat launched a rapid political climb". The Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ Strausberg, Chinta (September 26, 2002). "Opposition to war mounts". Chicago Defender. p. 1. Archived from the original (paid archive) on May 11, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (October 2, 2002). "President, House leadership agree on Iraq resolution". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved February 18, 2008 – via National Archives.
- Tackett, Michael (October 3, 2002). "Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2008.(subscription required)
- ^ Glauber, Bill (October 3, 2003). "War protesters gentler, but passion still burns". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2008.(subscription required)
- Strausberg, Chinta (October 3, 2002). "War with Iraq undermines U.N". Chicago Defender. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 14, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday.
- Katz, Marilyn (October 2, 2007). "Five years since our first action". Chicagoans Against War & Injustice. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
- Bryant, Greg; Vaughn, Jane B. (October 3, 2002). "300 attend rally against Iraq war". Daily Herald. p. 8. Retrieved October 28, 2008.(subscription required)
- Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.
- Strausberg, Chinta (October 3, 2002). "War with Iraq undermines U.N". Chicago Defender. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 14, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
- ^ Obama, Barack (October 2, 2002). "Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq". Barack Obama. Archived from the original on January 30, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
- McCormick, John (October 3, 2007). "Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in an effort to distinguish him from his rivals". Chicago Tribune. p. 7. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion.
(subscription required) - Pallasch, Abdon M. (October 3, 2007). "Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 26. Retrieved October 28, 2008.(subscription required)
- McCormick, John (October 3, 2007). "Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in an effort to distinguish him from his rivals". Chicago Tribune. p. 7. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
- ^ Ritter, Jim (March 17, 2003). "Anti-war rally here draws thousands". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 3. Retrieved February 3, 2008. (subscription required)
- Office of the Press Secretary (March 16, 2003). "President Bush: Monday 'moment of truth' for world on Iraq". whitehouse.gov (Press release). Retrieved February 18, 2008 – via National Archives.
- ^ Davey, Monica (March 7, 2004). "Closely watched Illinois Senate race attracts 7 candidates in millionaire range". The New York Times. p. 19. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ Mendell, David (March 17, 2004). "Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
- Davey, Monica (March 18, 2004). "As quickly as overnight, a Democratic star is born". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
- Howlett, Debbie (March 19, 2004). "Dems see a rising star in Illinois Senate candidate". USA Today. p. A04. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
- Scheiber, Noam (May 31, 2004). "Race against history. Barack Obama's miraculous campaign". The New Republic. 230 (20). pp. 21–22, 24–26 (cover story). Retrieved March 24, 2009.
- Finnegan, William (May 31, 2004). "The Candidate. How far can Barack Obama go?". The New Yorker. 20 (14). pp. 32–38. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
- Dionne, E.J. Jr. (June 25, 2004). "In Illinois, a star prepares". The Washington Post. p. A29. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
- Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 235–259.
- ^ Bernstein, David (June 2007). "The Speech". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ "Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights". Newsweek. August 2, 2004. pp. 48–51. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Samuel, Terence (August 2, 2004). "A shining star named Obama. How a most unlikely politician became a darling of the Democrats". U.S. News & World Report. p. 25. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Lizza, Ryan (September 2004). "Why is Barack Obama generating more excitement among Democrats than John Kerry?". The Atlantic Monthly. pp. 30, 33. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Davey, Monica (July 26, 2004). "A surprise Senate contender reaches his biggest stage yet". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
- Leibovich, Mark (July 27, 2004). "The other man of the hour". The Washington Post. p. C1. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Milligan, Susan (July 27, 2004). "In Obama, Democrats see their future". The Boston Globe. p. B8. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Seelye, Katharine Q. (July 28, 2004). "Illinois Senate nominee speaks of encompassing unity". The New York Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on June 24, 2006.
- Broder, David S. (July 28, 2004). "Democrats focus on healing divisions; Addressing convention, newcomers set themes". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Bing, Jonathan; McClintock, Pamela (July 29, 2004). "Auds resist charms of Dem stars". Variety. p. 1. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 272–285.
- ^ "Ryan drops out of Senate race in Illinois". CNN. June 25, 2004. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 260–271.
- ^ Lannan, Maura Kelly (August 9, 2004). "Alan Keyes enters U.S. Senate race in Illinois against rising Democratic star". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 14, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ "America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois". CNN. 2005. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- Slevin, Peter (November 13, 2007). "For Obama, a handsome payoff in political gambles". The Washington Post. p. A3. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- Chase, John; Mendell, David (November 3, 2004). "Obama scores a record landslide" (PDF). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
- Fornek, Scott (November 3, 2004). "Obama takes Senate seat in a landslide". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 6. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
- ^ United States Congress. "Barack Obama (id: o000167)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ "Member Info". Congressional Black Caucus. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ Mason, Jeff (November 16, 2008). "Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois". Reuters. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
- ^ U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 1st Session (May 12, 2005). "S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
- ^ "Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President". Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. January 11, 2007. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also: Lugar, Richard G.; Obama, Barack (December 3, 2005). "Junkyard Dogs of War". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ McCormack, John (December 21, 2007). "Google Government Gone Viral". Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also: "President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act". Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office. September 26, 2006. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ "S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008: 2007–2008 (110th Congress)". Govtrack.us. June 3, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- ^ McIntire, Mike (February 3, 2008). "Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ Fisher, Daniel (August 11, 2008). "November Election A Lawyer's Delight". Forbes. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
- ^ "Nunn–Lugar Report" (PDF). Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. August 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
- ^ "Democratic Republic of the Congo". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. April 2006. Archived from the original on January 8, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
- ^ "The IRC Welcomes New U.S. Law on Congo". International Rescue Committee. January 5, 2007. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ Weixel, Nathaniel (November 15, 2007). "Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel". The Hill. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ Weixel, Nathaniel (December 5, 2007). "Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation". The Hill. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008. See also: "Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007". Federal Election Commission. September 24, 2007. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ Stern, Seth (January 31, 2007). "Obama–Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation". CQPolitics.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 31, 2007). "S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 25, 2017. See also: "Honesty in Elections" (editorial). The New York Times. January 31, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ Krystin, E. Kasak (February 7, 2007). "Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home". Medill News Service. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ "Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action". Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office. October 1, 2007. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ "Obama, Bond Applaud Senate Passage of Amendment to Expedite the Review of Personality Disorder Discharge Cases". March 14, 2008. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008.
- ^ "Iran Sanctions Enabling Act of 2009 (2009—S. 1065)". GovTrack.us. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
- ^ "Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved" (Press release). Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 20, 2007. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008.
- ^ "Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. August 2, 2007. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ "Committee Assignments". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 9, 2006. Archived from the original on December 9, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ "Obama Gets New Committee Assignments". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Associated Press. November 15, 2006. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ Baldwin, Tom (December 21, 2007). "'Stay at home' Barack Obama comes under fire for a lack of foreign experience". Sunday Times (UK). Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ Larson, Christina (September 2006). "Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- Goudie, Chuck (January 12, 2006). "Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor". Chicago: WLS-TV. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- "Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud". Cape Town: News24. August 28, 2006. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- Wamalwa, Chris (September 2, 2006). "Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark". The Standard (Nairobi). Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- Moracha, Vincent; Mangoa Mosota (September 4, 2006). "Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims". The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the original on October 7, 2007.
- ^ a b Pearson, Rick; Long, Ray (February 10, 2007). "Obama: I'm running for president". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
- ^ "Obama Launches Presidential Bid". BBC News. February 10, 2007. Archived from the original on February 2, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ^ Parsons, Christi (February 10, 2007). "Obama's launch site: Symbolic Springfield: Announcement venue evokes Lincoln legacy". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
- ^ "Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008. See also:
- Thomas, Evan (2009). A Long Time Coming. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-58648-607-5.
- Falcone, Michael (December 21, 2007). "Obama's 'One Thing'". The New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ "The Obama promise of hope and change". The Independent. London. November 1, 2008. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011.
- ^ Tumulty, Karen (May 8, 2008). "The Five Mistakes Clinton Made". Time. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
- Peter Baker; Jim Rutenberg (June 8, 2008). "The Long Road to a Clinton Exit". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (June 5, 2008). "Clinton to End Bid and Endorse Obama". The New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
- ^ a b Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (August 23, 2008). "Obama Chooses Biden as Running Mate". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 1, 2009. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
- ^ Baldwin, Tom (August 27, 2008). "Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate'". The Times. London. Retrieved August 27, 2008.(subscription required)
- Nagourney, Adam (August 27, 2008). "Obama Wins Nomination as Biden and Bill Clinton Rally the Party". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
- ^ Liasson, Mara; Norris, Michele (July 7, 2008). "Obama To Accept Nomination at Mile High Stadium". NPR. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ "Obama accepts Democrat nomination". BBC News. August 29, 2008. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
- Marks, Alexandra (August 29, 2008). "Soaring speech from Obama, plus some specifics". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010.
- ^ Lloyd, Robert (August 29, 2008). "Barack Obama, Al Gore Raise the Roof at Invesco Field". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
- ^ Malone, Jim (July 2, 2007). "Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination". Voice of America. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007.
- Cummings, Jeanne (September 26, 2007). "Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook". Politico. Archived from the original on February 1, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- Cadei, Emily (February 21, 2008). "Obama Outshines Other Candidates in January Fundraising". CQ Politics. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008.
- ^ Salant, Jonathan D. (June 19, 2008). "Obama Won't Accept Public Money in Election Campaign". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 19, 2008.
- ^ "Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election" (Press release). Commission on Presidential Debates. November 19, 2007. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008.
- "Gun Ruling Reverberates". Hartford Courant. June 27, 2008. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
- ^ Johnson, Alex (November 4, 2008). "Barack Obama elected 44th president". NBC News. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
- "CNN Electoral Map Calculator—Election Center 2008". CNN. 2008. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved December 14, 2008.
- ^ "General Election: McCain vs. Obama". Real Clear Politics. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
- ^ "Obama wins historic US election". BBC News. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- Nagourney, Adam (November 4, 2008). "Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- "Obama: 'This is your victory'". CNN. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on November 4, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- ^ Johnson, Wesley (November 5, 2008). "Change has come, says President-elect Obama". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: Senators Who Became President". senate.gov. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
- ^ Shear, Michael D. (April 4, 2011). "Obama Begins Re-Election Facing New Political Challenges". The New York Times (blog). Archived from the original on April 5, 2011.
- ^ "Obama announces re-election bid". United Press International. April 4, 2011. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011.
- ^ Zeleny, Jeff & Calmes, Jackie (April 4, 2011). "Obama Opens 2012 Campaign, With Eye on Money and Independent Voters". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
- ^ Yoon, Robert (April 3, 2012). "Leading presidential candidate to clinch nomination Tuesday". CNN (blog). Retrieved May 2, 2012.
- ^ "Obama clinches Democratic nomination". CNN (blog). April 3, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
- ^ Cohen, Tom (September 6, 2012). "Clinton says Obama offers a better path forward for America". CNN. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ Lauter, David (November 8, 2012). "Romney campaign gives up in Florida". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ Barnes, Robert (November 6, 2012). "Obama wins a second term as U.S. president". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ Welch, William M.; Strauss, Gary (November 7, 2012). "With win in critical battleground states, Obama wins second term". USA Today. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ FEC (July 2013). "Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives" (PDF). Federal Elections Commission. p. 5. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
- ^ Brownstein, Ronald (November 9, 2012). "The U.S. has reached a demographic milestone—and it's not turning back". National Journal. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ Nichols, John (November 9, 2012). "Obama's 3 Million Vote, Electoral College Landslide, Majority of States Mandate". The Nation. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ^ Lee, Kristen A. (November 7, 2012). "Election 2012: President Obama gives victory speech in front of thousands in Chicago, 'I have never been more hopeful about America'". Daily News. New York. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
- ^ a b Shear, Michael (January 21, 2013). "Obama Offers Liberal Vision: 'We Must Act'". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
- ^ Gearan, Anne; Baldor, Lolita C. (January 23, 2009). "Obama asks Pentagon for responsible Iraq drawdown". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
- ^ Glaberson, William (January 21, 2009). "Obama Orders Halt to Prosecutions at Guantánamo". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
- ^ "Senate blocks transfer of Gitmo detainees", NBC News, Associated Press, May 20, 2009, retrieved March 22, 2011
- ^ Obama, Barack (December 15, 2009), "Presidential Memorandum—Closure of Detention Facilities at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base", whitehouse.gov, retrieved March 22, 2011 – via National Archives
- ^ Serbu, Jared (January 7, 2011), "Obama signs Defense authorization bill", Federal News Radio, retrieved March 22, 2011
- ^ Northam, Jackie (January 23, 2013). "Obama's Promise To Close Guantanamo Prison Falls Short". NPR. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
- ^ "Executive Order—Presidential Records". Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ Obama, Barack (January 23, 2009). "Mexico City Policy and assistance for voluntary population planning (Presidential memorandum)" (PDF). The White House. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- Meckler, Laura (January 24, 2009). "Obama lifts 'gag rule' on family-planning groups". The Wall Street Journal. p. A3. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- Stein, Rob; Shear, Michael (January 24, 2009). "Funding restored to groups that perform abortions, other care". The Washington Post. p. A3. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
Lifting the Mexico City Policy would not permit U.S. tax dollars to be used for abortions, but it would allow funding to resume to groups that provide other services, including counseling about abortions.
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (January 30, 2009). "Obama Signs Equal-Pay Legislation". The New York Times. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- ^ Levey, Noam N. (February 5, 2009). "Obama signs into law expansion of SCHIP health care program for children". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- ^ "Obama overturns Bush policy on stem cells". CNN. March 9, 2009. Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
- ^ Desjardins, Lisa; Keck, Kristi; Mears, Bill (August 6, 2009). "Senate confirms Sotomayor for Supreme Court". CNN. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ Hamby, Peter; Henry, Ed; Malveaux, Suzanne; Mears, Bill. "Obama nominates Sotomayor to Supreme Court". Retrieved September 13, 2014.
- ^ Sherman, Mark (October 4, 2010). "New Era Begins on High Court: Kagan Takes Place as Third Woman". Associated Press. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
- ^ Parsons, Christi (March 30, 2010). "Obama signs student loan reforms into law". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 19, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
- ^ Branigin, William (March 30, 2010). "Obama signs higher-education measure into law". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
- ^ Block, Robert; Matthews, Mark K. (January 27, 2010). "White House won't fund NASA moon program". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
President Obama's budget proposal includes no money for the Ares I and Ares V rocket or Constellation program. Instead, NASA would be asked to monitor climate change and develop a new rocket
- ^ Albanesius, Chloe (January 25, 2011). "Obama Pushes Innovation in Tech-Heavy State of the Union". PC Magazine. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
- ^ Kornblut, Anne E.; Wilson, Scott (January 26, 2011). "State of the Union 2011: 'Win the future,' Obama says". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
- ^ "Obama signs hate crimes bill into law". CNN. October 28, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ Preston, Julia (October 30, 2009). "Obama Lifts a Ban on Entry Into U.S. by H.I.V.-Positive People". The New York Times. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
- ^ "'Don't ask, don't tell' repealed as Obama signs landmark law". The Guardian. London. December 22, 2010. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
- ^ Sheryl Gay Stolberg (December 23, 2010). "Obama Signs Away 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'". New York Times.
- ^ Lee, Jesse (December 22, 2010). "The President Signs Repeal of "Don't Ask Don't Tell": "Out of Many, We Are One"". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved December 22, 2010 – via National Archives.
- ^ a b Redden, Molly; Holpuch, Amanda (June 30, 2016). "US military ends ban on transgender service members". The Guardian.
- ^ "Obama Administration Releases Revised National HIV and AIDS Strategy". Human Rights Campaign. July 30, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
- ^ Baim, Tracy (January 14, 2009). "Windy City Times exclusive: Obama's Marriage Views Changed. WCT Examines His Step Back". Windy City Times. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
- ^ Baim, Tracy (February 4, 2004). "Obama Seeks U.S. Senate seat". Windy City Times. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
- ^ "President Barack Obama's shifting stance on gay marriage". PolitiFact. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
- ^ Daly, Corbett (May 9, 2012). "Obama backs same-sex marriage". CBS News. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
- ^ Stein, Sam (May 9, 2012). "Obama Backs Gay Marriage". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ Robillard, Kevin (January 21, 2013). "First inaugural use of the word 'gay'". Politico. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
- ^ Michelson, Noah (January 21, 2013). "Obama Inauguration Speech Makes History With Mention of Gay Rights Struggle, Stonewall Uprising". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
- ^ Reilly, Ryan J. (February 28, 2013). "Obama Administration: Gay Marriage Ban Unconstitutional In Prop. 8 Supreme Court Case". The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
- ^ Mears, Bill (February 27, 2013). "Obama administration weighs in on defense of marriage law". CNN. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
- ^ "Remarks by the President on the Supreme Court Decision on Marriage Equality". whitehouse.gov. June 26, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015 – via National Archives.
- ^ Executive Order 13506, Washington, DC: President Barack Obama, The White House, March 11, 2009, Obama, B. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
- ^ a b Jarrett, Valerie (January 23, 2014). "A renewed call to action to end rape and sexual assault". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved September 13, 2014 – via National Archives.
- ^ a b "Memorandum: Establishing White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault". whitehouse.gov. January 22, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014 – via National Archives.
- ^ "Obama admin: Freedom from sexual assault a basic human right". MSNBC. January 22, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
- ^ "Rape and sexual assault: A renewed call to action" (PDF). White House Council on Women and Girls. Washington, D.C.: White House Council on Women and Girls & Office of the Vice President. January 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
- ^ "Stimulus package en route to Obama's desk". CNN. February 14, 2009. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2009.
- ^ "Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, Stimulus Watch". Retrieved April 9, 2011.
- "Obama's remarks on signing the stimulus plan". CNN. February 17, 2009. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
- ^ Andrews, Edmund L.; Dash, Eric (March 23, 2009). "U.S. Expands Plan to Buy Banks' Troubled Assets". The New York Times. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
- "Wall Street soars 7% on bank plan debut". Reuters. March 23, 2009.
- ^ "White House questions viability of GM, Chrysler". The Huffington Post. March 30, 2009. Archived from the original on April 7, 2009.
- ^ Bunkley, Nick; Vlasic, Bill (April 27, 2009). "Chrysler and Union Agree to Deal Before Federal Deadline". The New York Times. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
- ^ Hughes, John; Salas, Caroline; Green, Jeff; Van Voris, Bob (June 1, 2009). "GM Begins Bankruptcy Process With Filing for Affiliate". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ Conkey, Christopher; Radnofsky, Louise (June 9, 2009). "Obama Presses Cabinet to Speed Stimulus Spending". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ Hedgpeth, Dana (August 21, 2009). "U.S. Says 'Cash for Clunkers' Program Will End on Monday". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
- ^ Szczesny, Joseph R. (August 26, 2009). "Was Cash for Clunkers a Success?". Time. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
- ^ Mian, Atif R.; Sufi, Amir (September 1, 2010). "The Effects of Fiscal Stimulus: Evidence from the 2009 'Cash for Clunkers' Program". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 127 (3): 1107–1142. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1670759. S2CID 219352572. SSRN 1670759.
- ^ Goldman, David (April 6, 2009). "CNNMoney.com's bailout tracker". 06. CNNMoney. p. 20. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
- ^ Montgomery, Lori (July 24, 2010). "Federal budget deficit to exceed $1.4 trillion in 2010 and 2011". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
- ^ Bull, Alister; Mason, Jeff (February 1, 2010). "Obama's 2010 budget: deficit soars amid job spending". Reuters. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
- ^ Dickson, David M. (March 26, 2010). "CBO report: Debt will rise to 90% of GDP". The Washington Times. Associated Press. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
- ^ Sahadi, Jeanne (February 12, 2014). "Where's the debt ceiling now?". CNN. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
- ^ Stein, Sylvie. "First Read—A breakdown of the debt-limit legislation". MSNBC. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
- ^ "House passes debt ceiling bill". NBC News. March 8, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
- ^ "Unemployment Rate". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
- ^ "1-month net change in employment". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
- ^ Theodossiou, Eleni; Hipple, Steven F. (2011). "Unemployment Remains High in 2010" (PDF). Monthly Labor Review. 134 (3): 3–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
- ^ Eddlemon, John P. (2011). "Payroll Employment Turns the Corner in 2010" (PDF). Monthly Labor Review. 134 (3): 23–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
- ^ "Unemployment Rate". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
- ^ "Unemployment Rate". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
- ^ "Unemployment Rate". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
- ^ a b "Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Quarterly)". National Income and Product Accounts Table. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
- ^ Harding, Robin (July 28, 2010). "Beige Book survey reports signs of slowdown". Financial Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
- ^ "Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Annual)". National Income and Product Accounts Table. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
- ^ a b "Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output". Congressional Budget Office. November 22, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
- ^ a b Calmes, Jackie; Cooper, Michael (November 20, 2009). "New Consensus Sees Stimulus Package as Worthy Step". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
- ^ "CBO: Stimulus created as many as 2.1 million jobs". February 23, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ^ Krugman, Paul (November 2, 2009). "Too Little of a Good Thing". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ Isidore, Chris (January 29, 2010). "Best economic growth in six years". CNN. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
- ^ "New NABE Survey Shows Business Recovery Gaining Momentum, with More Jobs Ahead". Archived from the original on May 2, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
- ^ "U.S. GDP Growth Relative to Original NATO Members". Politics that Work. March 9, 2015.
- ^ Chapple, Irene (May 29, 2013). "OECD: U.S. will recover faster, Europe faces unemployment crisis". CNN.
- ^ Herszenhorn, David M.; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (December 7, 2010). "Democrats Skeptical of Obama on New Tax Plan". The New York Times.
- ^ "Obama signs tax deal into law". CNN. December 17, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
- ^ Kuhnhenn, Jim (December 4, 2013). "Obama: Income Inequality a Defining Challenge". Associated Press. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
- ^ "President Obama uses his final months to bring congressional approval of a 12-nation free trade pact called the Trans-Pacific Partnership". CBS News. September 5, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
- ^ "Heated but hollow". The Economist. February 12, 2011. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
- ^ Broder, John M. (October 1, 2009). "E.P.A. Moves to Curtail Greenhouse Gas Emissions". The New York Times.
- ^ "US moves to limit industrial greenhouse gas emissions". Agence France-Presse. October 1, 2009. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
- ^ "Obama Halts Drilling Projects, Defends Actions". NPR. May 27, 2010.
- ^ Jonsson, Patrik (May 29, 2010). "Gulf oil spill: Obama's big political test". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
- ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (July 28, 2013). "Barack Obama expresses reservations about Keystone XL pipeline project". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Stein, Sam (June 25, 2013). "Obama: Keystone XL Should Not Be Approved If It Will Increase Greenhouse Gas Emissions". The Huffington Post.
- ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (January 18, 2013). "Shell's plans in Arctic at risk as Obama advisers call for halt to oil exploration". The Guardian. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ Calamur, Krishnadev (February 24, 2015). "Obama Vetoes Keystone XL Pipeline Bill". NPR. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
- ^ Barron-Lopez, Laura (March 4, 2015). "Keystone veto override fails". The Hill. Capitol Hill Publishing. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
- ^ Eilperin, Juliet; Dennis, Brady (December 28, 2016). "With new monuments in Nevada, Utah, Obama adds to his environmental legacy". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Monuments Man". The New York Times. December 31, 2016.
- ^ "Obama's Newly Designated National Monuments Upset Some Lawmakers". All Things Considered. NPR. December 29, 2016.
- ^ Connolly, Amy R. (February 13, 2016). "Obama expands public lands more than any U.S. president". United Press International.
- ^ a b Sweet, Lynn (July 22, 2009). "Obama July 22, 2009 press conference. Transcript". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Zeleny, Jeff (September 9, 2009). "Obama, Armed With Details, Says Health Plan Is Necessary". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ Allen, Mike (September 9, 2009). "Barack Obama will hedge on public option". Politico. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ "Health Insurance Premium Credits in the PPACA" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
- ^ "Obama calls for Congress to face health care challenge". CNN. September 9, 2009. Archived from the original on September 10, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
- ^ Daniel Nasaw (March 10, 2009). "Stem cell". The Guardian. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
- ^ Hulse, Carl; Robert Pear (November 7, 2009). "Sweeping Health Care Plan Passes House". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
- ^ Herszenhorn, David M.; Jackie Calmes (December 7, 2009). "Abortion Was at Heart of Wrangling". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ Hensley, Scott (December 24, 2009). "Senate Says Yes To Landmark Health Bill". NPR. Archived from the original on January 21, 2010. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
- ^ "Health Care Reform, at Last". The New York Times. March 21, 2010. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
- ^ Gay Stolberg, Sheryl (March 23, 2010). "Obama Signs Landmark Health Care Bill". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ Rice, Sabriya (March 25, 2010). "5 key things to remember about health care reform". CNN. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
- ^ a b "Policies to Improve Affordability and Accountability". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved January 6, 2013 – via National Archives.
- ^ Grier, Peter (March 20, 2010). "Health Care Reform Bill 101". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ Elmendorf, Douglas W. (November 30, 2009). "An Analysis of Health Insurance Premiums Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" (PDF). Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
- ^ Obama, Barack (August 2, 2016). "United States Health Care Reform". JAMA. 316 (5): 525–532. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.9797. ISSN 0098-7484. PMC 5069435. PMID 27400401.
- ^ Grier, Peter (March 21, 2010). "Health care reform bill 101: Who will pay for reform?". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved July 5, 2015.