بنغالور

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بنغالور
متروبوليس
بنغالورو
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من الأعلى، من اليسار إلى اليمين: بنغالور الأفق، فيدهانا سودها ، قصر بنغالور ، معبد ISKCON ليلا ، انفوسيس ، Bagmane التكنولوجيا بارك ، مركز التجارة العالمي
اسماء مستعارة: 
وادي السيليكون في الهند ، [1] جاردن سيتي [2]
خريطة تفاعلية تحدد مدينة بنغالور
Bangalore is located in Bengaluru
Bangalore
بنغالور
الموقع في بنغالور
Bangalore is located in Karnataka
Bangalore
بنغالور
الموقع في ولاية كارناتاكا
Bangalore is located in India
Bangalore
بنغالور
الموقع في الهند
Bangalore is located in Asia
Bangalore
بنغالور
الموقع في آسيا
Bangalore is located in Earth
Bangalore
بنغالور
الموقع في الأرض
إحداثيات: 12 ° 58′44 شمالاً 77 ° 35′30 شرقًا / 12.97889°N 77.59167°E / 12.97889; 77.59167إحداثيات : 12 ° 58′44 شمالاً 77 ° 35′30 شرقًا  / 12.97889°N 77.59167°E / 12.97889; 77.59167
دولة الهند
ولاية كارناتاكا
منطقةبايلوزيمي
يصرفبنغالور أوربان
أنشئت1537
أسسهاكيمبي جودا الأول
حكومة
 • نوعالمجالس البلدية
 • إداري
(في غياب العمدة)		راكيش سينغ ، IAS
 •  مفوض البلديةغوراف جوبتا ، IAS [3]
منطقة
[4] [5]
 •  متروبوليس741 كم 2 (286 ميل مربع)
 • المترو
8،005 كم 2 (3،091 ميل مربع)
ارتفاع
[6]
920 م (3،020 قدمًا)
تعداد السكان
 (2011) [7]
 •  متروبوليس8،443،675
 • مرتبةالثالث
 • كثافة11000 / كم 2 (30.000 / sq mi)
 •  حضري
[8]
10456000
 • مرتبة
[9]
الخامس
Demonym (s)Bangalorean ، Bengalurinavaru ، Bengalurean ، Bengaluriga
وحدة زمنيةUTC + 05: 30 ( IST )
الرمز السري (الرموز)
560 الثلاثون
رمز (رموز) المنطقة+ 91- (0) 80
استمارة المركبةKA -01 ، 02 ، 03 ، 04 ، 05 ، 41 ، 50 ، 51 ، 52 ، 53 ، 57 ، 58 ، 59 ، 60 ، 61
الناتج المحلي الإجمالي للمترو110 مليار دولار [10]
لغة رسميةالكانادية [11]
موقع الكترونيwww .bbmp .gov .in

بنغالور ( / ب æ ŋ ɡ ə ل ɔː ص / )، رسميا المعروفة باسم بنغالورو [12] (النطق الكانادا:[beŋɡəɭuːɾu] ( الاستماع )About this sound )، هي العاصمة وأكبر مدينة في ولاية هندية من ولاية كارناتاكا . ويبلغ عدد سكانها أكثر من 8 ملايين و العاصمة يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 11 مليون ، مما يجعلها ثالث مدينة من حيث عدد السكان و الخامس والتجمعات الحضرية من حيث عدد السكان في الهند. [13] تقعبنغالورفي جنوب الهند على هضبة ديكان ، على ارتفاع يزيد عن 900 متر (3000 قدم) فوق مستوى سطح البحر ، وتشتهر بمناخها اللطيف على مدار العام. ارتفاعها هو الأعلى بين المدن الرئيسية فيالهند . [14]

يعود تاريخ المدينة إلى حوالي 890 م ، في نقش حجري وجد في معبد ناغيشوارا في بيجور ، بنغالور . كُتب نقش بيجور في Halegannada (الكانادا القديمة) ، ويذكر "بنغالورو كالاجا" (معركة بنغالورو). لقد كانت نقطة تحول مهمة في تاريخ بنغالور لأنها تحمل أقدم إشارة إلى اسم "بنغالورو". [15] في عام 1537 م ، قام Kempé Gowdā  - الحاكم الإقطاعي تحت إمبراطورية Vijayanagara -  بإنشاء حصن من الطين يعتبر أساس بنغالور الحديثة وأقدم مناطقها ، أو Petes ، الموجودة حتى يومنا هذا. بعد سقوط إمبراطورية Vijayanagar في القرن السادس عشر ، المغولباع بنغالور إلى Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673-1704) ، الحاكم آنذاك لمملكة ميسور بثلاث روبيات. [16] عندما استولى حيدر علي على مملكة ميسور ، انتقلت إدارة بنغالور إلى يديه.

استولت شركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية على المدينة بعد الانتصار في الحرب الأنجلو ميسور الرابعة (1799) ، والتي أعادت السيطرة الإدارية على المدينة إلى مهراجا ميسور . تطورت المدينة القديمة في مناطق سيطرة مهراجا ميسور وأصبحت عاصمة ولاية ميسور الأميرية ، والتي كانت موجودة ككيان اسمي ذي سيادة من الحكم البريطاني . في عام 1809 ، نقل البريطانيون معسكرهم إلى بنغالور ، خارج المدينة القديمة ، ونشأت حولها بلدة كانت تُحكم كجزء من الهند البريطانية . بعد استقلال الهند في عام 1947 ، أصبحت بنغالور عاصمةولاية ميسور ، وظلت عاصمة عندما تم تشكيل ولاية كارناتاكا الهندية الجديدة في عام 1956. تم دمج المستوطنتين الحضريتين في بنغالور - المدينة والتجمع - والتي تطورت ككيانات مستقلة في مركز حضري واحد في عام 1949. الاسم الكانادا الحالي ، بنغالورو ، تم إعلان الاسم الرسمي للمدينة في عام 2006.

يُنظر إلى بنغالور على نطاق واسع على أنها " وادي السيليكون في الهند" (أو "عاصمة تكنولوجيا المعلومات في الهند") نظرًا لدورها كمصدر رائد لتكنولوجيا المعلومات (IT) في البلاد. [1] يقع المقر الرئيسي للمنظمات التكنولوجية الهندية في المدينة. مدينة متنوعة ديموغرافيا ، بنغالور هي ثاني أسرع المدن الكبرى نموا في الهند. [17] [18] صنفت التقديرات الأخيرة لاقتصاد المترو لمنطقتها الحضرية بنغالور إما رابع أو خامس منطقة مترو أكثر إنتاجية في الهند. [10] [19] اعتبارًا من عام 2017 ، كانت بنغالور موطنًا لـ 7700 مليونير و 8 مليارديرات بثروة إجمالية قدرها 320 مليار دولار. [20][21] فهي موطن للعديد من المؤسسات التعليمية والبحثية. المملوكة للدولة العديد من الفضاء و منظمات الدفاع تقع في المدينة. تضم المدينة أيضًا صناعة أفلام الكانادا . تم تصنيفها على أنها أكثر المدن الهندية ملاءمة للعيش مع عدد سكان يزيد عن مليون نسمة وفقًا لمؤشر سهولة المعيشة لعام 2020. [22]

علم أصول الكلمات

اسم "بنغالور" يمثل anglicised نسخة من الأصلي في المدينة الكانادا اسم بنغالورو ( ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ،[ˈbeŋɡəɭuːru] ( استمع )About this sound ). إنه اسم قرية بالقرب من Kodigehalli في مدينة بنغالور اليوم واستخدمته Kempegowda لتعميد المدينة باسم بنغالور في وقت تأسيسها. تم العثور على أقرب إشارة إلى اسم "Bengalūru" فينقش حجري من سلالة الغانغا الغربية يعود للقرن التاسععلى vīra Gallu (الكانادا: ವೀರಗಲ್ಲು ؛ مضاءة  " حجر البطل " ، مرسوم صخري يمجد فضائل المحارب). في هذا النقش الموجود في بيجور ، يشار إلى "بنغالور" على أنها مكان خاضت فيه معركة عام 890  م . يذكر أن المكان كان جزءًا من مملكة الجانجحتى عام 1004 وكانت تُعرف باسم " بنغافال أورو " ، "مدينة الحرس" في هاليغانادا (الكانادا القديمة). [23] [24]

و ملفق يروي قصة أن القرن الثاني عشر Hoysala الملك فيرا بالالا ي ، بينما كان في رحلة صيد، ضل طريقه في الغابة. متعبًا وجائعًا ، صادف امرأة مسنة فقيرة كانت تقدم له الفول المسلوق. أطلق الملك الممتن على المكان اسم "benda-kaal-uru" (حرفيا ، "مدينة الفاصوليا المسلوقة") ، والتي تطورت في النهاية إلى "بنغالورو". [23] [25] [26] قدم سورياناث كاماث تفسيرًا لأصل نباتي محتمل للاسم ، مشتق من البنجا ، مصطلح الكانادا لـ Pterocarpus marsupium (المعروف أيضًا باسم شجرة الكينو الهندية ) ، وهو نوع من النباتات الجافة. والأشجار المتساقطة الرطبةالتي نمت بكثرة في المنطقة. [27]

في 11 ديسمبر عام 2005، و حكومة ولاية كارناتاكا أعلنت أنها وافقت على اقتراح جائزة Jnanpith الفائز UR Ananthamurthy ل إعادة تسمية بنغالور الى بنغالورو . [28] في 27 سبتمبر 2006 ، أصدر Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) قرارًا لتنفيذ تغيير الاسم المقترح. [29] قبلت حكومة ولاية كارناتاكا الاقتراح ، وتقرر تنفيذ تغيير الاسم رسميًا اعتبارًا من 1 نوفمبر 2006. [30] [31]وافقت حكومة الاتحاد على هذا الطلب ، جنبًا إلى جنب مع تغييرات الأسماء لـ 11 مدينة أخرى في كارناتاكا ، في أكتوبر 2014 ، ومن ثم تم تغيير اسم بنغالور إلى "بنغالورو" في 1 نوفمبر 2014. [32] [33]

تاريخ

التاريخ المبكر والعصور الوسطى

تم بناء معبد Begur Nageshwara في بنغالور حول c.  860 ، في عهد سلالة الجانج الغربية .
يعود تاريخ معبد Someshwara إلى عصر Chola

يشير اكتشاف المصنوعات اليدوية من العصر الحجري خلال تعداد عام 2001 للهند في جالاهالي ، سيدهابورا وجاديجينهالي ، وكلها تقع في ضواحي بنغالور اليوم ، إلى وجود مستوطنة بشرية محتملة حوالي 4000 قبل الميلاد. [34] حوالي 1000 قبل الميلاد ( العصر الحديدي )، تم إنشاء المدافن في Koramangala و Chikkajala في ضواحي بنغالور. عملات معدنية من الأباطرة الرومان أوغسطس ، طبريا ، و كلوديوس وجدت في Yeswanthpur و HAL تشير إلى أن المنطقة كانت تشارك في التجارة عبر المحيطات مع الرومانوغيرها من الحضارات في 27 قبل الميلاد. [35]

كانت منطقة بنغالور الحديثة جزءًا من عدة ممالك متعاقبة في جنوب الهند . بين القرنين الرابع والعاشر ، حكمت منطقة بنغالور من قبل سلالة غانغا الغربية من كارناتاكا ، أول سلالة أقامت سيطرة فعالة على المنطقة. [36] وفقًا لإدغار ثورستون [37] كان هناك ثمانية وعشرون ملكًا حكموا جانجفادي منذ بداية العصر المسيحي حتى غزوها من قبل تشولاس. كان هؤلاء الملوك ينتمون إلى سلالتين مختلفتين: السلالة الأولى من السباق الشمسي التي تعاقبت فيها سبعة ملوك من قبيلة راتي أو ريدي ، والخط الأخير من سلالة الغانغا. و Gangas الغربيةحكم المنطقة في البداية كقوة ذات سيادة (350-550) ، ولاحقًا كقوات إقطاعية من تشالوكياس من بادامي ، تبعها الراشتراكوتاس حتى القرن العاشر. [27] تم إنشاء معبد بيجور ناغيشوارا حوالي عام 860 ، في عهد ملك الجانج الغربي إيريجانجا نيتيمارجا الأول وامتد من قبل خليفته نيتيمارجا الثاني. [38] [39] حوالي عام 1004 ، في عهد رجا رجا تشولا الأول ، هزم تشولاس الغانجاس الغربية تحت قيادة ولي العهد راجندرا تشولا الأول ، واستولوا على بنغالور. [38] [40]خلال هذه الفترة ، شهدت منطقة بنغالور هجرة العديد من المجموعات - المحاربين ، والإداريين ، والتجار ، والحرفيين ، والرعاة ، والمزارعين ، ورجال الدين من تاميل نادو وغيرها من المناطق الناطقة بلغة الكانادا. [36] و معبد Chokkanathaswamy في Domlur ، مجمع Aigandapura بالقرب Hesaraghatta ، Mukthi معبد Natheshwara في Binnamangala، معبد Choleshwara في بيجار ، Someshwara معبد في Madiwala ، تاريخ من تشولا العصر. [38]

في 1117، و Hoysala الملك Vishnuvardhana هزم شلس] في معركة Talakad في جنوب ولاية كارناتاكا، ومددت حكمها على المنطقة. [38] طرد فيشنوفاردانا عائلة تشولا من جميع أنحاء ولاية ميسور. [41] وبحلول نهاية القرن 13th، أصبحت بنغالور مصدرا للخلاف بين اثنين من أبناء عمومة المتحاربة، وHoysala حاكم فيرا بالالا يي من Halebidu عقد وRamanatha، الذي أدار من Hoysala الأراضي في ولاية تاميل نادو. [38]عيّنت Veera Ballala III رئيسًا مدنيًا في Hudi (الآن ضمن حدود شركة Bangalore Municipal Corporation) ، مما أدى إلى ترقية القرية إلى وضع المدينة. بعد وفاة Veera Ballala III عام 1343 ، كانت الإمبراطورية التالية التي حكمت المنطقة هي إمبراطورية Vijayanagara ، والتي شهدت هي نفسها ظهور أربع سلالات ، Sangamas (1336–1485) ، Saluvas (1485–1491) ، ال Tuluvas (1491–1485) 1565) ، و Aravidu (1565–1646). [42] وخلال عهد الإمبراطورية فيجاياناغارا، أتخيوتا ديفا رايا من سلالة Tuluva رفع السد Shivasamudra عبر Arkavati النهر في Hesaraghatta، وخزانه هو إمداد المدينة الحالية بمياه الأنابيب المنتظمة. [43]

التأسيس والتاريخ الحديث المبكر

قلعة بنغالور في عام 1860 تظهر التحصينات والثكنات. تم بناء الحصن في الأصل بواسطة Kempe Gowda I كحصن من الطين في عام 1537.
تم بناء قصر بنغالور في عام 1887 على الطراز المعماري لتيودور على غرار قلعة وندسور في إنجلترا. [44]

وقد بدأت بنغالور الحديثة في 1537 من قبل تابعة للإمبراطورية فيجاياناغارا، كيمبي جودا I ، الذي تحالف مع الإمبراطورية فيجاياناغارا لحملة ضد Gangaraja (الذي هزم وطرد لKanchi)، والذي بنى على من الطوب اللبن الحصن للشعب في الموقع الذي سيصبح الجزء المركزي من بنغالور الحديثة. تم تقييد Kempe Gowda بالقواعد التي وضعها Achuta Deva Raya ، الذي كان يخشى القوة المحتملة لـ Kempe Gowda ولم يسمح بحصن حجري هائل. أشار Kempe Gowda إلى المدينة الجديدة باسم "gandubhūmi" أو "أرض الأبطال". [26] داخل الحصن ، تم تقسيم المدينة إلى أقسام أصغر - كل منها يسمى "بيت" ( نطق الكانادا:  [peːteː]). كان للمدينة شارعان رئيسيان - شارع Chikkapeté ، الذي يمتد من الشرق إلى الغرب ، وشارع Doddapeté ، الذي يمتد من الشمال إلى الجنوب. شكل تقاطعهم ساحة Doddapeté - قلب بنغالور. قام خليفة Kempe Gowda I ، Kempe Gowda II ، ببناء أربعة أبراج حددت حدود بنغالور. أثناء حكم Vijayanagara ، أشار العديد من القديسين والشعراء إلى بنغالور باسم "Devarāyanagara" و "Kalyānapura" أو "Kalyānapuri" ("المدينة الميمونة"). [45]

بعد سقوط إمبراطورية فيجاياناجارا عام 1565 في معركة تاليكوتا ، تغير حكم بنغالور عدة مرات. أعلن كيمبي جودا استقلاله ، ثم في عام 1638 ، قام جيش كبير من عادل شاهي بيجابور بقيادة رانادولا خان برفقة الرجل الثاني في القيادة شاهجي بونسلي بهزم كيمبي جودا الثالث ، [45] وتم منح بنغالور لشاهجي على أنها جاجير (ملكية إقطاعية). في عام 1687 ، هزم الجنرال المغولي قاسم خان ، بأوامر من أورنجزيب ، إيكوجي الأول ، ابن شاهجي ، وباع بنغالور إلى تشيكاديفاراجا ووديار (1673-1704) ، حاكم مملكة ميسور آنذاك.لثلاثة روبية لكح. [16] بعد وفاة كريشنراجا ووديار الثاني عام 1759 ، أعلن حيدر علي ، القائد العام لجيش ميسور ، نفسه الحاكم الفعلي لمملكة ميسور. يعود الفضل إلى حيدر علي في بناء بوابتي دلهي وميسور في الأطراف الشمالية والجنوبية للمدينة في عام 1760. [46] انتقلت المملكة لاحقًا إلى تيبو سلطان نجل حيدر علي . ساهم كل من Hyder و Tipu في تجميل المدينة من خلال بناء حدائق لال باغ النباتية في عام 1760. وتحت هذه الحدائق ، تطورت بنغالور لتصبح مركزًا تجاريًا وعسكريًا ذا أهمية استراتيجية. [45]

تم الاستيلاء على حصن بنغالور من قبل الجيوش البريطانية تحت قيادة اللورد كورنواليس في 21 مارس 1791 خلال الحرب الأنجلو ميسور الثالثة وشكلت مركزًا للمقاومة البريطانية ضد تيبو سلطان. [47] بعد وفاة تيبو في الحرب الأنجلو-ميسور الرابعة (1799) ، أعاد البريطانيون السيطرة الإدارية على بنغالور "pētē" إلى مهراجا ميسور وتم دمجها في ولاية ميسور الأميرية ، والتي كانت موجودة ككيان ذي سيادة اسمية من الراج البريطاني . في المدينة القديمة ( "بيت") وضعت في الملاك من مهراجا ميسور. تأسست إقامة ولاية ميسور لأول مرة فيمدينة ميسور في عام 1799 وانتقلت لاحقًا إلى بنغالور في عام 1804. ألغيت في عام 1843 فقط ليتم إحياؤها في عام 1881 في بنغالور وتم إغلاقها بشكل دائم في عام 1947 ، مع استقلال الهند . [48] وجد البريطانيون بنغالور مكانًا لطيفًا ومناسبًا لوضع حاميةهم ، وبالتالي نقلوا معسكرهم إلى بنغالور من Seringapatam في عام 1809 بالقرب من أولسور ، على بعد حوالي 6 كيلومترات (4 ميل) شمال شرق المدينة. نشأت بلدة حول المعسكر ، من خلال استيعاب عدة قرى في المنطقة. كان للمركز الجديد جهاز بلدي وإداري خاص به ، على الرغم من أنه كان من الناحية الفنية جيبًا بريطانيًا داخل أراضي Wodeyar Kings of the Princely State of Mysore. [49] تطوران مهمان ساهما في النمو السريع للمدينة ، وهما إدخال وصلات التلغراف إلى جميع المدن الهندية الكبرى في عام 1853 وربط السكك الحديدية بمدراس في عام 1864. [50]

في وقت لاحق التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر

منظر لبنجالور بيت خلال تسعينيات القرن التاسع عشر
وجهة نظر بنغالور كانتون ، ج.  1895
خريطة المدينة وضواحيها ، ج.  1914
و طوربيد بنغالور اخترع في بنغالور في عام 1912.
مشهد مدينة معاصر في بنغالورو

في القرن التاسع عشر ، أصبحت بنغالور في الأساس مدينة توأمية ، مع "pt" ، التي كان سكانها في الغالب من الكاناديغاس والمجمع الذي أنشأه البريطانيون. [51] خلال القرن التاسع عشر ، توسعت المعسكرات تدريجياً واكتسبت شهرة ثقافية وسياسية مميزة حيث كانت تحكمها مباشرة من قبل البريطانيين وكانت تُعرف باسم المحطة المدنية والعسكرية في بنغالور. بينما بقيت في إقليم ميسور الأميرية ، كان للمكان وجود عسكري كبير وسكان مدنيون من جميع أنحاء العالم جاءوا من خارج ولاية ميسور الأميرية ، بما في ذلك ضباط الجيش البريطاني والأنجلو-هنود . [ بحاجة لمصدر ]

ضرب وباء الطاعون بنغالور في عام 1898 وأودى بحياة ما يقرب من 3500 شخص. حفزت الأزمة الناجمة عن تفشي المرض عملية الصرف الصحي في المدينة. تم وضع خطوط الهاتف للمساعدة في تنسيق عمليات مكافحة الطاعون. دخلت اللوائح الخاصة ببناء منازل جديدة مع مرافق الصرف الصحي المناسبة حيز التنفيذ. تم تعيين ضابط صحة وتم تقسيم المدينة إلى أربعة أقسام لتحسين التنسيق. تم افتتاح مستشفى فيكتوريا في عام 1900 من قبل اللورد كرزون ، الحاكم العام للهند البريطانية آنذاك . [52] تم تطوير امتدادات جديدة في Malleswaram و Basavanagudi في شمال وجنوب pēt. [53]في عام 1903 ، ظهرت السيارات في بنغالور. [54] في عام 1906 ، أصبحت بنغالور واحدة من أولى المدن في الهند التي حصلت على الكهرباء من الطاقة المائية ، مدعومة بمحطة الطاقة الكهرومائية الواقعة في شيفاناسامودرا . [55] تأسس المعهد الهندي للعلوم في عام 1909 ، والذي لعب لاحقًا دورًا رئيسيًا في تطوير المدينة كمركز للبحوث العلمية. [56] في عام 1912، و نسف بنغالور ، سلاح المتفجرات هجومية تستخدم على نطاق واسع في الحرب العالمية الأولى و الحرب العالمية الثانية وضعت، في بنغالور من قبل ضابط في الجيش البريطاني الكابتن مكلينتوك للمدراس Sappers وعمال المناجم . [57]

بدأت سمعة بنغالور باسم "جاردن سيتي في الهند" في عام 1927 مع احتفالات اليوبيل الفضي لحكم كريشناراجا ووديار الرابع . تم إنشاء العديد من المشاريع مثل إنشاء الحدائق والمباني العامة والمستشفيات لتحسين المدينة. [2] لعبت بنغالور دورًا مهمًا خلال حركة الاستقلال الهندية . زار المهاتما غاندي المدينة في عامي 1927 و 1934 وألقى كلمة في الاجتماعات العامة هنا. [35] في عام 1926 ، أدت الاضطرابات العمالية في Binny Mills بسبب مطالبة عمال النسيج بدفع مكافأة إلى فرض رسوم lathiوإطلاق النار من قبل الشرطة ، مما أسفر عن مقتل أربعة عمال وإصابة عدة إصابات. [58] في يوليو 1928 ، كانت هناك اضطرابات مجتمعية ملحوظة في بنغالور ، عندما تمت إزالة معبود غانيش من مجمع مدرسة في منطقة سلطانبت في بنغالور. [59] في عام 1940 ، أقلعت أول رحلة طيران بين بنغالور وبومباي ، مما وضع المدينة على الخريطة الحضرية للهند. [56]

بعد استقلال الهند في أغسطس 1947 ، ظلت بنغالور في ولاية ميسور المنحوتة حديثًا والتي كان مهراجا ميسور هو راجابراموخ (حاكم معين). [60] تأسس "صندوق تحسين المدينة" في عام 1945 ، وفي عام 1949 ، تم دمج "المدينة" و "كانتونمينت" لتشكيل شركة مدينة بنغالور . شكلت حكومة ولاية كارناتاكا في وقت لاحق هيئة تنمية بنغالور في عام 1976 لتنسيق أنشطة هاتين الهيئتين. [61]وفر التوظيف والتعليم في القطاع العام فرصًا لـ Kannadigas من بقية الولاية للهجرة إلى المدينة. شهدت بنغالور نموًا سريعًا في العقود 1941-1951 و 1971-1981 ، والتي شهدت وصول العديد من المهاجرين من شمال كارناتاكا. بحلول عام 1961 ، أصبحت بنغالور سادس أكبر مدينة في الهند ، ويبلغ عدد سكانها 1،207،000. [45] في العقود التي تلت ذلك ، استمرت قاعدة التصنيع في بنغالور في التوسع مع إنشاء شركات خاصة مثل MICO (شركة صناعات السيارات) ، التي أنشأت مصنعًا لها في المدينة.

بحلول الثمانينيات ، كان من الواضح أن التحضر قد امتد عبر الحدود الحالية ، وفي عام 1986 ، تم إنشاء هيئة تنمية منطقة بنغالور الحضرية لتنسيق تنمية المنطقة بأكملها كوحدة واحدة. [61] في 8 فبراير 1981 ، اندلع حريق كبير في سيرك فينوس في بنغالور ، حيث قتل أكثر من 92 شخصًا ، معظمهم من الأطفال. [62] شهدت بنغالور نموا في سوق العقارات في 1980s و 1990s، مدعوما مستثمري رأس المال من أجزاء أخرى من البلاد التي اعتنقت مساحات كبيرة بنغالور والاستعمارية من طابق واحد الى شقق الطوابق المتعددة. [63] في عام 1985 ، شركة Texas Instrumentsأصبحت أول شركة متعددة الجنسيات تؤسس قاعدة في بنغالور. حذت شركات تكنولوجيا المعلومات الأخرى حذوها وبحلول نهاية القرن العشرين ، كانت بنغالور قد أسست نفسها على أنها وادي السيليكون في الهند . [45] اليوم ، تعد بنغالور ثالث أكبر مدينة في الهند من حيث عدد السكان. خلال القرن الحادي والعشرين ، عانت بنغالور من هجمات إرهابية في 2008 و 2010 و 2013 .

جغرافية

على بحيرة Hesaraghatta في بنغالور

تقع بنغالور في جنوب شرق ولاية كارناتاكا بجنوب الهند . يقع في قلب هضبة ميسور (منطقة من أكبر هضبة ديكان الطباشيري ) بمتوسط ​​ارتفاع 900 متر (2953 قدم). [64] :  8 تقع عند 12 ° 58′44 شمالًا 77 ° 35′30 شرقًا وتغطي مساحة 741 كم 2 (286 ميل مربع). [65] تقع غالبية مدينة بنغالور في منطقة بنغالور الحضرية في كارناتاكا والمناطق الريفية المحيطة بها هي جزء من منطقة بنغالور الريفية . قامت حكومة ولاية كارناتاكا بتقسيم منطقة راماناغارا الجديدة   / 12.97889°N 77.59167°E / 12.97889; 77.59167من منطقة بنغالور الريفية القديمة. [66]

طوبولوجيا بنغالور مسطحة بشكل عام ، على الرغم من أن الأجزاء الغربية من المدينة جبلية. أعلى نقطة هي Vidyaranyapura Doddabettahalli ، وهي 962 م (3،156 قدمًا) وتقع في الشمال الغربي من المدينة. [67] لا توجد أنهار رئيسية تمر عبر المدينة ، على الرغم من أن Arkavathi و South Pennar يتقاطعان عند تلال Nandi ، على بعد 60 كم (37 ميل) إلى الشمال. نهر Vrishabhavathi ، رافد ثانوي من Arkavathi ، ينشأ داخل المدينة في Basavanagudi ويتدفق عبر المدينة. يحمل نهرا Arkavathi و Vrishabhavathi معًا الكثير من مياه الصرف الصحي في بنغالور . A الصرف الصحي النظام، التي شيدت في عام 1922، ويشمل 215 كم2 (83 ميل مربع) من المدينة وتتصل بخمسة مراكز لمعالجة مياه الصرف الصحي تقع في محيط بنغالور. [68]

في القرن السادس عشر ، شيد Kempe Gowda I العديد من البحيرات لتلبية متطلبات المياه في المدينة. كان Kempambudhi Kere ، منذ أن اجتاحه التطور الحديث ، بارزًا بين تلك البحيرات. في النصف الأول من القرن العشرين ، كلف السير ميرزا ​​إسماعيل ( ديوان ميسور ، 1926-1941 م) محطات المياه في تلال ناندي بتزويد المدينة بالمياه. يوفر نهر Kaveri حوالي 80 ٪ من إجمالي إمدادات المياه للمدينة مع 20 ٪ المتبقية يتم الحصول عليها من خزانات Thippagondanahalli و Hesaraghatta لنهر Arkavathi. [69] تتلقى بنغالور 800 مليون لتر (211 مليون  جالون أمريكي ) من المياه يوميًا ، أكثر من أي مدينة هندية أخرى. [70]ومع ذلك ، تواجه بنغالور أحيانًا نقصًا في المياه ، خاصة خلال فصل الصيف - أكثر من ذلك في سنوات انخفاض هطول الأمطار. أشارت دراسة أخذ عينات عشوائية لمؤشر جودة الهواء (AQI) لعشرين محطة داخل المدينة إلى درجات تراوحت من 76 إلى 314 ، مما يشير إلى تلوث الهواء الشديد إلى الشديد حول مناطق تركيز حركة المرور. [71]

بنغالور لديها عدد قليل من بحيرات المياه العذبة و خزانات المياه ، وأكبرها Madivala دبابات، Hebbal بحيرة ، Ulsoor بحيرة، بحيرة Yediyur و سانكي دبابات . تتواجد المياه الجوفية في طبقات طينية إلى رملية من الرواسب الغرينية . في شبه الجزيرة صواني مجمع (PGC) هو الأكثر حدة الصخور السائدة في المنطقة وتشمل الصوان ، النيس و migmatites ، في حين أن التربة من بنغالور تتكون من الأحمر اتريتات والأحمر، ودفع غرامة طفيلي ل الطينية التربة. [71]

الغطاء النباتي في المدينة هو في المقام الأول على شكل مظلة كبيرة نفضية وأشجار جوز الهند الأقلية . على الرغم من تصنيف بنغالور كجزء من المنطقة الزلزالية الثانية (منطقة مستقرة) ، فقد شهدت زلازل بلغت قوتها 4.5 درجة. [72]

مناخ

بنغالور لديه الاستوائية المناخ السافانا ( كوبن تصنيف المناخ فصيل عبد الواحد ) مع متميزة الرطبة و الجافة مواسم. نظرًا لارتفاعها المرتفع ، تتمتع بنغالور عادة بمناخ أكثر اعتدالًا على مدار العام ، على الرغم من أن موجات الحرارة العرضية يمكن أن تجعل الصيف غير مريح إلى حد ما. [73] أبرد شهر هو يناير بمتوسط ​​درجة حرارة منخفضة 15.1 درجة مئوية (59.2 درجة فهرنهايت) ، والشهر الأكثر سخونة هو أبريل بمتوسط ​​درجة حرارة عالية 35 درجة مئوية (95 درجة فهرنهايت). [74] أعلى درجة حرارة مسجلة على الإطلاق في بنغالور هي 39.2 درجة مئوية (103 درجة فهرنهايت) (تم تسجيلها في 24 أبريل 2016) حيث كانت هناك ظاهرة النينيو القوية في عام 2016. [75]كانت هناك أيضًا سجلات غير رسمية تبلغ 41 درجة مئوية (106 درجة فهرنهايت) في ذلك اليوم. أدنى مستوى تم تسجيله على الإطلاق هو 7.8 درجة مئوية (46 درجة فهرنهايت) في يناير 1884. [76] [77] نادرًا ما تنخفض درجات الحرارة في الشتاء عن 14 درجة مئوية (57 درجة فهرنهايت) ، ونادرًا ما تتجاوز درجات الحرارة في الصيف 36 درجة مئوية (97 درجة فهرنهايت) . تتلقى بنغالور هطول الأمطار من كل من الرياح الموسمية الشمالية الشرقية والجنوبية الغربية والأشهر الأكثر رطوبة هي سبتمبر وأكتوبر وأغسطس ، بهذا الترتيب. [74] يتم تخفيف حرارة الصيف بسبب العواصف الرعدية المتكررة إلى حد ما، والتي تتسبب أحيانًا في انقطاع التيار الكهربائي والفيضانات المحلية. تهطل معظم الأمطار في وقت متأخر بعد الظهر / المساء أو في الليل وتكون الأمطار قبل الظهر نادرة. تم تسجيل شهر نوفمبر 2015 (290.4 ملم) كواحد من أكثر الشهور أمطارًا في بنغالور مع هطول أمطار غزيرة تسببت في فيضانات شديدة في بعض المناطق ، وإغلاق عدد من المنظمات لأكثر من يومين. [78] سجلت أعلى كمية هطول للأمطار في فترة 24 ساعة 179 ملم (7 بوصات) في 1 أكتوبر 1997. [79]

بيانات المناخ لبانغالور (1981-2010 ، أقصى الحدود 1901-2012)
شهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل قد يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر أكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر عام
ارتفاع قياسي درجة مئوية (درجة فهرنهايت) 32.8
(91.0) 		35.9
(96.6) 		37.3
(99.1) 		38.3
(100.9) 		38.9
(102.0) 		38.1
(100.6) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33.3
(91.9) 		33.3
(91.9) 		32.4
(90.3) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.1
(88.0) 		38.9
(102.0)
متوسط ​​درجة مئوية عالية (درجة فهرنهايت) 27.9
(82.2) 		30.7
(87.3) 		33.1
(91.6) 		34.0
(93.2) 		33.3
(91.9) 		29.6
(85.3) 		28.3
(82.9) 		27.8
(82.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		28.2
(82.8) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.5
(79.7) 		29.6
(85.3)
متوسط ​​درجة مئوية منخفضة (درجة فهرنهايت) 15.8
(60.4) 		17.5
(63.5) 		20.0
(68.0) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.4
(68.7) 		19.9
(67.8) 		19.8
(67.6) 		19.8
(67.6) 		19.6
(67.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		16.2
(61.2) 		19.2
(66.6)
سجل منخفض درجة مئوية (درجة فهرنهايت) 7.8
(46.0) 		9.4
(48.9) 		11.1
(52.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		16.7
(62.1) 		16.1
(61.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		15.0
(59.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		9.6
(49.3) 		8.9
(48.0) 		7.8
(46.0)
متوسط ​​هطول الأمطار مم (بوصة) 1.9
(0.07) 		5.4
(0.21) 		18.5
(0.73) 		41.5
(1.63) 		107.4
(4.23) 		106.5
(4.19) 		112.9
(4.44) 		147.0
(5.79) 		212.8
(8.38) 		168.3
(6.63) 		48.9
(1.93) 		15.7
(0.62) 		986.9
(38.85)
متوسط ​​الأيام الممطرة 0.2 0.4 1.1 3.1 6.7 6.2 7.2 9.9 9.8 8.3 3.8 1.4 58.1
متوسط الرطوبة النسبية (٪) (الساعة 17:30 IST ) 41 32 29 35 47 62 65 67 64 65 61 53 52
متوسط ساعات سطوع الشمس الشهرية 262.3 247.6 271.4 257.0 241.1 136.8 111.8 114.3 143.6 173.1 190.2 211.7 2،360.9
المصدر 1: إدارة الأرصاد الجوية الهندية [80] [81]
المصدر 2: NOAA (الشمس: 1971-1990) [82]

التركيبة السكانية

النمو السكاني 
التعدادتعداد السكان ٪ ±
1941406760
-
195177897791.5٪
19611،207،00054.9٪
19711،654،00037.0٪
19812،922،00076.7٪
19914،130،00041.3٪
2001510100023.5٪
2011842597065.2٪
المصدر: تعداد الهند [83] [84]
غروب الشمس فوق المدينة من Nagawara
تمثال اللورد شيفا في معبد شيفوهام شيفا

يقدر عدد سكان مدينة بنغالور في منتصف عام 1957 كان 11.76.000 وفي منتصف العام 1958 ، كان 12.554.000. [85] يبلغ عدد سكانها 8،443،675 في المدينة و 10،456،000 في التكتل الحضري ، [8] [7] ارتفاعًا من 8.5 مليون في تعداد 2011 ، [86] بنغالور مدينة ضخمة ، وثالث أكثر المدن اكتظاظًا بالسكان في الهند والمدينة الثامنة عشرة من حيث عدد السكان في العالم. [87] كانت بنغالور المدينة الأسرع نموًا في الهند بعد نيودلهي بين عامي 1991 و 2001 ، بمعدل نمو 38٪ خلال هذا العقد. يُشار إلى سكان بنغالور باسم "بنغالور" بالإنجليزية أو Bengaloorinavaru أو Bengaloorigaru في الكانادا and Banglori in Hindi or Urdu.[88] People from other states have migrated to Bangalore, study, or work there as well.[89]

Religion in Bangalore (2011)[90]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 78.87%
Islam
 
 13.90%
Christianity
 
 5.61%
Jainism
 
 0.97%
Sikhism
 
 0.15%
Buddhism
 
 0.06%
Others
 
 0.44%

According to the 2011 census of India, 78.9% of Bangalore's population is Hindu, a little less than the national average.[90] Muslims comprise 13.9% of the population, roughly the same as their national average. Christians and Jains account for 5.6% and 1.0% of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. The city has a literacy rate of 89%.[91] Roughly 10% of Bangalore's population lives in slums.[92]—a relatively low proportion when compared to other cities in the developing world such as Mumbai (50%) and Nairobi (60%).[93] The 2008 National Crime Records Bureau statistics indicate that Bangalore accounts for 8.5% of the total crimes reported from 35 major cities in India which is an increase in the crime rate when compared to the number of crimes fifteen years ago.[94]

Bangalore suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast-growing cities in developing countries: rapidly escalating social inequality, mass displacement and dispossession, proliferation of slum settlements, and epidemic public health crisis due to severe water shortage and sewage problems in poor and working-class neighbourhoods.[95]

Language

Languages of Bangalore (2011)

  Kannada (42.33%)
  Tamil (16.44%)
  Telugu (13.81%)
  Urdu (13.08%)
  Hindi (4.67%)
  Malayalam (3.18%)
  Marathi (2.07%)
  Others (4.42%)

Official language of Bangalore is Kannada which is spoken by 42.33% of the population. The second-largest language is Tamil, spoken by 16.44% of the population. 13.81% speak Telugu, 13.08% Urdu, 4.67% Hindi, 3.18% Malayalam and 2.07% Marathi as their first language.[96][97] The Kannada language spoken in Bangalore is a form of Kannada called as 'Old Mysuru Kannada' which is also used in most of the southern part of Karnataka state. A vernacular dialect of this, known as Bangalore Kannada, is spoken among the youth in Bangalore and the adjoining Mysore regions.[98] English (as an Indian dialect) is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the professional and business class.[99]

The major communities of Bangalore who share a long history in the city other than the Kannadigas are the Telugus and Tamilians, who migrated to Bangalore in search of a better livelihood.[100][101][102] Already in the 16th century, Bangalore had few speakers of Tamil and Telugu, who spoke Kannada to carry out low profile jobs. However the Telugu Speaking Morasu Vokkaligas are the native people of Bangalore[dubious – discuss][103] Telugu-speaking people initially came to Bangalore on invitation by the Mysore royalty (a few of them have lineage dating back to Krishnadevaraya).[104]

Other native communities are the Tuluvas and the Konkanis of coastal Karnataka, the Kodavas of the Kodagu district of Karnataka. The migrant communities are Maharashtrians, Punjabis, Rajasthanis, Gujaratis, Tamilians, Telugus, Malayalis, Odias, Sindhis, Biharis, Jharkhandis and Bengalis.[100] Bangalore once had a large Anglo-Indian population, the second largest after Calcutta. Today, there are around 10,000 Anglo-Indians in Bangalore.[105] Bangalorean Christians are constituted by Tamil Christians, Mangaloreaon Catholics, Kannadiga Christians, Malayali Syrian Christians and Northeast Indian Christians.[106][107][108] Muslims form a very diverse population, consisting of Dakhini and Urdu-speaking Muslims, Kutchi Memons, Labbay and Mappilas.[109]

Other languages with large numbers of speakers include Konkani, Bengali, Marwari, Tulu, Odia, Gujarati, Kodagu, Punjabi, Lambadi, Sindhi and Nepali.[110] As in the rest of the state, Kannada is the most widely spoken language, but English is a commonly spoken second language in the city.

Civic administration

Important officials of Bangalore
Municipal Commissioner: Manjunath Prasad
Mayor: Vacant
Police Commissioner: Kamal Pant, IPS

Management

The Karnataka High Court is the supreme judicial body in Karnataka and is located in Bangalore.
The Vikasa Soudha, situated adjacent to the Vidhana Soudha, houses many state ministries.
Typical Bangalore Police vehicle

The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP, Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation) is in charge of the civic administration of the city. It was formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, with seven neighbouring City Municipal Councils, one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages around Bangalore. The number of wards increased to 198 in 2009.[111][112] The BBMP is run by a city council composed of 250 members, including 198 corporators representing each of the wards of the city and 52 other elected representatives, consisting of members of Parliament and the state legislature. Elections to the council are held once every five years, with results being decided by popular vote. Members contesting elections to the council usually represent one or more of the state's political parties. A mayor and deputy mayor are also elected from among the elected members of the council.[113] Elections to the BBMP were held on 28 March 2010, after a gap of three and a half years since the expiry of the previous elected body's term, and the Bharatiya Janata Party was voted into power – the first time it had ever won a civic poll in the city.[114] Indian National Congress councillor Sampath Raj became the city's mayor in September 2017, the vote having been boycotted by the BJP.[115] In September 2018, Indian National Congress councillor Gangambike Mallikarjun was elected as the mayor of Bangalore[116] and took charge from the outgoing mayor, Sampath Raj. In 2019 BJP’s M Goutham Kumar took charge as mayor. On 10 September 2020 the term of the BBMP council ended and Gaurav Gupta was appointed as the administrator of BBMP. Elections will not be held until the new constituencies were drawn after the state legislature passes the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) Bill, 2020.[117]

Bangalore's rapid growth has created several problems relating to traffic congestion and infrastructural obsolescence that the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike has found challenging to address. The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic gridlocks that the municipality attempted to ease by constructing a flyover system and by imposing one-way traffic systems. Some of the flyovers and one-ways mitigated the traffic situation moderately but were unable to adequately address the disproportionate growth of city traffic.[118] A 2003 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) evaluation of Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bangalore's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were close to ideal, while the city's socioeconomic parameters (traffic, quality of life) air quality and noise pollution scored poorly.[119] The BBMP works in conjunction with the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) and the Agenda for Bangalore's Infrastructure and Development Task Force (ABIDe) to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects.[120]

The Bangalore City Police (BCP) has seven geographic zones, includes the Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 86 police stations, including two all-women police stations.[121] Other units within the BCP include Traffic Police, City Armed Reserve (CAR), City Special Branch (CSB), City Crime Branch (CCB) and City Crime Records Bureau (CCRB). As capital of the state of Karnataka, Bangalore houses important state government facilities such as the Karnataka High Court, the Vidhana Soudha (the home of the Karnataka state legislature) and Raj Bhavan (the residence of the governor of Karnataka). Bangalore contributes four members to the lower house of the Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha, from its four constituencies: Bangalore Rural, Bangalore Central, Bangalore North, and Bangalore South,[122] and 28 members to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly.[123]

Electricity in Bangalore is regulated through the Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM),[124] while water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB).[125]

The city has offices of the Consulate General of Germany,[126] France,[127] Japan,[128] Israel,[129] British Deputy High Commission,[130] along with honorary consulates of Ireland,[131] Finland,[132] Switzerland,[133] Maldives,[134] Mongolia, Sri Lanka and Peru.[135] It also has a trade office of Canada[136] and a virtual Consulate of the United States.[137]

Pollution control

Bangalore generates about 3,000 tonnes of solid waste per day, of which about 1,139 tonnes are collected and sent to composting units such as the Karnataka Composting Development Corporation. The remaining solid waste collected by the municipality is dumped in open spaces or on roadsides outside the city.[138] In 2008, Bangalore produced around 2,500 metric tonnes of solid waste, and increased to 5000 metric tonnes in 2012, which is transported from collection units located near Hesaraghatta Lake, to the garbage dumping sites.[139] The city suffers significantly with dust pollution, hazardous waste disposal, and disorganised, unscientific waste retrievals.[140] The IT hub, the Whitefield region, is the most polluted area in Bangalore.[141] Recently a study found that over 36% of diesel vehicles in the city exceed the national limit for emissions.[142]

Anil Kumar, Commissioner Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike BBMP, said: "The deteriorating air quality in cities and its impact on public health is an area of growing concern for city authorities. While much is already being done about collecting and monitoring air quality data, little focus has been given on managing the impacts that bad air quality is having on the health of citizens."[143]

Slums

According to a 2012 report submitted to the World Bank by Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, Bangalore had 862 slums from a total of around 2000 slums in Karnataka. The families living in the slum were not ready to move into the temporary shelters.[144][145] 42% of the households migrated from different parts of India like Chennai, Hyderabad and most of North India, and 43% of the households had remained in the slums for over 10 years. The Karnataka Municipality works to shift 300 families annually to newly constructed buildings.[146] One-third of these slum clearance projects lacked basic service connections, 60% of slum dwellers lacked complete water supply lines and shared BWSSB water supply.[144]

Waste management

Ιn 2012, Bangalore generated 2.1 million tonnes of Municipal Solid Waste (195.4 kg/cap/yr).[147] The waste management scenario in the state of Karnataka is regulated by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) under the aegis of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) which is a Central Government entity. As part of their Waste Management Guidelines the government of Karnataka through the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) has authorised a few well-established companies to manage the biomedical waste and hazardous waste in the state of Karnataka.[citation needed]

Economy

The Bangalore Skyline
Bangalore city skyline showing UB City to the left and Richmond Town area to the right

Bangalore is second fastest growing metropolis in India.[148] Bangalore contribute 38% of India's total IT exports.[149] It's economy is primarily service oriented and industrialized. The economy of Bangalore is contributes by information technology, telecommunication, biotechnology, manufacturing and industries (electronics, machinery, electricals, automobiles, foods & beverages) sectors etc.[150] Major industrial areas around Bangalore are Adugodi, Bidadi, Bommanahalli, Bommasandra, Domlur, Hoodi, Whitefield, Doddaballapura, Hoskote, Bashettihalli, Yelahanka, Electronic City, Peenya, Krishnarajapuram, Bellandur, Narasapura, Rajajinagar, Mahadevapura etc.[151][152] Bangalore is one of the favorable business destinations. It is fifth city in India to host maximum numbers of Fortune Companies next to Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai.[153]

Infosys headquarters in Bangalore
Mercedes-Benz R&D in Whitefield, Bangalore

The growth of IT has presented the city with unique challenges.[154] Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city's IT moguls, who demand an improvement in the city's infrastructure, and the state government, whose electoral base is primarily the people in rural Karnataka.[155] The encouragement of high-tech industry in Bangalore, for example, has not favoured local employment development, but has instead increased land values and forced out small enterprise.[156] The state has also resisted the massive investments required to reverse the rapid decline in city transport which has already begun to drive new and expanding businesses to other centres across India.[157] Bangalore is a hub for biotechnology related industry in India and in the year 2005, around 47% of the 265 biotechnology companies in India were located here; including Biocon, India's largest biotechnology company.[158][159] With an economic growth of 10.3%, Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India,[160] and is also the country's fourth largest fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) market.[161] Forbes considers Bangalore one of "The Next Decade's Fastest-Growing Cities".[162] The city is the third largest hub for high-net-worth individuals and is home to over 10,000-dollar millionaires and about 60,000 super-rich people who have an investment surplus of ₹45 million (US$630,900) and ₹5 million (US$70,100) respectively.[163]

World Trade Center Bangalore at Rajajinagar

The city is widely regarded as Silicon Valley of Asia, since Bangalore has been the largest IT hub.[164] Infosys, Wipro, Mindtree, Mphasis, Flipkart, Myntra are headquartered in Bangalore.[165] A large number of information technology companies located in the city which contributed 33% of India's ₹1,442 billion (US$20 billion) IT exports in 2006–07.[166] Bangalore's IT industry is divided into three main clusters – Software Technology Parks of India (STPI); International Tech Park, Bangalore (ITPB); and Electronic City.[167] Most of the IT companies are located in Bommanahalli, Domlur, Whitefield, Electronic City, Krishnarajapuram, Bellandur, Mahadevapura.[168] The city turned out as IT hub due to the presence of many institutions like Bangalore University, Indian Institute of Science etc.[169] Bangalore is also known as Biotech Capital of India as it hosts as the headquarters of India's largest biotechnology company Biocon.[159] Startup companies such as Swiggy, Ola Cabs, InMobi, Quickr, RedBus are also based in the city.

Bangalore is a favorable destination for industrial developments. United Breweries Group is headquartered in Bangalore.[170] The city is an automobile hub.[171] Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery, Mahindra Electric, Bharat Earth Movers, Toyota Kirloskar Motor, Tesla India, Ather Energy are headquartered in Bangalore within there operations.[172] Robert Bosch GmbH, Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, General Motors, Royal Enfield, Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India, Scania AB, Larsen & Toubro have there plants and research & development (R&D) centers around Bangalore.[173] ABB, General Electric, Tyco International have there research & development centers in Bangalore.[174] Aerospace industries are also popular around Bangalore, which made it as Aviation Monopoly capital of India.[175] Airbus, Boeing, Tata Advanced Systems, Indian Space Research Organisation, Liebherr Aerospace have there units in Bangalore. Bangalore is also emerged as an electronics & hardware manufacturing hub of India. It houses Dell, Nokia, Philips, Wistron manufacturing and R&D units. Public sector undertakings (PSUs) such as Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML), Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI), HMT (formerly Hindustan Machine Tools) and Rail Wheel Factory (RWF). SKF have a plant in Bangalore.[148]

Transport

Air

The Kempegowda International Airport is located in Devanahalli.

Bangalore is served by Kempegowda International Airport (IATA: BLR, ICAO: VOBL), located at Devanahalli, about 40 km (25 mi) from the city centre. It was formerly called Bangalore International Airport. The airport started operations from 24 May 2008 and is a private airport managed by a consortium led by the GVK Group. The city was earlier served by the HAL Airport at Vimanapura, a residential locality in the eastern part of the city.[176][177][178] The airport is third-busiest in India after Delhi and Mumbai in terms of passenger traffic and the number of air traffic movements (ATMs).[179] Taxis and air conditioned Volvo buses operated by BMTC connect the airport with the city.

Namma Metro (Rail)

Namma Metro (Green line)

A rapid transit system called the Namma Metro is being built in stages. Initially opened with the 7 km (4.3 mi) stretch from Baiyappanahalli to MG Road in 2011,[180] phase 1 covering a distance of 42.30 km (26.28 mi) for the north–south and east–west lines was made operational in June 2017.[181] Phase 2 of the metro covering 72.1 km (44.8 mi) is under construction and includes two new lines along with the extension of the existing north–south and east–west lines.[182] There are also plans to extend the north–south line to the airport, covering a distance of 29.6 km (18.4 mi). It is expected to be operational by 2021.[183]

Bangalore is a divisional headquarters in the South Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways. There are four major railway stations in the city: Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station, Bangalore Cantonment railway station, Yeshwantapur Junction and Krishnarajapuram railway station, with railway lines towards Jolarpettai in the east, Chikballapur in the northeast, Guntakal in the north, Tumkur in the northwest, Hassan and Mangalore[184] in the west, Mysore in the southwest and Salem in the south. There is also a railway line from Baiyappanahalli to Vimanapura which is no longer in use. Though Bangalore has no commuter rail at present, there have been demands for a suburban rail service keeping in mind the large number of employees working in the IT corridor areas of Whitefield, Outer Ring Road and Electronics City.

The Rail Wheel Factory is Asia's second-largest manufacturer of wheel and axle for railways and is headquartered in Yelahanka, Bangalore.[185]

Road

BMTC's Vajra buses are a popular in the IT corridor. It was introduced in 2005[186] BMTC is the first RTC to do so in India. Special Volvo buses to airports are known as Vayu Vajra.

Buses operated by Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) are an important and reliable means of public transport available in the city.[187] While commuters can buy tickets on boarding these buses, BMTC also provides an option of a bus pass to frequent users.[187] BMTC runs air-conditioned luxury buses on major routes, and also operates shuttle services from various parts of the city to Kempegowda International Airport.[188] The BMTC also has a mobile app that provides real-time location of a bus using the global positioning system of the user's mobile device.[189] The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation operates 6,918 buses on 6,352 schedules, connecting Bangalore with other parts of Karnataka as well as other neighbouring states. The main bus depots that KSRTC maintains are the Kempegowda Bus Station, locally known as "Majestic bus stand", where most of the out station buses ply from. Some of the KSRTC buses to Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh ply from Shantinagar Bus Station, Satellite Bus Station at Mysore Road and Baiyappanahalli satellite bus station.[190] BMTC and KSRTC were the first operators in India to introduce Volvo city buses and intracity coaches in India. Three-wheeled, yellow and black or yellow and green auto-rickshaws, referred to as autos, are a popular form of transport. They are metered and can accommodate up to three passengers. Taxis, commonly called City Taxis, are usually available, too, but they are only available on call or by online services. Taxis are metered and are generally more expensive than auto-rickshaws.[191]

An average of 1,250 vehicles are being registered daily in Bangalore RTOs. The total number of vehicles as on date are 44 lakh vehicles, with a road length of 11,000 km (6,835 mi).[192]

Culture

Bangalore Karaga, one of the oldest and most important festivals in Bangalore
Yakshagana – a theatre art of coastal Karnataka is often played in town hall

Bangalore is known as the "Garden City of India" because of its greenery, broad streets and the presence of many public parks, such as Lal Bagh and Cubbon Park.[193] Bangalore is sometimes called as the "Pub Capital of India" and the "Rock/Metal Capital of India" because of its underground music scene and it is one of the premier places to hold international rock concerts.[194] In May 2012, Lonely Planet ranked Bangalore third among the world's top ten cities to visit.[195]

Bangalore is also home to many vegan-friendly restaurants and vegan activism groups, and has been named as India's most vegan-friendly city by PETA India.[196][197]

Biannual flower shows are held at the Lal Bagh Gardens during the week of Republic Day (26 January) and Independence Day (15 August). Bangalore Karaga or "Karaga Shaktyotsava" is one of the most important and oldest festivals of Bangalore dedicated to the Hindu Goddess Draupadi. It is celebrated annually by the Thigala community, over a period of nine days in the month of March or April. The Someshwara Car festival is an annual procession of the idol of the Halasuru Someshwara Temple (Ulsoor) led by the Vokkaligas, a major land holding community in the southern Karnataka, occurring in April. Karnataka Rajyotsava is widely celebrated on 1 November and is a public holiday in the city, to mark the formation of Karnataka state on 1 November 1956. Other popular festivals in Bangalore are Ugadi, Ram Navami, Eid ul-Fitr, Ganesh Chaturthi, St. Mary's feast, Dasara, Deepawali and Christmas.[198][199]

The diversity of cuisine is reflective of the social and economic diversity of Bangalore.[200] Bangalore has a wide and varied mix of restaurant types and cuisines and Bangaloreans deem eating out as an intrinsic part of their culture. Roadside vendors, tea stalls, and South Indian, North Indian, Chinese and Western fast food are all very popular in the city.[201] Udupi restaurants are very popular and serve predominantly vegetarian, regional cuisine.[202]

Art and literature

Bangalore did not have an effective contemporary art representation, as compared to Delhi and Mumbai, until recently during the 1990s, several art galleries sprang up, notable being the government established National Gallery of Modern Art.[203] Bangalore's international art festival, Art Bangalore, was established in 2010.[204]

Kannada literature appears to have flourished in Bangalore even before Kempe Gowda laid the foundations of the city. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Kannada literature was enriched by the Vachanas (a form of rhythmic writing) composed by the heads of the Veerashaiva Mathas (monastery) in Bangalore. As a cosmopolitan city, Bangalore has also encouraged the growth of Telugu, Urdu, and English literatures. The headquarters of the Kannada Sahitya Parishat, a nonprofit organisation that promotes the Kannada language, is located in Bangalore.[205] The city has its own literary festival, known as the "Bangalore Literature Festival", which was inaugurated in 2012.[206]

Indian Cartoon Gallery

Indian Cartoon Gallery, Bangalore

The cartoon gallery is located in the heart of Bangalore, dedicated to the art of cartooning, is the first of its kind in India. Every month the gallery is conducting fresh cartoon exhibition of various professional as well as amateur cartoonist. The gallery has been organised by the Indian Institute of Cartoonists based in Bangalore that serves to promote and preserve the work of eminent cartoonists in India. The institute has organised more than one hundred exhibitions of cartoons.[207][208]

Theatre, music, and dance

Bangalore is home to the Kannada film industry, which produces about 80 Kannada feature films each year.[209] Bangalore also has a very active and vibrant theatre culture with popular theatres being Ravindra Kalakshetra[210] and the more recently opened Ranga Shankara[211] The city has a vibrant English and foreign language theatre scene with places like Ranga Shankara and Chowdiah Memorial Hall leading the way in hosting performances leading to the establishment of the Amateur film industry.[211] Kannada theatre is very popular in Bangalore, and consists mostly of political satire and light comedy. Plays are organised mostly by community organisations, but there are some amateur groups which stage plays in Kannada. Drama companies touring India under the auspices of the British Council and Max Müller Bhavan also stage performances in the city frequently.[212] The Alliance Française de Bangalore also hosts numerous plays through the year.

Bangalore is also a major centre of Indian classical music and dance.[213] The cultural scene is very diverse due to Bangalore's mixed ethnic groups, which is reflected in its music concerts, dance performances and plays. Performances of Carnatic (South Indian) and Hindustani (North Indian) classical music, and dance forms like Bharat Natyam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Kathak, and Odissi are very popular.[214] Yakshagana, a theatre art indigenous to coastal Karnataka is often played in town halls.[215] The two main music seasons in Bangalore are in April–May during the Ram Navami festival, and in September–October during the Dusshera festival, when music activities by cultural organisations are at their peak.[214] Though both classical and contemporary music are played in Bangalore, the dominant music genre in urban Bangalore is rock music. Bangalore has its own subgenre of music, "Bangalore Rock", which is an amalgamation of classic rock, hard rock and heavy metal, with a bit of jazz and blues in it.[216] Notable bands from Bangalore include Raghu Dixit Project, Kryptos, Inner Sanctum, Agam, All the fat children, and Swaratma.

The city hosted the Miss World 1996 beauty pageant.[217]

Education

Indian Institute of Science – one of the premier institutes of science and engineering in India
Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, one of the premier management institutes in India

Schools

Until the early 19th century, education in Bangalore was mainly run by religious leaders and restricted to students of that religion.[218] The western system of education was introduced during the rule of Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar. Subsequently, the British Wesleyan Mission established the first English school in 1832 known as Wesleyan Canarese School. The fathers of the Paris Foreign Missions established the St. Joseph's European School in 1858.[219] The Bangalore High School was started by the Mysore government in 1858 and the Bishop Cotton Boys' School was started in 1865. In 1945 when World War II came to an end, King George Royal Indian Military Colleges was started at Bangalore by King George VI; the school is popularly known as Bangalore Military School[220][221]

In post-independent India, schools for young children (16 months–5 years) are called nursery, kindergarten or play school, which are broadly based on Montessori or multiple intelligence[222] methodology of education.[223] Primary, middle school and secondary education in Bangalore is offered by various schools which are affiliated to one of the government or government recognised private boards of education, such as the Secondary School Leaving Certificate (SSLC), Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), International Baccalaureate (IB), International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) and National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS).[224] Schools in Bangalore are either government run or are private (both aided and un-aided by the government).[225][226] Bangalore has a significant number of international schools due to expats and IT crowd.[227] After completing their secondary education, students either attend Pre University Course (PUC) or continue an equivalent high school course in one of three streams – arts, commerce or science with various combinations.[228] Alternatively, students may also enroll in diploma courses. Upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees in universities through lateral entry.[229][230]

Below are some of the historical schools in Bangalore and their year of establishment.

Universities

National Law School of India University, a premier law university

The Central College of Bangalore is the oldest college in the city, it was established in the year 1858. It was originally affiliated to University of Mysore and subsequently to Bangalore University. Later in the year 1882 the priests from the Paris Foreign Missions Society established the St. Joseph's College. The Bangalore University was established in 1886, it provides affiliation to over 500 colleges, with a total student enrolment exceeding 300,000. The university has two campuses within Bangalore – Jnanabharathi and Central College.[232] University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering was established in the year 1917, by M. Visvesvaraya, At present, the UVCE is the only engineering college under the Bangalore University. Bangalore also has many private engineering colleges affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University.

Some of the professional institutes in Bangalore are:

Some famous private institutions in Bangalore include Symbiosis International University, SVKM's NMIMS, CMR University, Christ University, Jain University, PES University, Dayananda Sagar University and Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences.[weasel words] Some famous private medical colleges include St. John's Medical College (SJMC), M. S. Ramaiah Medical College(MSRMC), Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre (VIMS), etc.[234][235][weasel words] The M. P. Birla Institute of Fundamental Research has a branch located in Bangalore.[236]

Media

The first printing press in Bangalore was established in 1840 in Kannada by the Wesleyan Christian Mission. In 1859, Bangalore Herald became the first English bi-weekly newspaper to be published in Bangalore and in 1860, Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini became the first Kannada newspaper to be circulated in Bangalore.[237][238]Vijaya Karnataka and The Times of India are the most widely circulated Kannada and English newspapers in Bangalore respectively, closely followed by the Prajavani and Deccan Herald both owned by the Printers (Mysore) Limited – the largest print media house in Karnataka.[239][240] Other circulated newspapers are Vijayvani, Vishwavani, Kannadaprabha, Sanjevani, Bangalore Mirror, Udayavani provide localised news updates. On the web, Explocity provides listings information in Bangalore.[241]

Bangalore got its first radio station when All India Radio, the official broadcaster for the Indian Government, started broadcasting from its Bangalore station on 2 November 1955.[242] The radio transmission was AM, until in 2001, Radio City became the first private channel in India to start transmitting FM radio from Bangalore.[243] In recent years, a number of FM channels have started broadcasting from Bangalore.[244] The city probably has India's oldest Amateur (Ham) Radio Club – Bangalore Amateur Radio Club (VU2ARC), which was established in 1959.[245][246]

Bangalore got its first look at television when Doordarshan established a relay centre here and started relaying programs from 1 November 1981. A production centre was established in the Doordarshan's Bangalore office in 1983, thereby allowing the introduction of a news program in Kannada on 19 November 1983.[247] Doordarshan also launched a Kannada satellite channel on 15 August 1991 which is now named DD Chandana.[247] The advent of private satellite channels in Bangalore started in September 1991 when Star TV started to broadcast its channels.[248] Though the number of satellite TV channels available for viewing in Bangalore has grown over the years,[249] the cable operators play a major role in the availability of these channels, which has led to occasional conflicts.[250] Direct To Home (DTH) services also became available in Bangalore from around 2007.[251]

The first Internet service provider in Bangalore was STPI, which started offering internet services in early 1990s.[252] This Internet service was, however, restricted to corporates until VSNL started offering dial-up internet services to the general public at the end of 1995.[253] Bangalore has the largest number of broadband Internet connections in India.[254]

Namma Wifi is a free municipal wireless network in Bangalore, the first free WiFi in India. It began operations on 24 January 2014. Service is available at M.G. Road, Brigade Road, and other locations. The service is operated by D-VoiS and is paid for by the State Government.[255] Bangalore was the first city in India to have the 4th Generation Network (4G) for Mobile.[256]

Sports

M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
Aerial view of Sree Kanteerava Stadium

Cricket and football are by far the most popular sports in the city. Bangalore has many parks and gardens that provide excellent pitches for impromptu games.[257] A significant number of national cricketers have come from Bangalore, including former captains Rahul Dravid and Anil Kumble. Some of the other notable players from the city who have represented India include Gundappa Viswanath, Syed Kirmani, E. A. S. Prasanna, B. S. Chandrasekhar, Roger Binny, Venkatesh Prasad, Sunil Joshi, Robin Uthappa, Vinay Kumar, KL Rahul, Karun Nair, Brijesh Patel and Stuart Binny. Bangalore's international cricket stadium is the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 55,000[258] and has hosted matches during the 1987 Cricket World Cup, 1996 Cricket World Cup and the 2011 Cricket World Cup. The Chinnaswamy Stadium is the home of India's National Cricket Academy.[259]

The Indian Premier League franchise Royal Challengers Bangalore and the Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC are based in the city. The city hosted some games of the 2014 Unity World Cup.

The city hosts the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Bangalore Open tournament annually. Beginning September 2008, Bangalore has also been hosting the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open ATP tournament annually.[260]

The city is home to the Bangalore rugby football club (BRFC).[261] Bangalore has a number of elite clubs, like Century Club, The Bangalore Golf Club, the Bowring Institute and the exclusive Bangalore Club, which counts among its previous members Winston Churchill and the Maharaja of Mysore.[262] The Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC is based in Bangalore.

India's Davis Cup team members, Mahesh Bhupathi[263] and Rohan Bopanna[264] reside in Bangalore. Other sports personalities from Bangalore include national swimming champion Nisha Millet, world snooker champion Pankaj Advani and former All England Open badminton champion Prakash Padukone.[265]

Bangalore's Kanteerava Indoor Stadium hosted the SABA Championship in 2015 and 2016. India's national basketball team won the gold medal on both occasions. Further, Team India has frequently used the facility for training sessions.[citation needed] Bangalore is home to Bengaluru Beast,[266] 2017 vice champion of India's top professional basketball division, the UBA Pro Basketball League.

The city has hosted some games of the 2014 Unity World Cup.[citation needed]

City based professional clubs
Club Sport League Stadium Span
Bangalore Warhawks American football EFLI HAL Sports Complex 2012 –
Bengaluru Beast Basketball UBA 2015 –
Bengaluru Raptors Badminton PBL Koramangala Indoor Stadium 2013 –
Bangalore Raptors Tennis Champions Tennis League KSLTA Tennis Stadium 2014 –2014
Bengaluru Bulls Kabaddi PKL Kanteerava Indoor Stadium 2014 –
Bengaluru FC Football Indian Super League Sree Kanteerava Stadium 2013 –
HAL Bangalore Football I-League Bangalore Football Stadium N/A
Ozone FC Football I-League 2nd Division Bangalore Football Stadium 2015 –
South United FC Football I-League 2nd Division Bangalore Football Stadium 2013 –
KGF Academy Football I-League 2nd Division Bangalore Football Stadium 2011 –
FC Bengaluru United Football I-League 2nd Division Bangalore Football Stadium 2018 –
Indian Telephone Industries Football National Football League (India) Bangalore Football Stadium N/A
Bangalore Hi-Fliers Field hockey PHL Bangalore Hockey Stadium 2005 –2008
Karnataka Lions Field hockey WSH Bangalore Hockey Stadium 2011 –2012
Royal Challengers Bangalore Cricket IPL M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2008 –
Bangalore Brigadiers Cricket KPL M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2009 –2011
Provident Bangalore Cricket KPL M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2009 –2011
Bengaluru Blasters Cricket KPL M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2017 –

Sister cities

See also

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Works cited

Further reading

External links

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